TYPES OF GAS TURBINES

1.) Turboprop

2.) Turbojet

3.) Turboshaft

4.) Turbofan
Turbine Engines – Types of Gas Turbines
Four types of Gas Turbine Engine:
1.) Turboprop
- A gas turbine engine that delivers power to a propeller.
- Turboprop engines are similar in design to turbojet engines except that
the power produced by a turboprop engine is delivered to a reduction
gear system that spins a propeller.
- In addition, most turboprop engines provide the best specific fuel
consumption of any gas turbine engine.
Turbine Engines – Types of Gas Turbines
Four types of Gas Turbine Engine:
2.) Turboshaft
- A gas turbine engine that delivers power to a shaft that can drive
something else.
- The biggest difference between a turbojet and turboshaft engine is that
on a turboshaft engine, most of the energy produced by the expanding
gases is used to drive a turbine rather than produce thrust.
- In addition, turboshaft engines are widely used as auxiliary power units
and in industrial applications to drive electrical generators and surface
transportation systems.
Turbine Engines – Types of Gas Turbines

Four types of Gas Turbine Engine:

3.) Turbojet
- The oldest kind of general-purpose airbreathing jet engine. Two
engineers, Hans von Ohain in Germany and Frank Whittle in the United
Kingdom, developed the concept independently into practical engines
during the late 1930s.
- Turbojets consist of an air inlet, an air compressor, a combustion
chamber, a gas turbine (that drives the air compressor) and a nozzle. The
air is compressed into the chamber, heated and expanded by the fuel
combustion and then allowed to expand out through the turbine into the
nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide propulsion.
Turbine Engines – Types of Gas Turbines

Four types of Gas Turbine Engine:

4.) Turbofan
- Consists of a multi-bladed ducted propeller driven by a gas turbine
engine.
- Turbofans were developed to provide a compromise between the best
features of the turbojet and the turboprop. Turbofan engines have
turbojet-type cruise speed capability, yet retain some of the short-field
takeoff capability of a turboprop. Nearly all present day airliners are
powered by turbofan engines for the reasons just mentioned as well as
the fact that turbo-fans are very fuel efficient.
Turbofan
 ▣ The inlet air that passes through a turbofan engine is usually divided
into two separate streams of air.
▣ One stream passes through the engine core while a second stream
coaxially bypasses the engine core.
▣ When discussing bypass engines there are three terms you must be
familiar with they are
▣ thrust ratio
▣ bypass ratio
▣ and fan pressure ratio.

In addition, a turbofan engine may have the fan

mounted to either the front or back of the engine.
Engines that have the fan mounted in front of the
compressor are called forward-fan engines, while
turbofan engines that have the fan mounted to the
turbine section are called aft-fan engines
Thrust Ratio
is a comparison of the thrust produced by the fan to the thrust
produced by the engine core exhaust.

Bypass Ratio
refers to the ratio of incoming air that bypasses the core to the amount
of air that passes through the engine core.
Turbofans in civil aircraft are generally divided into three classifications
based on bypass ratio:
▣ Low bypass (1:1)
▣ Medium bypass (2:1 or 3:1)
▣ High bypass (4:1 or greater)
▣ Fan pressure ratio.
is the ratio of air pressure leaving the fan to the air pressure entering the
fan.

▣ Aspect ratio
is the ratio of a blade's length to its width, or chord.
Therefore, a long blade with a narrow chord has a higher aspect ratio
than a short blade with a wide chord.
Although high aspect ratio fan blades are used most often, low aspect
ratio blades are coming into wider use today.
Turbine Engines – Types of Gas Turbines
Unducted Fan Engines
- Recent developments have produced new engine designs with higher
efficiencies than anything currently in use. The new engines are
designated ultra high bypass (UHB) propfan and unducted fan engine
(UDF).
- These new designs utilize titanium, lightweight stainless steel, and
composite materials to surpass the fuel economy of several high bypass
turbofan engines by more than 15 percent.
- The use of composite blades reduces weight and allows safe operation
at tip speeds higher than conventional blades.
- Current research and development could produce 10,000 to 15,000
horsepower engines for an aircraft that carries 150 to 200 passengers at
speeds near 0.8 Mach.
Another design encases the propfan in a conventional cowl-type inlet
which can achieve Mach 0.9. These engines are known as ducted ultra
high bypass engines.
Turbine Engines – Types of Gas Turbines

Unducted Fan Engine (Cut Section View)