RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

Introduction

✓ Life requires energy.

✓ In almost all ecosystems,
energy ultimately comes from
the sun.
✓ All organisms use cellular
respiration to extract energy
from organic molecules
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Cellular respiration

✓ Cellular respiration: Glucose is

broken down to carbon dioxide and
water
✓ Cell captures some of the released
energy to make ATP.
✓ Cellular respiration takes place in the
mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
PHASES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
✓ Cellular respiration oxidizes sugar and produces ATP in 3-4 main stages

Prep Kreb’s
Glycolysis ETC
(Transition) Stage (Citric Acid) Cycle

Glycolysis is the Pyruvic Acid is shuttled into It involves the oxidative ETC uses the electrons

breakdown of glucose mitochondria, where it is metabolism of acetyl from electron carriers

into two molecules of converted to a molecule units and serves as the to create a chemical

pyruvate called Acetyl CoA for main source of cellular gradient that can be

further breakdown. energy used to power

oxidative
phosphorylation.
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Phases of Phases of Glycolysis

Preparatory Phase/Investment phase Payoff Phase:

✓ This phase is also called glucose ✓ This phase is also called energy extraction phase.

activation phase. ✓ This phase includes, conversion of

✓ In the preparatory phase of glycolysis, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate and the

two molecules of ATP are invested and coupled formation of ATP take place.

the hexose chain is cleaved into two ✓ Glucose is split to yield two molecules of

triose phosphates. D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, each step in the

payoff phase occurs twice per molecule of glucose.

RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
STEP 1
✓ The first step in glycolysis is the conversion of
D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.
✓ The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is
hexokinase.
✓ One ATP is used
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PREPARATORY PHASE

STEP 2
✓ The second reaction of glycolysis is the
rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate
(G6P) into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by
glucose phosphate isomerase
(Phosphoglucose Isomerase).
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PREPARATORY PHASE
STEP 3
✓ Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a
cofactor, changes fructose 6-phosphate into
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
✓ ATP is used.
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PREPARATORY PHASE
STEP 4
✓ The enzyme Aldolase splits fructose 1,
6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are
isomers of each other.
✓ These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate (GAP).
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PREPARATORY PHASE

STEP 5
✓ The enzyme triose phosphate
isomerase rapidly inter- converts
the molecules dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) and
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP).
✓ Glyceraldehyde phosphate is
removed / used in next step of
Glycolysis.
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PAYOFF PHASE

STEP 6
✓ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
dehydrogenates and adds an
inorganic phosphate to
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate,
producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
✓ NAD+ is reduced to NADH and H+
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PAYOFF PHASE

STEP 7
✓ Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a
phosphate group from
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form
ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
✓ A molecule of ATP is formed
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PAYOFF PHASE

STEP 8
✓ The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase
relocates the P from 3- phosphoglycerate
from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to
form 2-phosphoglycerate.
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PAYOFF PHASE
STEP 9
✓ The enzyme enolase removes a
molecule of water from
2-phosphoglycerate to form
phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
✓ A molecule of water is lost
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: PAYOFF PHASE

STEP 10
✓ The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers
a P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP
Result in step 10.
✓ A second molecule of ATP is formed
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RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
FATE OF PYRUVATE

✓ Depends on oxygen availability.

✓ When oxygen is present, pyruvate
is oxidized to acetyl-CoA which
enters the Krebs cycle (Aerobic
respiration)
✓ Without oxygen, pyruvate is
reduced in order to oxidize NADH
back to NAD+ (Fermentation)
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
✓ Alcoholic fermentation, carried out by yeasts, produces carbon dioxide and
ethyl alcohol
✓ Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads.

Released

GLYCOLYSIS

2 Ethanol
2 Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
✓ Lactic acid fermentation, carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces
lactic acid (lactate)
✓ Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt,

GLYCOLYSIS

2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic
acid acid
Glucose