PHP Chapter1

History of PHP:
WHAT IS PHP?
PHP Stands for Hypertext PreProcessor but it’s original name, Personal
Home Page. It was developed in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf.
PHP open source and general purpose server side scripting language
used mainly in web development to create dynamic websites and
applications and can embedded into HTML.
WHY WE USE PHP?

PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X,
etc.). PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache,
IIS, etc.). PHP supports a wide range of databases. PHP is free.
Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net. PHP is easy
to learn and runs efficiently on the server side. PHP can do anything
any other CGI program can do, such as collect form data, generate
dynamic page content, or send and receive cookies.
ADVANTAGES OF PHP:
1. Platform Independent
2. Open source and dynamic Library support
3. Organized
4. Database Connectivity
5. Easy to understand and It helps in managing code easily.
6. Gives Web Developer More Control
7. Easy integration and consistency
8. Maintenance
9. Stability, Performance, Reliability, Scalability, Compatibility
SYNTAX OF PHP:
Syntax:
<?php(starts with)
// PHP code goes here
?>(ends with)
The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

PHP script that uses a built-in PHP function "echo" to print or display
some message.
Example:
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP VARIABLES
Variable are container which is used to store information. A variable
can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age,
carname, total_volume).
Types of Variable:
Local, Global, Static
Rules for PHP variables:
1. A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the
variable
2. A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore
character
3. A variable name cannot start with a number
4. A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
5. Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two
different variables)
Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!
How to write a variable name? How to print this variable?
$a=”Aditi”;
echo $a;
DATA TYPES:
$a=”Hello World”
(Type of value is Data Type)
$a=”Aditi Kini”; String data type

$a=12; Integer data type
$a=12.32; Float data type
$a=true; Boolean data type
$a=array(“html”,”css”,”php”); Array data type
$a=new Myclass(); Object data type
$a=null; Null data type
EXPRESSION AND OPERATOR:

 Expression: The combination of operands with an operator to
produce a result is called an expression.
 Operators: An operator is a symbol or series of symbols that,

when used in conjunction with values, performs an action and
usually produces a new value. Operators are used to perform
operations on variables and values. PHP divides the operators in
the following groups:
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Comparison operators
4. Increment/Decrement operators
5. Logical operators
6. String operators
7. Array operators
8. Conditional assignment operators
1. Arithmetic operator:
The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform
common arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication
etc.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by

$y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the

$y'th power
2. Assignment operators:
The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a
variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets
set to the value of the assignment expression on the right.
Example Same as... Description
x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x-y Subtraction
x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
x /= y x=x/y Division
x %= y x=x%y Modulus
3. Comparison operators:
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or
string).

== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
=== Identical $x === Returns true if $x is equal to $y,

$y and they are of the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Not identical $x !== Returns true if $x is not equal to

$y $y, or they are not of the same
type
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than

$y
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
>= Greater than $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or

or equal to equal to $y
<= Less than or $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or

equal to equal to $y
<=> Spaceship $x <=> Returns an integer less than, equal
$y to, or greater than zero, depending
on if $x is less than, equal to, or
greater than $y. Introduced in PHP
7.
4. Increment/Decrement operators:
The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value. The
PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
Operator Name Description
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post- Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

decrement
5. Logical operators:
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional
statements.

and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true,

but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
6. String operators:
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
. Concatenation $txt1 . Concatenation of $txt1

$txt2 and $txt2
.= Concatenation $txt1 .= Appends $txt2 to $txt1

assignment $txt2
7. Array operators:
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same

key/value pairs
=== Identity $x === Returns true if $x and $y have the same

$y key/value pairs in the same order and of
the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Non- $x !== Returns true if $x is not identical to $y

identity $y
8. Conditional assignment operators:

The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a value depending on
conditions:
Operat Name Example Result

or
?: Ternary $x Returns the value of
= expr1 ? expr2 : expr $x.
3 The value of $x
is expr2 if expr1 =
TRUE.
The value of $x
is expr3 if expr1 =
FALSE
?? Null $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of

coalescin $x.
g The value of $x
is expr1 if expr1 exists
, and is not NULL.
If expr1 does not
exist, or is NULL, the
value of $x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7
CONSTANT:
A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value cannot
be changed during the script.
A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (cannot use $
sign before the constant name).
Constants variable are global variable.
Create a constant, use the define() function.
Syntax:
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
ex: define(num,120,true)
echo NUM;
Parameters:
1. name: Specifies the name of the constant
2. value: Specifies the value of the constant
3. case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should be
case-insensitive. Default is false.
DECISION MAKING STATEMENTS:

PHP conditional statements allow you to make a decision, based upon
the result of a condition. These statements are called as Decision
Making Statements or Conditional Statements. if, if-else, nested if,
switch, break and continue.
1) If Statement:
The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.
If condition false out
True
Statement
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
2) if-else Statement:
The if...else statement executes some code if a condition is true and
another code if that condition is false.
If condition false Statement2
True
Statement1
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is false;
}
3) Nested If Statement:
We can make nesting statement by nesting the if statement. It means
when we insert a second if statement inside an if statement, we call
it nested if statement or nesting the if statement.
Syntax:
1. if (condition)
2. {
3. //code to be executed if condition is true
4. if (condition)
5. {
6. //code to be executed if condition is true
7. }
8. }
4) Switch Statement:
Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.
Syntax:
switch (n)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
break;
case label3:
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}
5) Break Statement:
You have already seen the break statement used in an earlier chapter
of this tutorial. It was used to "jump out" of a switch statement. The
break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop. This example
jumps out of the loop when x is equal to 4:
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4)
{
break;
}
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>
6) Continue Statement:
The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a
specified condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in
the loop.
This example skips the value of 4:
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4) {
continue;
}
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
}
?>
LOOP CONTROL STRUCTURES:

While, do while, for and foreach.
Like any other language, loop in PHP is used to execute a statement or
a block of statements, multiple times until and unless a specific
condition is met. This helps the user to save both time and effort of
writing the same code multiple times.
Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run
over and over again a certain number of times. So, instead of adding
several almost equal code-lines in a script, we can use loops.
Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and again, as
long as a certain condition is true.
1) While Loop:
The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified
condition is true.
Syntax:
Initialization
while (condition is true)
{
code to be executed;
increment/decrement
}
2) Do-while loop:
The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it
will then check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified
condition is true.
Syntax:
Initialization
do
{
increment/decrement
} while (condition is true);
3) For Loop:
The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the
script should run.
Syntax:
for (Initialization; Condition; increment/decrement)
{
code to be executed for each iteration;
}
4) Foreach Loop:
The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through
each key/value pair in an array.
Syntax:
foreach ($array as $value)
{
}
For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is
assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by one, until it
reaches the last arhray element.

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History of PHP:

WHY WE USE PHP?

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

(Type of value is Data Type)

$a=”Aditi Kini”; String data type

EXPRESSION AND OPERATOR:

 Operators: An operator is a symbol or series of symbols that,

Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y

- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by

** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the

Example Same as... Description

Operator Name Example Result

=== Identical $x === Returns true if $x is equal to $y,

!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Not identical $x !== Returns true if $x is not equal to

> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than

< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y

>= Greater than $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or

<= Less than or $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or

Operator Name Description

++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x

$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one

--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x

$x-- Post- Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

Operator Name Example Result

or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true

xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true,

&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

Operator Name Example Result

. Concatenation $txt1 . Concatenation of $txt1

.= Concatenation $txt1 .= Appends $txt2 to $txt1

Operator Name Example Result

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same

=== Identity $x === Returns true if $x and $y have the same

!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Non- $x !== Returns true if $x is not identical to $y

8. Conditional assignment operators:

Operat Name Example Result

?? Null $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of

DECISION MAKING STATEMENTS:

This example skips the value of 4:

LOOP CONTROL STRUCTURES:

You might also like

Exponentiation $x $y Result of raising $x to the