INTERNET OF THINGS The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of devices such as vehicles, and home appliances that contain electronics, software, actuators, and connectivity which allows these things to connect, interact and exchange data. LT invotves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as ops, laptops, smartphones and tablets, to any range of traditionally dumb or “internet-enabled physical devices and everyday objects. -_and computer devic- nsors, software, actuator ar object that operates through the internet, cts or people automatically without IoT devices include wirele: es. They are attached to a particul: enabling the transfer of data among objec human intervention. Example of OT -tphone app is an IoT device, A lightbulb that can be switched on using a sm as is a motion sensor or a smart thermostat in your office or a connected streetlight. Io systems in your car identifies the traffic ahead and automatically sends out messages to the person you are about to meet of your impending delay. Even a pac makers can be an IoT device that seamlessly communicates with other machines for a greater ease of life and convenience. Benefits of 10T Since IoT allows devices to be controlled remotely across the internet, thus it created opportunities to directly connect & integrate the physical world to the computer-based systems using sensors and internet. VM MC Ea Ly JoT has applications across all industries and markets. It spans user groups from those who want to reduce energy use in their home to large organizations who want to streamline their operations. It proves not just useful, but nearly critical in many industries as technology advances and we move towards the advanced automation imagined in the distant future. Engineering, Industry, and Infrastructure Applicati i : ee of IoT in these areas include improving production, marketing. e delivery, and safety. IoT provides a strong means of monitoring various Processes; and real t) y reater vis ranspare! isibili : : op ities. parency creates great ibility for improvemeA ace? Jevel of control afforded by lor a 4 yapid and more action on those a ortunities, which include events like pvious customer needs, nonconforming - uct, malfunctions in equipment, prob. yemsinthe distribution network, and more, Example Joanruns: amanufacturing facility that makes shields forma facturi When regulations change for the composition and ee ee appropriate requirements are automatically programmed in ea a ae and engineers are alerted about their approval of the cee uction robotics, Government and Safety JoT applied to government and safety allows improved law enforcement, defense, city planning, and economic management. The technology fills in the current a corrects many current flaws, and expands the reach of these efforts. For example, JoT can help city planners have a clearer view of the impact of their design, and governments have a better idea of the local economy. Anything Example Joan lives ina small city. She has heard about a recent spike in crime in herarea, and now she worries about coming home late at night. Local law enforcement has been alerted about the new “hot” zone through system flags, and they’ve increased their presence. Area mon- itoring devices have detected suspi- cious behavior, and law enforcement has investigated these leads to prevent crimes.Home and Office hour daily lives, loT provides a personalized experience from the home to the office to the organizations we frequently do business with. This improves our “tion, enhances productivity, and improves our health and safety. For foT can help us customize our office space to optimize our work. Example Joan works in advertising. She enters her office, and it recognizes her face. Itadjusts the lighting and temperature to her preference. It turns on her devices and opens applications to her last working points. Her office door detected and recognized a colleague visiting her office mul. tiple times before she arrived. Joan’ ‘tem opens this visitor’s messages automatically. Health and Medicine loT pushes us towards our imagined future of medicine which exploits a highly integrated network of sophisticated medical devices. Today, loT can dramatically enhance medical research, devices, and emergency care. The integration of al] elements provides more accuracy, more attention, faster reactions to events, and constant improvement while reducing the typical overhead of medical research and organizations. Example Joan is a nurse in an emergency room. A call has come in for a man wounded in an altercation. The system recognized the patient and pulls his records. On the Scene, paramedic equipment captures critical information automatically sent to the receiving parties at the hospital. The system analyzes the new data and current records to deliver a guiding solution. The status of the patient is updated every second in the system during his travel. The system Prompts Joan to approve System actions for medicine distribution and medical equipment preparation.| Pe ae | Accessing information is easy, youcan control a device that is miles apart in | real time | | | Communication between the connected | devices becomes more transparent and | easier, | Transferringdata packets over anetwork } "educes both time & money. There isa huge risk of leakage of confi- | dential data, when sent over a network. | Due to its complex network, a single loophole can put the entire system down, affecting everyone. Without automation, theneedofhuman | labour reduces drastically. | _Attomation is the need of the hour. JOT "educes human intervention & increases ficiency of services. h | Today’s lifestyle is technology driven, | we depend on technology for thetiniest | of tasks.loT HARDWARE ‘The Internet of Things is developing at a rapid pace, thanks in part to an explosion in the availability of small, inexpensive computing hardware. IoT Prototyping kits and development boards combine microcontrollers and processors with wireless chips and other components in a pre-built, ready-to-program Package. ‘They come in nearly infinite configurations, from tiny battery-powered chips that chirp intermittently over Bluetooth to credit card-sized computers With USBpower | supplies and high-bandwidth Wi-Fi radios. Whatever the needs of your Project or product, there's sure to be a board that fits your exact requirements, lol: Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi is a small credit-card sized computer developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Their primary motive was to support & promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing coun. tries. Far more than expected, it did wonders in many fields, such as robotics. More than 5 million Raspberry Pis have been sold before February 2015, according to the Raspberry Pi Foundation.Arduino ino is an open-source hardware and soft; . fre that designs and manufact mun ‘ware company, microc Project and user com-devices suchas vehicles, and home (lo) isthenetwork of ¢uators, and connectivity which ‘The Internet of things appliances that contain electronics, software, ac allows these things to connect, interact and exchange data. > Examples of objects that can fall into the scope of Internet of Things include connected security systems, thermostats, cars, electronic appliances, lights in household and commercial environments, alarm clocks, speaker systems, vend- ing machines and more. ted devices include smart’ ‘TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables commercial security systems. and smart city itor traffic and weather conditions--are > Consumer connec and smart appliances. Smart: ‘meters, technologies -- such as those used to moni examples of industrial and enterprise IoT devi e communication between devices. ices. “» IoT encourages tht i ase = A. Write T for true & F for false. IoT allows different devices to communicate using Internet. r There are no risks of leakage of confidential data when using IoT. ie r . JoT reduces human intervention and increases efficiency and services. Arduino is open source hardware. cS A light bulp connected to your home access point which can be con trolled from your mobile phone is an example of loT device.answer the following questions, B. 1, What is IoT? 2, What are advantages and disadvantages of lot? 3, Name some of the examples of lop 4, Whatare the applications of loT? 5, Write a short note on Arduino, — ACTIVITY » Make a list of 3 IoT devices availabl le in the market that can be used in our homes. Write a brief descriptio; n about each device,Oa a PHOTOSHOP Image convey information to the brain much faster than textual data. Working with images is fun. Using Photoshop we can edit or alter images according to our require- ment. This process of altering or editing images is known as image manipulation. Image manipulation broadly fall under three categories. = Simple modifications for enhancements of image = Combining image and creating a different scene ® Restoration of old pictures In this chapter, one will learn to edit images using Adobe Photoshop. ADOBE PHOTOSHOP Photoshop is the leading professional image-editing program, useful for both creating and editing images for printing or for online jobs. Easy to use, but full of high-quality features, Photoshop is the best choice for any image-manipulation task. It is not only used by professional graphic artists and web developers, but also by amateurs for photo editing and for developing book covers, brochures, etc. Starting Adobe Photoshop Click Start + All Programs - Adobe Photoshop. Panels Tool Menu pe Options Bar Toolbaree (a8 Minimize — Close | ESSENTIALS ¥ — 3 x4) On the extreme right-hand side of the menu ba —4_] the Minimize, Restore and Close buttons. Restore J Toolbox ® The toolbox contains Selection, toselect the foreground ang bac the icon on the toolbox, Painting, image-altering, and viewing tool: ckground colours, etc. To s elect a tool, simpl = Mosttools on the toolbox havea Small black arrow in the lower-right corner means that they contain flyout menus giving youa choice of some more tc see the hidden tools, click the tool and hold your mouse button down w flyout menu appears showing you the additional tools available. flyout menus. © By default, the toolbox isa single col double-arrow icon at the top of the layout. mn. If you prefer, you can. click on t! panel which will changeit toa double- The toolbox can be divided into broad categories based on their functions. 1. Selection tools 4. Viewing tools 2. Painting and Alteration tools 5. Colours 4. Path, Type and Shape toolsMove Too! quick selection Magicwand Tools eyedroppercator Same Rue Neos ‘eurshypencilCotor Replacernent tools _ybrushiArt History Brush 00 Marquee Too! Lasso Too! cropisiice to! spot Healing Brshsteating Bursh/ at tools Patched Eve hoon Gradient/Paint Buch odge/Burn/sponge tools “clone stamp/Pattemstamp too} aaa Traver/Background Ease MOG. 00 plur/Sharpen/Smudge 00's Pen Too! ‘Type Too! Rectangle Too! path selection Diet Selection Tools - 3D Rotate Camera Too! ‘30 object Rotate Too! Zoom Too! HandiRotate View tools swap Colors Background Color Foreground Color Quick Mask Mode Default Colors Options Bar The options bar is located be display options for the current! ing options for the Move Tool. [tamer Fok beds u bar. The options bar always changes to elow the ment ‘ly selected tool. Given below is the options bar display- [hy ~ [Case sie oor sa wu] ® | le Move Tool Options Bar Application Bar The application bar is combined with the menu bar. It has icons for many useful tools such as the Hand and Zoom tools. Hand Tool Zoom tool \wQ¢|\ By # Application Bar‘The workspace is where we view our images and where we do all our editing work. | Along the right side of the find the Panels column. of commands and option: default, only a handful of; lour, Swatches panels g1 Screen in Photoshop is where we FRE Panels give us access to all kinds | 'S for working on our images. By Panels, for examp| le the Style, Co- | roup are displayed on the screen, Swatches, Styles, Color panels group Window Menu All Photoshop panels c checkmark beside a ‘an be accessed from the window menu in the menu bar. A ‘Panel that is alrea panel's name means it is already open on the screen. Selecting dy open will close it. Slick on a Panel's name tab to select it inside the Panels group.Colour Picker Open the Colour Picker by clicking on the Set foreground colour rectangle or the Set background colour rectangle on the Tool bar. Place your cursor ona light colour. Now notice the R (red), G (Green) and B (Blue) or RGB values, [le Pier ecigrwra Coe) [eer Fike ereround Cole ———3 Bia oe] urtbome 4 aaa ov i ou] | Os let) at Or [@ jw On fe onl a 6 [6 ee om fs a | Chow ne cen : Chori cee ils s|rme ees | Color Picker - Background Color Color Picker - Foreground Color Every colour is made up of these three basic colours and RGB value shows the pro- portion in which these colours are mixed to get the colour. Darker colours have low RGB values, whereas lighter colours have high RGB values. Black has RGB value of 0,0,0 whereas white has RGB values of. 255,255,255. Digital images are actually a table of numbers and these can be modified mathematically to change the colours, Create a New File/ Canvas 1. Select File tab New sn - sve Pt - itt ae nice carta. Press Ctrl+N rape Ste 3.000 New Dialog Box2. Customize the new page in the New dialogbox. Enter the size you would like your drawing area or canvas tobe and click OK, Pick a sive large enough to work with. You can always “crop” your image later. 3. Anew canvas opens up, i a] a SEE. S08 b9, Opening a Pre-existing Image Select File tab- Open OR = oe EO Press Ctrl+O Inthe Open window, | BSBENNNGS SEE find the image you wish to edit. Your image will open in a new window within Photoshop. eres Opening an imageOpening Multiple Files It is possible to open multiple files at the same time in the Photoshop work area and work on all of them at the same time. To do this: 1. Open the files by clicking File tab Open. You will see the tabs of the open files, 2. To view all these files at the same time, simply drag-and-drop the tabs. Saving Your Work When you have finished working On an image, you can save it by selecting File >Save As.. 5 . You can save your file in different formats depending on your needs, such as: PSD: Saving file in .psd versio . n lets you edit js file saved in psd format only in the anne aa You can opena 'G: The Joint Photographic E. De IPI 01 ope a ” it 1 a te Experts Group (JPEG) format is the most com- mon type. It is viewable by all and can be rinti e inga file mo aera eee oe ‘inting and the web. Saving a fil TIFF: The Targeted File Forma; ; t (TIFF) i ; : for printing as there is no lose in a fie ) is of the highest quality and is excellent GIF: The Graphics Interchan, ge Format (GIF) i fn imation but NOT recommended for photos, efor WeP Braphies with any PNG: The Portable Network Graphi es but Phics (PNG) format i aioe fee ) format creates smaller file sizes but How to Undo and Redo Editing Tasks? Before you learn to carry out editing operations, you should know how to undo a particular editing job done. Press the keyboard shortcut Alt+Ctrl+Z (step backward) to go one step back. Press Shift+Ctrl+Z (step forward) to redo the last operation. WORKING WITH IMAGES The basic operation which you will learn in this chapter are as follows: 1. Viewing an image 2. Selecting an image 3. Resizing an image 4. Adding text to an image 5. Painting, altering and enhancing an image in the toolbox. We shall carry out these operations using the tools iViewing an Image There are two types of viewing tools in Photoshop-Zoom Tool and Hand tool or Rotate View Tool. Zoom Tool This tool lets you magnify areas of an image when you are performing close detailed Work. Clicking the tool on the image lets you see a magnified view of your image. Zoom out by pressing the Alt key while clicking the image. Hand Tool When you are zoomed in on an image, you can move the image within the window using the Hand Tool. This lets you see other areas of the image. This is known as Panning. Use Ctrl++ to zoom in and Ctrl - - to zoom out. Rotate view tool This is used to rotate the image. Click on the image with the tool and rotate, The keyboard shortcut for the Hand Tool is H. The Rotate View Tool is hidden within the Hand Tool. Selecting an Image Selection tools are used to select the whole or part of an image. There are anumber of selection tools in the toolbox, We shall learn to use the following tools. 1. Marqueetools(Rectangular/Elliptical) [um 2. Move Tool 3. Lasso Tool (Lasso/Polygonal/ Magnetic) 4. Quick Selection Tool/Magic Wand Tool 5. Crop Tool Marquee Tool The eke as kets us select an image or Part of an image in a rectangular. square, elliptical or circular shape. Keeping the mouse pressed over the Marquee‘Tool displays the flyout menu with the hidden tools- Rectangular Marquee Tool, Bl liptical Marquee Tool, Single Row M. arquee Tool, and Single Column Marquee'Tool To select using the Rectangular/tlliptical Marquee 'To 1. Select the Marquee Tool in the toolbox. 2. Drag it on the image to cover the area of selection. 3. This part can now be copied, deleted, moved or edited as. a separate part. 4. |. Toadd an area to the existing selection, hold down the Shift key and drag while selecting. s To subtract an area from the existing selection, hold down the Alt key and drag while selecting. 6. Keeping the Shift key pressed while using the Rectangular Marquee Tool make a square- shaped selection, and while using the Elliptical Marquee Tool makes a circular shaped selection. Move Tool The Move Tool lets us move an image or a part of it. 1. Openan image and select the part to be moved using the Marquee or Lasso tools. 2. Selectthe Move Tool. Click and drag the selected partto itsnewposition and release the mouse. 3. Holding down the Alt key while dragging the selected area makes a copy of the selected part. eeTo select using the Rectangular/) Elliptical Marquee Tool: 1. Select the Marquee Tool in the toolbox. 2. Drag it on the image to cover the area of selection, 3. This part can now be copied, deleted, moved or edited as a separate part. 4, Toadd anarea to the existing selection, hold down. the Shift key and drag while selecting. 5. To subtract an area from the existing selection, hold down the Alt key and drag while selecting. 6. Keeping the Shift key pressed while using the Rectangular Marquee Tool make a square- shaped selection, and while using the Elliptical Marquee Tool makes a circular shaped selection. Move Tool ‘he Move Tool lets us move an image or a part of it. Open an image and select the part to be moved using the Marquee or Lasso tools. 2. Select the Move Tool. Click and drag the selected part to itsnew position andrelease the mouse. 3. Holding down the Alt key while dragging the selected area makes a copy of the selected part.% Lasso Tool ‘The Lasso Tool enables you to select exact areas of an image by tracing the selection outline. If you click and hold your mouse over the Lasso Tool then you will see three different options: Lasso Tool, Polygonal Lasso Tool and Magnetic Lasso Tool. The Lasso Tool is a freehand selection tool. To make a selection with the Lasso Tool: 1. Select the Lasso Tool icon and click and hold down your left mouse button on the image to draw the selection of your choice. = § Lass Too! L J Povgonal Lasso Tool | YP Magnetic Lasso Tos! | To close the selection, release the mouse. » Polygonal Lasso Tool The polygonal Lasso Tool is like the Lasso Tool, but instead of holding down your mouse button to drawa selection you can left-click on different points to makea selection witha series of: ‘straight edges. To select using this tool: 1. Select the Polygonal Lasso Tool and click in side the image to set a starting point. . Todrawastraight. segment, position the pointer where you want the first line seg- ment toendand click. Continue clicking to set end points for subsequent segments. 3. Make sure you click on the starting point to end the select, 4. Ifthe pointer is not over the starting point, Ctl+click. Magnetic Lasso Tool The Magnetic Lasso Tool is helpful when you are trying to select an area that has well-defined edges. In the Magnetic Lasso Tool, the border sticks to the edges of theobject you want to select. You should left- click at the starting point of your selection and move your mouse along the edge you want to select. Toerase recently drawn straight segments, press the Delete key. Quick Selection Tool lye Select iter Anon 30 View Window He J > (Cheroie at Laver Clavtc-tonance | Solow case ~ Options bar for QuickSelection Too! The Quick Selection Tool selects pixels based on tone, colour and similar textures in the image, which makes it very good at detecting the edges of objects. The Quick Selection Tool works like a brush, letting us select area simply by “painting” over them! 1. Select the Quick Selection Tool, and click on the image in an area you want to . Sel select. 0 y el ly on the othe! you wish to include. and your selection, simply click on he other areas you wish 2. To expi 7Magic Wand Tool ‘The Magic Wand Tool lets you select areas of an image based on the tone and colour of the pixels. When you click on areas in an image with Magic Wand, all the areas of similar colour are selected. You can specify various options to determine the exact selection. [BB Fie edit Image Layer Select Filter Analysis 30 View Window Help | [i Fs) 7 + 32] DAnivatas contiguous C)sanple layers | Refine Edge. '&. [ouee — Options bar for Magic Wand Tool To use the Magic Wand Tool: 1. Select the Magic Wand Tool in the toolbox. 2. Inthe options bar, select a Tolerance value ((to 255). This determines how closely to match colours — higher tolerance means a larger selection. 3. Check Anti-aliased to define a smooth edge to the selection. 4. Check Contiguous to select only areas which are joined together. 5. Check Sample All Layers to select areas from all layers. 6. Click the image in an area which you want to select.Adding to Selections ‘To add to a selection, hold down the Shift key and click in the area you need to add. You will see a small plus sign (+) appears in the bottom left of the Magic Wand’s cursor icon, letting you know you are about to add to the selection. Subtracting from Selections ‘To subtract from a selection, hold down the Alt key and click in the area you need to remove. ‘You will notice a small minus sign (-) appears in the bottom left of the Magic Wand’s cursor icon, letting you know you are about to subtract from the selection. Inversing the Selection Inversing the selection To invert the selection means selecting everything that was not selected. 1. Click the Select menu at the top of the screen and choose Inverse. OR 2. Fora faster way to invert selections, use the keyboard shortcut Shift+Ctrl+I.Crop Tool The Crop Tool is used to select a part of the image and remove everything surrounding it. You can also use it to cut out areas of an image and focus | 47) on one section. To crop an image: 2 Ps, 1, Select the Crop Tool from the toolbox or press the shortcut key C. &, | a4 2. Click on the open image and while holding the down the left mouse but: * a | ton, drag around the area you want, zs al | ~ . You willalso notice some squares around the edges ofthecrop selection. | .a| ‘These are called handles and can be used to modify the selection you qa Ss) have made. \y Q I You can also move the crop gy? area around. If you go to the corner, you willseeasmall J curved handlesymbolappear. This lets you rotate the crop area, Press Shift to constrain horizontally and vertically androtate in 15-degree angles 5. Double-click inside the selection to confirm it. = a“ —— Image cropped using Crop Tool Lae _Heatel 1 Hanne FR TIRE UCC ER RTC Ce cc Prernoben ane tna Fortean the He Fah Pirie Ace The Ringe Aine a tag fee: opeaiciye Here vevne att pvsigbees tyes Denneaps sue eat acne Faye aed] ave oape Eves ea beree: Hee Hae: WV Re Be tenga AHHH TEA ATH TOn fod Diane al (he Hae Hii ive ean WIA Cat Tie biane The Hiiaracatias, Hie Tinie a HH a apend Btiiet HE iiy heeonie: Iafuvohhy on fationny bE taverssnned Face catiede Pivoouesaetaaye Cae: Loeaprs bzw 11E stan 1 He Hininn andl ray catiies onnies detattiy toe fie: tat 1 cat btn alee atone tale yon Hie basil Hie Mie wher vereehanie (hie Doe Ament Hy dant, Commtratin Proper done teenablod ti Phatashop “Mite means (att THe Teta hte efiangiarh, Hie a Eh wit hecohaniocl at (ie: erties t alle Generally an Hrane WHI a Higher desalitian prndiees a better pt Tnitodd tage aya (0 wwe ake en yn on aHahny tgChanging the Canvas size To change the canvas size, click the Image tab - Canvas size. Adding to the canvas size will add a blank area around the image. Conversely, if you decrease the canvas size, the image will be cropped. Canvas Size dialog box Adding Text to an Image Type Tool The type tool is used to insert text in the image. To do this, click the icon on the toolbox and then click the area of your document where you want to insert text. The cursor will highlight and prompt you to start typing. Use the options bar to change the character, font, size and style. By default, the Horizontal Type Tool is active. The Vertical Type Tool in the flyout menu is used to write vertical text. {e RB] = TT Meteor tos [kG [T Vertecat type Too! {J Horzontal Type Mask Teo! [a Ss [AP Verical type Mask Too! [Ts eT ite Tle Type Too! Options BarTo edit an existing block of text, select the Type Tool from the toolbox and position the cursor on the text. It will identify the text and let you edit it. Painting, AlteringorEnhancingan Image = Brightening an Image 1, Open the Image file. 2. Click Image >Adjustments -> Brightness/Contrast. I 3. Adjust the brightness and contrast Changing the Image Colours Adding Special Effects to an Image 1. Select the area of the image your 1. Select the image or a part of it. wish to edit. 2. Click Filter + Select any effect. 2. Click Image > Adjustments > Hue/SaturationPainting with the Brush and Pencil tools Like Paint, Photoshop also has the Brush tool for drawing and painting. 1, Open an image in Photoshop 2. Click on the Brush tool in the tool bar. Select the Brush size and style by clicking on the arrow next to the Brush com- mand on the Option bar Click on the Set foreground colour rectangle and pick a colour from the Color Picker Palette. Click OK. Dragthe mouse with the left button pressed to draw or paint using theselected colour. 3. a We Fe eat image ine see | (Se oe ow ee ee | Ifyou select a portion of the picture using the Rectangular Marquee tool, the brush will only draw inside the selected area and not outside it. Notice that the Brush tool has a small arrow next to it. If you right click on the Brush tool, a list of other drawing tools appears, including the Pencil tool. You can click on the Pencil tool to select it.Lx Photoshop is a powerful, professional image-editing program. * The process of altering or editing images is known as image manipulation. Tools in the toolbox can also be accessed using shortcut keys. Pressing the short- cut key + Shift lets you move between the different options in the flyout menus. Toolbox tools can be divided into Selection tools, Painting and Alteration tools, Path, Type and Shape tools, Viewing, and Colors. Workspace is where we view our images and where we do all our editing work. Panels give us access to all kinds of commands and options for working on our images. You can save your file in different formats depending on your requirement, e.g., PSD, JPEG, TIFF, GIF and PNG. “> The rectangular blocks of colour that together form your image are known as picture elements or pixels. Resolution is the fineness detail ina bitmap image and is measured in pixels per inch (ppi). The more pixels per inch, the greater the resolution. Selection tools are used to select the whole or part of an image. They are Mar- quee tools (Rectangular/Elliptical), Move Tool, Lasso tools (Lasso/ ‘Polygonal/ Magnetic), Quick Selection Tool/Magic Wand Tool and Crop Tool. ‘The Marquee Tool lets us select an image or part of an image in a rectangular, square, elliptical or circular shape. ‘+ The Move Tool lets us move an image or a part of it. The Lasso Tool lets you select exact areas of an image by tracing the selection outline. The three different options are Lasso Tool, Polygonal Lasso Tool and Magnetic Lasso Tool. The Quick Selection Tool selects pixels based on tone, colour and similar tex- tures in the image, which makes it very good at detecting the edges of objects.The Magic Wand Tool lets you select areas of an image based on the tone and colour of the pixels ~ The d to select part ofan image and remove everything surround- ofan image and focus on one section. ing You can reduce the size of the image using Image Size option in the Image menu. it to cut out ares rool is used (o insert text in the image. Horizontal Type and Vertical ‘Type tools are the two type tools. Zoom Tool and Hand Tool/Rotate View Tool are two types of viewing tools in Photoshop. oe A. Choose the correct option. ised to insert text in an image? 1. Which of the following tools b. Type Tool d. Hand Tool a, Pen Tool c. Notes Tool Which of the following is a Marquee tool? a. Polygonal b, Rectangular c. Magnetic d. None of these ‘The format to save a file in Photoshop so that it can be edited later is b. GIF d. PNG a. JPEG c. PSD 4. Resolution is measured in a. Pixels b. bits c. dots: d. inchesALGORITHMS EO eT aes Algorithms and flowcharts are two different tools used for creating new programs, especially in computer programming. An algorithm is a step-by-step analysis of the process, while a flowchart explains the steps of a program in a graphical way. GORITHMS An algorithm is the step-by- step instructions written in simple language to perform a particular task. Algorithms help you understand a problem and decide the steps needed to solve it. A computer is a machine and it cannot understand the language that we use in our day-to day life. It needs instructions to carry out any job. So, instructions are given to the computer using programming languages such as LOGO, QBASIC, C++, Java ete A program is a set of instructions you give to a computer in a programming language. [a well - written algorithm leads to a good program. 1 Let us write an algorithm to add the numbers 2 and 5. Objective: To add 2 and 5 Stepl: Take two numbers 2 and 5. Step 2: Add the two numbers [2 +5]. Step 3: Display the result of additions [7]. Step 4: ENDObjective : To add twonmmbers Take two numbers, say A and B. | We can make this algorithm a general one by representing the numbers by the letters A and B. Sum represents the result. | Step 1: Step2: Sum=A+B | Step 3: Display Sum. | Step4: END | as poe ee) FEATURES OF ALGORITHM ® This is the first step in problem solving. ® It isa step by step procedure to solve a problem. ® Itis written in simple English and not in programming Language. ® Once the algorithm is written, it can be easily translated into a programming Janguage. ADVANTAGES OF ALGORITHM ® Easily to Understand: Algorithm helps the programmer to analyze the logical steps to find a solution. ® Easy to Modify: Modifying the algorithm is easy rather than modifying the program. ® Easy to implement: Writing and testing algorithm is helpful in finding the log- ical errors before converting it to program. Rules for Writing Algorithm There are some guidelines for writing an algorithm. These guidelines or rules make algorithms easy to understand by different people. While writing algorithm, follow the rules as mentioned below: 1. Give statement numbers as Step 1, Step 2 etc 2. Always begin with Start.3. Write statements clearly. 4. Write Stop at the end of algorithm. 5. Write each statement in a separate line. EXAMPLE: To find average of three numbers Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Start ‘Take three numbers. Add these. Divide the sum by 3 to get average. Stop eG Ry A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm. Flowchart make prob- Jem-solving easier. Flowchart are drawn using set of symbols. These symbols represent various actions and decisions. Connecting arrows show the flow of control between the symolos. The different symbols and their descriptions are listed in the table given below. me nbol BU Seet ect Used tosignal the startandend Stert/Stop > of the flowchart. Used to accept the ii tmavoamatie| [etna ea a bb.Process: box | | Used to display Processing. | ibacidion beh : Used when Yes or No decisions have to be taken. = Used to show the flow of control Wow lines = in the flowchart. Connectors ¢ Used to connect different sec- tions of a flowchart comet a «= Loss) Consider the algorithm we wrote for adding two numbers. Let us draw a flowchart for it. Step 1. Input numbers A and B Step2. Sum=A +B eee Step 2. Display Sum. Step 4. END Now, let us write an algorithm and draw a Flowchart to input two numbers and print the large number.Algorithm Objective: To Print the larger of two => numbers. Step 1. Input Number A,B Step2. _Isgreater than B? ASSESS / If yes, print A. Else, Print B. Print A Step 3. Stop Stop ey Ue sky A looping statement causes a set of instructions to be executed repeatedly while a certain condition is true or until a certain condition has been satisfied. Ina Looping statement, a counter is used to count the number of times a process is being repeated. A counter is a variable and keeps record of each print. It gets incre- mented after every repetition. The program checks the value of the counter every time, before next repetition. You can give any name to a counter like: COUNT, COUNTER XY ete To increment the value of counter, the following instruction is used. New Value = Previous Value + Increment of counter. Let XY be a counter. Now XY = XY+1ee For example, if you want to print a number 100 time: s. the flowchart tory as shown: his, ily, > Print Number | Yesci * An algorithm is the step-by- step instruction written in simple language to per- form a particular task. A program is a set of instructions you give to the computer in a programming language. A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm. A looping statement causes a set of instructions to be executed repeatedly while acertain condition is true. * Inlooping statement, a counter is used to count the number of timesa process isbeing A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is an Algorithm? 2, What is a Flowchart? 3. What are loops & counters? 4. Write the advantages of algorithm. B. Fillin the blanks. 1. A Program isa set of ina program language. 2. Algorithms are written in... .. language. .and.. ... are programming languages. 4, A flowchart isa . . representation of an algorithm. 5. A flowchart is drawn using a set of. 6. A... . box is used to display processing in a flowchart. are used to join the different sections of flowchart. ™\ON C. Write T for true and F for False. > . The instructions in an algorithm have to be in a correct order, s . Analgorithm is a pictorial of flowchart. 2 . Symbols in a flowchart represent various actions and decisions = If we had to represent printing of the output in a flow chart we would do it by process box. a A decision box has one flow line coming out from it. 2 An input/output box is shaped like a diamond. . Draw the symbols for these instructions in a flow chart, . Start/Stop . Input Process . Decision . Flow lines Pan wn . Connectors Draw the symbols for these instructions in a flow chart, 1. What is the computer program? 2. How is an algorithm different from a program? 3. Drawa flowchart to input a number,multiply it by 2and print the answer. ACTIVITY ** Write an algorithm to pack your bag for school. * Write an algorithm to print ifa given alphabet isa vowel.