Strength of Materials-II

Lecture 2: Transformation of Stress

MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS

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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
Chapter 8
TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN; MOHR’S
CIRCLE
• Introduction
• Plane Stress
• Stress Transformation for Plain Stress + Ex. 8.1 and 8.2
• Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.3
• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress + Ex. 8.4
• Absolute Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.5

• Plain Strain
• Transformation of Strain in a Plane (Equations)
• Mohr’s Circle for Strain + Ex. 8.6
• Measurement of Strains: Strain Rosettes

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Stresses on Orthogonal Faces

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Stresses on Orthogonal Faces
It is apparent from this figure that the maxima and minima of
normal stress and shear stress at a point do not necessarily act on
the x and y faces, that is, on the faces whose stresses are “given”.

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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
For a plane-stress situation, there are certain
planes on which the maximum and minimum
normal stresses act and planes on which the
maximum and minimum shear stresses act.

• Principal Stresses.
The angles 𝜃𝑝 determine the orientation of
The maximum and minimum normal stresses the principal planes, the planes on which
are called Principal stresses. the principal stresses act.

The principal stresses occur on planes that

satisfy the equation
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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
There are two angles between 0° and 360°
that satisfy Eq. 8.9.

These two values of 2𝜃𝑝 , labeled 2𝜃𝑝1 and

2𝜃𝑝2 , differ by 180° , so the principal planes
are oriented at 90° to each other.

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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
The two principal directions are given by

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 • PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
The two principal directions are given by
Maximum normal stress

Minimum normal stress What about shear stress on principal planes?

There is no shear stress on principal planes.

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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.
By differentiating Eq. 8.5b we obtain

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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.

The planes of maximum shear-stress lie at ±45° from

principal planes and are oriented at 90° to each other

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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.

• σ1 and σ2 may have different magnitudes

and signs.
• Only the magnitude of the maximum shear
stress (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) is important.
• The planes of maximum shear are not free
of normal stress
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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

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• PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS

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Chapter 8
TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN; MOHR’S
CIRCLE
• Introduction
• Plane Stress
• Stress Transformation for Plain Stress + Ex. 8.1 and 8.2
• Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.3
• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress + Ex. 8.4
• Absolute Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.5

• Plain Strain
• Transformation of Strain in a Plane (Equations)
• Mohr’s Circle for Strain + Ex. 8.6
• Measurement of Strains: Strain Rosettes

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• MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR
PLANE STRESS
An ingenious graphical representation of
plane stress transformation equations.

Derivation of Mohr’s Circle

Squaring both sides of each of these

equations, and adding, we get

This is the equation of a circle in 𝜎, 𝜏

coordinates, with center at 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 , 0 and
radius R. 21
• Properties of Mohr’s Circle
• The center of Mohr’s circle lies on the 𝜎
axis at 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 , 0
• Points on the circle that lie above the 𝜎
axis (𝜏 negative) correspond to faces that
have a clockwise-acting shear; points
that lie below the 𝜎 axis (𝜏 positive)
correspond to faces that have a
counterclockwise-acting shear

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• Properties of Mohr’s Circle
• The radius is obtained by applying
Pythagorean theorem to the triangle
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
with sides 𝜏𝑥𝑦 and
2

• Two planes that are 90° apart on the

physical body are represented by the
two points at the extremities of a
diameter, such as points X and Y or P1
and P2.
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• Properties of Mohr’s Circle
• If we rotate counterclockwise by an angle 𝜃𝑎𝑏 to go
from face a to face b of the physical body, we must
rotate in that same direction through the angle
2𝜃𝑎𝑏 to get from point A on Mohr’s circle to point B.

• In equations, a positive angle is always

counterclockwise.

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• Properties of Mohr’s Circle
• The principal planes are represented by
points P1 and P2 at the intersections of
Mohr’s circle with the 𝜎 axis.

• The corresponding principal stresses are

𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 𝑅 and 𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 − 𝑅.

• The planes of maximum shear stress are

represented by points S1 and S2 that lie
directly below and above the center of the
Mohr’s circle.
• The corresponding stresses are 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 , 𝑅 on
face s1, and 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 , −𝑅 on face s2.

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 −𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)
-20

X (20, -10)
-10

R
B

20 10
C 10 20 𝜎 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 5𝑀𝑃𝑎

10
Y (-10, 10)

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𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

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 −𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)
-20
X’

X (20, -10)
-10 2𝜃𝑥𝑥′ = 60°

R
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1
A B

20 10
C 10 20 𝜎 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 5𝑀𝑃𝑎

10
Y (-10, 10)

Y’
20

𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

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 −𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

-20
X’

X (20, -10)
-10 2𝜃𝑥𝑥′ = 60°

R
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1
A B

20 10
C 10 20 𝜎 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 5𝑀𝑃𝑎

10
Y (-10, 10)

Y’
20

𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

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 −𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)
13.0
-20
X’

X (20, -10)
-10 2𝜃𝑥𝑥′ = 60°

R
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1
P2 A B P1

20 10
C 10 20 𝜎 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)
2𝜃𝑦𝑝2
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 5𝑀𝑃𝑎

10
Y (-10, 10)

Y’
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23.03

𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

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 −𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)
13.0
-20
X’ S2

2𝜃𝑥𝑠2 X (20, -10)

-10 2𝜃𝑥𝑥′ = 60°

R
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1
P2 A B P1

20 10
C 10 20 𝜎 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)
2𝜃𝑦𝑝2
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
5𝑀𝑃𝑎
10
Y (-10, 10)

S1 Y’
20
23.03

𝜏 (𝑀𝑃𝑎)

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