1.

Terms

2. Why The Need For Sampling?

3. Stage in Selection of a Sample

4. Classification of Sampling Techniques

i. Types of Probability Sampling

ii. Types of Non-Probability Sampling

5. Sample Size
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

 Sampling
The process of using a small number of items or parts of larger
population to make conclusions about the whole population

 Sample
 is a sub-group of the target population that the researcher plans
to study for the purpose of making generalizations about the
target population.

 samples are only estimate

 the difference between the sample estimate and the true

population is the “sampling error”
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

 Population
is a group of individuals that comprise the same characteristics.

 Population element
An individual member of a specific population

 Census
An investigation of all the individual elements making up a
population
• The concept of sampling involve two basic issues :
i. making the right decisions in the selections of items (people,
products or services)
ii. Feeling confident that the data generated by the sample
can be transformed into accurate information about the
overall
• Sampling is often used when it is impossible or reasonable to
conduct a census.
• Using census, the researcher is interested in collecting primary
data about or from every member of a defined target
population.
• Sampling plays a significant role is the process of developing the
scale measurement used to actually collect raw primary data
about the objects or people
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

• Sampling cut costs, reduces labor requirements,

gathers vital information quickly, produce
accurate and reliable results and avoid
destruction of test results.
• Eg : if the manufacturer of camera film wishes to find
out whether each product meets a specific production
standard they would need to select a sample from the
whole batch of camera films. Otherwise there will be
no products left after the testing
 Define Target Population
• Decide who should and should not be in the sample
• Use the sampling frame which consists of a list or set of directions for identifying
the elements of the target population
• The question ‘to whom do we want to talk’? Must be answered. It may be users,
non-users, recent employees or doctor

Determine Sampling Frame

• The list of elements from which a sample may be drawn. Essential requirement – the
frame must cover the entire population, must be complete, avoid duplication,
accurate, up to date, and be accessible & available for use by the investigator
• eg : telephone directory, list of all students registered at UiTM Perak, list of all
members of a certain association and company mailing list.
1 2
Probability Sampling
• Any sampling design where every
element in the population has either
an equal probability of selection, as
with random sampling, or a given
probability of being selected that is
known in advance and used in
analysis to assess significance
• Sample : sample random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified
sampling, cluster sampling
Non Probability Sampling
• A non random sampling design such
as convenience sampling, where the
probability of selecting a given
sampling unit from the population is
neither known nor equal to the
probability of selecting any unit.
• Sample : quota sampling, purposive
sampling, volunteer sampling,
snowball sampling.
• Survey finding from non-probability
sampling should not be used to make
general statements relating to the
population as a whole
The difference between non-probability and probability sampling is
that non-probability sampling does not involve random selection and
probability sampling does. At least with a probabilistic sample, we know
the odds or probability that we have represented the population well.

Probability sampling is a sampling technique, in which the subjects of the

population get an equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample.
Non-probability sampling is a method of sampling wherein, it is not known
that which individual from the population will be selected as a sample
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

Quantitative Sampling
Strategies

Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Simple Convenience
Stratified Snowball
Random Sampling
Sampling Cluster Sampling
Sampling

Quota
Judgmental
Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Sampling
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

Simple
Stratified
Random Systematic Cluster
Sampling
Sampling Sampling Sampling
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

1. Simple Random Sampling

• a sampling design that seeks to select respondents from the population or
sample frame in a completely random fashion, so every respondents has an
equal probability of being selected.
• requires sampling frame – population elements are pre-listed, high cost
Sample selection procedure
Use random number tables, assign a number to each population element
• Choose a random starting position
• Select serial numbers
• Repeat selection process
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

2. Systematic Sampling
Units are sampled at intervals based on a random starts points
Sample Selection Procedure
• Decide on the desired sample size
• Calculate the fixed sampling interval
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

3. Stratified Sampling
• For this method to be possible, the data available on each individual must
contain information about criteria to be used to stratify the group

Sample Selection Procedure

• Get the sampling frame
• sub-divide into lists of males and females or stratifying the sample
• choose a random from each list
• select a sample from each stratum separately by means of a random process
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

4. Cluster Sampling
• Cluster sampling is the sampling method where different group within a
population are used as a sample. This is different from stratified sampling
in that you will use the entire group, or cluster, as a sample rather than a
randomly selected member of all group.

Sample Selection Procedure

• Get the sample frame
• Select a group of sample
• Form a group of sample that have the same character within those.
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING

Judgement Convenience
Snowball
Sampling Sampling
Sampling

Purposive
Quota Sampling
Sampling
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

1. Judgement Sampling
• The most convenient population is chosen, which may be the researcher
work colleagues, friends, students from nearby college.
• The method is often used to save time resources.

Sample Selection Procedure

• Select people most conveniently available to interviews
• Example: ask shoppers or passers-by to participate in a product taste.
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

Selected only person that we know such as :

work colleagues, friends, students from nearby
college.
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

2. Purposive Sampling
• The researcher select a predetermined number of individuals from
different group.
• Eg: age, gender and so on.

Sample Selection Procedure

• Researcher examine existing information according to certain basic
characteristic of population.
• The selection of sample unit is non random but must be adhere
predetermined quotas.
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

3. Convenience Sampling
• Convenience sampling is a sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their
convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.
• A process of selecting subjects or units for examination and analysis that is based on
accessibility, ease, speed, and low cost. Units are not purposefully or strategically selected.
• Respondents are simply those "who are easily available or convenient to interview“.
• For example, standing at a mall or a grocery store and asking people to answer questions
would be an example of a convenience sample.

Sample Selection Procedure

• Choosing part of a population to use to test hypotheses about the entire population.
• Used to choose the number of participants, interviews, or work samples to use in the
assessment process.
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

4. Quota Sampling
• A sampling method of gathering representative data from a group.
• As opposed to random sampling, quota sampling requires that representative
individuals are chosen out of a specific subgroup.
• For example, a researcher might ask for a sample of 100 females, or 100 individuals
between the ages of 20-30.
• The main reason why researchers choose quota samples is that it allows the
researchers to sample a subgroup of great interest to the study.
• If a study aims to investigate a trait or a characteristic of a certain subgroup, this
type of sampling is the ideal technique.
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES
 CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES

5. Snowball Sampling
• Use when you do not have access to sufficient people with the characteristics you
are seeking.
• Method – find people to study, ask them to refer you other people who fit your
study requirements, then follow up with these new people.
• Repeat this method of requesting referrals until you have studied enough people.
Sample Selection Procedure
• Example – a researcher is studying environmental engineers but can only find 5
people. She asks these engineers if they know any more. They give her several
further referrals, who in turn provide additional contacts. In this way, she
manages to contact sufficient engineers.
CPS211 PLANNING SURVEY TECHNIQUES
➢ How To Determine a Sample Size *
- sample size refers to how many respondents to be chosen. It is statistically
estimated.
- sample size depends on homogeneity of the population. A population which
has a greater degree of similarity can be represented with a smaller sized
sample.
- a suitable sample size depends on a number of factors to be considered
by the researcher: cost, time constraints, availability of personnel, types
of information required, sampling error, and the confidence level the
researcher is willing to accept
- example of one formula by Taro Yamane (1967) which can be used to
calculate sample size:
n= N
1+N(e)²
n – sample size , N – population size, e – sampling error