ANGELES UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION College of Engineering and Architecture Electronics Engineering Department NAME OF STUDENT: ‘GROUP NUMBEI DATE PERFORMED: ‘COURSE CODE: DATE SUBMITTED: ‘COURSE TITLE: ‘YEAR AND SECTION: LAB. INSTRUCTOR: GRADE: EXPERIMENT NO. 2 PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 1. Objective To obtain the pulse code modulation and de modulation signals. I Apparatus PCM trainer kit Dual Trace Oscilloscope. I. Theory Pulse Code Modulation is known as digital pulse modulation technique. In fact, the pulse code modulation technique that the message signal is subjected to a great number of operations. It consists of 3 main parts i... transmitter, transmission path and receiver. The essential operations in the transmitter of a PCM system are sampling, quantizing and encoding. Sampling is the operation in which an analog signal is sampled according to the sampling theorem resulting in a discrete time signal. The quantizing and encoding operations are usually performed in the same circuit which is known as an ADC. Also, the essential operations in the receiver are regeneration of impaired signals, decoding and demodulation of the train of quantized samples. These operations are usually performed in the same circuit which is known as digital to analog converter. Further at intermediate points ——— DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Page 1along the transmission route from the transmitter to the receiver, regenerative repeaters are used to reconstruct the transmitted sequence of coded pulses in order to combat the accumulated effects of signal distortion and noise. The quantization refers to the use of a finite set of amplitude levels and the selection of a level nearest to a particular sample value of the message signal as the representation the system at transmission in which sampled and quantized values of an analog signal are transmitted via a sequence of code words is called Pulse Code Modulation. Two most commonly used versions are the differential pulse code modulation and delta ‘modulation, The PCM communication system is shown in Fig]. In the circuit is often called an analog to digital converter. The functional block that performs the task of accepting binary digits and generating appropriate sequences of levels is called a digital to analog converter. The bandwidth of PCM will be much greater than that of the message. PCM is used to convert analog signals to binary form. Low pass filter may be used to reduce the quantization noise and it yields the original message signal. — DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Page 2Circuit Diagram: i= s [SS s8 r E = ® ' a | sed ve ES Prats | Bier ba ure > | come Comer Pa z I 5 det t s | cewcoua = 18 me = OA, cms. Z| = cmtt | coche Fegney Fig: 1 Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation Circuit Iv. Procedure 1. Make the connections as per the diagram as shown in the Fig.1.and switch on the power supply of the trainer kit. 2. Clock generator generates a20 KHz clock .This can be given as input to the timing and control circuit and observe the sampling frequency {j= 2 KHz, approximately at the output of timing and control circuit. 3. Apply the signal generator output of 6Vip) approximately to the ‘A to D converter input and note down the binary word from LED’s i.e. LED “ON” represents *1” & “OFF” represents ‘0” 4, Feed the PCM waveform to the demodulator circuit and observe the waveform at the output of D/A which is quantized level. _—_—S———_—_— — DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Page 3Model Waveforms: ) © : 2 Waveforms of (a) Modulating Signal (b) Sampling Signal (c) PCM output Neen nn ne nn UEIInIEEEIIEETacinnnnnnInEEEEEEEnn DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS. Pave 4Apply the DC control voltage DC voltage(v) Bit sequence Vv. Discussions 1, What is the need of parallel to serial converter? 2. What is the use of Companding? 3. What are the applications of PCM? —_ ————$§ DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Page S