ANALOGUE SIGNAL V/S DIGITAL SIGNAL

Analogue signal Digital signal

V V
(5 V) V = V0 sin wt
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 (5 V)
t
(-5 V) (0 V) t
0
In an analogue signal the current or In digital signal current (or voltage)
the voltage changes continuously can take only two discrete values.
with time

Digital Circuit:
An electrical or electronic circuit which operates only in two states (binary
mode) namely ON/1 and OFF/0 is called a Digital Circuit
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
LOGIC GATES

A
i/P Logic Gate Y(o/P)
B

• Logic gate is a digital ckt that has certain logical relationship

between input and output voltage signals.

• It is operated using Boolean Algebra.

SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Digital Electronics
SUM MULTIPLY NOT (INVERSE)

1. 0 + 0 = 0 1. 0. 0 = 0 1. 1 =0

2. 0 + 1 = 1 2. 1. 0 = 0 2. 0 =1
3. 1 + 0 = 1 3. 0. 1 = 0
4. 1 + 1 = 1 4. 1. 1 = 1

1. A + 0 = A A. 0 = 0 A+ A =1
2. A + 1 = 1 A. 1 = A A. A = 0
3. A + A = A A. A = A A. A = A.A = A
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Demorgan ' s Theorem

(1) (A  B )  A . B

(2) (A . B )  A . B
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Q. Simplify
A .B + A .B
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Q. Which of the following Boolean expression is not
correct:–
(1) A. B = A + B (2) A + B = A . B

(3) A. B = A. B (4) 1 + 1 = 1
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Each logic gate have

Input
Output
Input

(1) Its symbol

(2) Its Boolean function
(3) Its Truth table
(4) Its electrical equivalent diagram
(5) Practical realisation / circuit / diagram.
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# There are 3 types of gates
'OR' Gates
(summing gate)

1. BASIC GATES 'AND' gates. (multipling gates)

'NOT' Gates
(Invert gate)
'NOR' Gate

2. UNIVERSAL GATES

'NAND' gate
'X-OR' (Exclusive OR gute)

3. SPECIAL GATES

'X-NOR' (exclusive
NOR gate)
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''OR'' Gate

Truth Table
Symbol o/p If at least one of the
I/P
I/P A B Y input is high then
A O/P
0 0 0
Y output will be high.
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
Boolean formula Y = A + B 1 1 1

Electrical equivalent diagram

A

+ B
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''AND'' GATE (multiplying gate)
Truth Table
If all the input are high
I/P I/P O/P at a time then
A A B Y output will be high.
O/P
0 0 0
B Y
0 1 0
1 0 0
Boolean formula y = A . B
1 1 1

Electrical equivalent diagram

A B
+
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
''NOT'' GATE (Invert gate)

Truth Table

O/P I/P O/P

Symbol
A Y=A A Y
0 1
Boolean formula Y = A
1 0

Electrical equivalent diagram

A
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Que. To get an output y = 1 from the circuit shown below the
input must be.

1
y=1
C 1
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Q. The output Y of the combination of gates shown is equal to :–
(1) A
(2) A
AND
(3) A + B
(4) AB
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Q. The truth table for the following combination of gates is :-

A B Y A B Y
0 0 0 0 0 0
(1) 0 1 0 (2) 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

A B Y A B Y
0 0 1 0 0 0
(3) 0 1 1 (4) 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Q. To get an output Y = 1 in given circuit which of the following
input will be correct:

A B C
(1) 1 1 0
(2) 0 1 0
(3) 1 0 0
(4) 1 0 1
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Q. The combination of the gates shown represents :–
A
Y

(1) AND gate (2) OR gate

(3) NAND gate (4) NOR gate
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''NOR'' GATE =

I/p I/p
A A (A+B) O/P

B
y
= B
y = (A+B)

I/P O/P
Boolean formula y = (A+B)
Truth table A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Electrical equivalent diagram
+
A B
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''NAND'' GATE
A
Y" Y
B

Boolean formual  y  (A.B)

Truth table
I/P O/P
Electrical equivalent diagram
A B Y
0 0 1 A
0 1 1 B
1 0 1
1 1 0
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A A
Y" B (A.B) Y=X
A
A = (A.B)
X = AB
A.A = A
''NAND'' as ''NOT'' ''NAND'' as ''AND''

A A A A

Y Y
Y
Y =Y
B B = (A + B)
B B Y = (A . B)
= (A + B) ''NAND'' as ''NOR''
''NAND'' as ''OR'' Y = A + B
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
A A
A Y A+B Y
A Y=A+A=A B Y = A + B = A+B

''NOR'' as ''NOT'' ''NOR'' as ''OR''

A
A
Y
B Y = (A + B)
B
= (A . B)
''NOR'' as ''AND'' = A.B

A
A
Y
B
Y=Y
B Y = (A. B)
= (A . B)
''NOR'' as ''NAND''
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Q. The circuit is equivalent to:-

(1) NOR gate (2) OR gate

(3) AND gate (4) NAND gate
 ILLUSTRATION
Q. A Y A Y
B B
(a) (b)

(1) (a) AND and (b) OR gate

(2) (a) NOR and (b) NAND gate
(3) (a) OR and (b) AND gate
(4) (a) NAND and (b) NOR gate
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Q. In the combination of the following gates the output Y can
be written in terms of inputs A and B as :-
(1) A  .   B A
B
(2) A  .   B   +   A  .   B Y

(3) A  .   B   +   A .  B

(4) A   +   B
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Q. Output for the following Boolean circuit is :-
(1) AB A
B
(2) AB + AB
(3) A B + A B
A
(4) A + B + AB B
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X - OR GATE (Exclusive OR gate)
Truth table
when, both
INPUT O/P input are same then
A A B Y output will be low. and
0 0 O when both inputs are diff.
then output will be high.
0 1 1
B 1 0 1
1 1 0

Boolean function - Y = A  B Y  (A.B  A.B)

A A
A.B
B
Y = A.B + A.B

B A.B
B
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X NOR GATE (Exclusive NOR GATE)
Truth table
A I/P O/P
Y A B Y
0 0 1
B
0 1 0
Boolean function Y  (A B) 1 0 0
1 1 1
Y  (A  B)
Y  (A . B  A . B)  A.B  A.B
 ILLUSTRATION
Q. The circuit diagram shown here corresponds to the logic
gate +6V

R
(1) NOR A
0
(2) AND 1
(3) OR B 0
(4) NAND 1
LED (Y)

R
 ILLUSTRATION
Q. The correct Boolean operation represented by the circuit
diagram drawn is : +6V

R
(1) AND 0
(2) OR A 1 LED (Y)
(3) NAND
R
(4) NOR 0
B 1