NEWCOLORs_basic_math_rev 3/31/08 3:52 PM Page 1

Basic Math Review Key Words and Symbols Integers (continued) Fractions (continued) Rates, Ratios, Proportions,
The following words and symbols are used for the and Percents
operations listed. MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING WITH NEGATIVES Equivalent fractions are found by multiplying the numerator
- a # b = - ab and denominator of the fraction by the same number. In the RATES AND RATIOS
Addition previous example,
Numbers Important Properties Sum, total, increase, plus -a # - b = ab A rate is a comparison of two quantities with different units.
-a a 2 2#4 8 1 1#3 3 For example, a car that travels 110 miles in 2 hours is mov-
= # = and = # = .
addend  addend = sum = 3 3 4 12 4 4 3 12 ing at a rate of 110 miles/2 hours or 55 mph.
NATURAL NUMBERS PROPERTIES OF ADDITION -b b
Subtraction a A ratio is a comparison of two quantities with the same
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …} Identity Property of Zero: a + 0 = a -a , b = -
Difference, decrease, minus b MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING FRACTIONS units. For example, a class with 23 students has a
WHOLE NUMBERS Inverse Property: a + 1-a2 = 0 minuend  subtrahend = difference Some examples: When multiplying and dividing fractions, a common student–teacher ratio of 23:1 or 23
1.
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …} denominator is not needed. To multiply, take the product
Commutative Property: a + b = b + a Multiplication -3 # 5 = - 15 of the numerators and the product of the denominators: PROPORTIONS
INTEGERS Associative Property: a + 1b + c2 = 1a + b2 + c Product, of, times 1- 721 - 62 = 42 a#c a#c ac A proportion is a statement in which two ratios or rates are
{…, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, …} a * b, a # b, 1a21b2, ab 1 -242>1 - 82 = 3 b d
= # =
b d bd equal.
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION
factor  factor = product 18 36 An example of a proportion is the following statement:
The Number Line Property of Zero: a # 0 = 0 or   18 To divide fractions, invert the second fraction and then
Division 236 2 multiply the numerators and denominators: 30 dollars is to 5 hours as 60 dollars is to 10 hours.
Identity Property of One: a # 1 = a, when a Z 0. Quotient, per, divided by a c a d ad This is written
–5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 = # =
1 a
, $30 $60
Negative integers Positive integers Inverse Property: a # = 1, when a Z 0. b d b c bc .
a ab  a>b  b a 5 hr
=
10 hr
Commutative Property: a # b = b # a
b Fractions Some examples:
Zero A typical proportion problem will have one unknown
Associative Property: a # 1b # c2 = 1a # b2 # c dividend  divisor = quotient 3#2 6 quantity, such as
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE =
5 7 35 1 mile x miles
RATIONAL NUMBERS The LCM of a set of numbers is the smallest number that is a
PROPERTIES OF DIVISION = .
multiple of all the given numbers. 5 1 5 #2 10 5 20 min 60 min
All numbers that can be written in the form a>b, where a 0
and b are integers and b Z 0. Property of Zero: = 0, when a Z 0. Order of Operations For example, the LCM of 5 and 6 is 30, since 5 and 6 have no 12
,
2
=
12 1
=
12
=
6
a We can solve this equation by cross multiplying as shown:
1st: Parentheses factors in common.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS a 20x = 60 # 1
Property of One: = 1, when a Z 0. Simplify any expressions inside parentheses. REDUCING FRACTIONS
Real numbers that cannot be written as the quotient of two a GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
2nd: Exponents To reduce a fraction, divide both the numerator and denom- 60
integers but can be represented on the number line. a The GCF of a set of numbers is the largest number that can x = = 3.
Identity Property of One: = a#1 Work out any exponents. inator by common factors. In the last example, 20
1 be evenly divided into each of the given numbers.
REAL NUMBERS 3rd: Multiplication and Division 10 10 , 2 5
For example, the GCF of 24 and 27 is 3, since both 24 and = = . So, it takes 60 minutes to walk 3 miles.
Include all numbers that can be represented on the number 12 12 , 2 6
Solve all multiplication and division, working from 27 are divisible by 3, but they are not both divisible by any
line, that is, all rational and irrational numbers. left to right. numbers larger than 3.
PERCENTS
Absolute Value MIXED NUMBERS A percent is the number of parts out of 100. To write a per-
4th: Addition and Subtraction
Real Numbers The absolute value of a number is always ≥ 0. cent as a fraction, divide by 100 and drop the percent sign.
These are done last, from left to right. FRACTIONS A mixed number has two parts: a whole number part and a
2 1, etc. If a 7 0, ƒ a ƒ = a. fractional part. An example of a mixed number is 5 38. This For example,
Irrational Rational Numbers 23, 22.4, 21 4_5 , 0, 0.6, For example, Fractions are another way to express division. The top num-
15 - 2 # 3 + 130 - 32 , 32
If a 6 0, ƒ - a ƒ = a. ber of a fraction is called the numerator, and the bottom really represents 57
Numbers
3 57% = .
Integers p 23, 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, 3, p number is called the denominator. 100
25VN For example, ƒ -5 ƒ = 5 and ƒ 5 ƒ = 5. In each case, the 5 + ,
3,
VN2, p, etc.
= 15 - 2 # 3 + 27 , 9 8
Whole Numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, p
answer is positive. To write a fraction as a percent, first check to see if the
= 15 - 6 + 3 ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS which can be written as denominator is 100. If it is not, write the fraction as an
Natural Numbers 1, 2, 3, p = 12. Fractions must have the same denominator before they can 40 3 43 equivalent fraction with 100 in the denominator. Then the
be added or subtracted. + = .
8 8 8 numerator becomes the percent. For example,
a b a + b 4 80
+ = , with d Z 0. Similarly, an improper fraction can be written as a mixed = = 80%.
PRIME NUMBERS
Integers d d d number. For example, 5 100
a b a - b 20 To find a percent of a quantity, multiply the percent by the
A prime number is a number greater than 1 that has only ADDING AND SUBTRACTING WITH NEGATIVES - = , with d Z 0. can be written as 6 23,
d d d 3 quantity.
- a - b = 1 -a2 + 1 - b2
itself and 1 as factors. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39476-7
ISBN-10: 0-321-39476-3 If the fractions have different denominators, rewrite them as
Some examples: since 20 divided by 3 equals 6 with a remainder of 2. For example, 30% of 5 is
2, 3, and 7 are prime numbers. 9 0 0 0 0 -a + b = b - a equivalent fractions with a common denominator. Then add
a - 1 -b2 = a + b
30 # 150 3
or subtract the numerators, keeping the denominators the 5 = = .
COMPOSITE NUMBERS same. For example, 100 100 2
Some examples:
- 3 - 17 = 1 -32 + 1- 172 = - 20
A composite number is a number that is not prime. For 2 1 8 3 11
example, 8 is a composite number since + = + = .
-19 + 4 = 4 - 19 = - 15 3 4 12 12 12
8 = 2 # 2 # 2 = 23. more➤ more➤
9 780321 394767

1 2 3