Biogas Generation Using Swine Manure and Tomato Waste

for Household Use

Leader: Tongco, Cheenly Anne

Members:
Romero, Kyla
Lasap, Carlo
Delos Santos, Ajay
Dela Torre, Alwin
Aserit, Ralf
Zurita, Michael
Gatchalian, Maribel
Ohiman, Aljake
Feleciano, Dexter Andrei
Montealegre, John Louie
 Chapter I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the introduction, background of the study, objectives, conceptual

framework, hypothesis/assumption, scope and delimitation, significance of the study and

definition of terms used.

INTRODUCTION

Biogas has the potential to be part of the transition towards a more sustainable energy

system. Biogas is a renewable energy source and can play an important role in modern waste

management systems that can also help recirculate nutrients back to farmland. It is also a clean

energy source which can help us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by preventing additional

fossil fuels burning and it is therefore a great way to combat global climate change. Biogas is a

locally produced energy source with the potential to increase global resource efficiency, since it

can lead to more value and less waste.

Nowadays, several potential renewable energy sources are known its usage depends on its

accessibility and transformation capacity. The energy obtained from biological sources or any

types of substrates such as wood, crop residues, animal manure, municipal organic waste, or

even organic industrial waste, is called biomass energy. This is widely used for heating and

cooking activities and is one of the oldest renewable energies.

A product derived from the biomass fermentation is the biogas. It is obtained by a bacterial

degradation denominated anaerobic digestion. It is commonly used to obtain two main products

in biogas and these are to produce energy and digestate. Biogas is mainly composed by a mixture

of methane, carbon dioxide, and other gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide. The
percentage of methane in the biogas mixture is the main component for its use as an energy

source for the transformation into heat energy and electrical energy.

The use of biomass for cooking is widespread in the rural communities. It is important to

improve the efficiency of these traditional stoves in order to reduce the global warming

contribution. An additional development, introduced in this paper involves the use of a

thermoelectric peltier in order to generate electricity to power basic appliances by harnessing of

heat energy from the burner using copper plate. Heat energy is important in utilization of

thermoelectric peltier for the conversion into electrical energy.

According to the National Electrification Administration from CNN Philippines News

(Peralta, 2019), there are approximately 2.3 million households in the Philippines still remain

have no access to electricity. To demonstrate that decentralized electrification of these

households, it is possible to use renewable energy to generate electricity. Promoting a small scale

off-grid energy technology using biogas in the rural areas it would be greatly helpful. Biogas has

the ability to convert into heat and electrical energy from agricultural waste and can achieve a

higher storage efficiency using different kinds of raw materials.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Rural and distant populations in the Philippines are still without electricity and a long way

from obtaining sustainable energy, despite the country's best efforts to do so. Nearly 30% of

Filipinos are lack of electricity and suffering from power outages. Brownouts are widespread in

the Philippines and can have a devastating effect on the lives of its residents. Many low-income

families often cannot afford and do not have access to the appliances, beyond basic lighting and
communications. As a result, the lives and livelihoods of the rural poor are directly impacted and

exacerbated by the absence of electricity access.

The demand for the harvest of tomatoes technically known as Solanum lycopersicum has

been steadily decreasing over the past few months. Many areas in the Philippines have been

unable to sell their tomatoes because of limitations on travel and transportation imposed by

COVID-19. As a result, farmers were compelled to sell their fruit at a lesser price and were

unable to securely store their produce for shipment, which affected its quality and caused many

tomatoes begins to rot. Tomatoes had to be disposed in a landfill or fed to livestock. As the

tomatoes goes into the landfills it can produce dangerous methane gas that can emits greenhouse

gas emissions. On the other hand, manure and wastewater from the pig farms cause pollution

which adversely impacts the ecosystem. Communities around the pig farms are affected by

environmental pollution in the form of odour, wastewater and increased numbers of insects as

carriers of various diseases. 

Biogas can be produced through anaerobic digestion of raw materials such as agricultural

waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, or food waste in areas with

a high concentration of production. Those people who live in places with a lot of manure and

agricultural waste, such as tomatoes, may benefit from this by generating power that can be

utilized in the event of an emergency and can be also utilized for cooking . Additionally,

researchers are looking into ways to reduce the stench that biogas emits since it is made from

swine manure and tomatoes waste.

This came about the idea of developing "Biogas Generation using Swine Manure and

Tomato Waste for Household Use" that can be used by people who lives in the rural areas to

provide a reliable and efficient prototype that will become an alternative source of electricity and
source of methane fuel for cooking for household use. During a power outage, this can be used

as a backup source of electricity. This will also aid the environment by reducing gases such as

methane and carbon dioxide that are harmful and can contribute greenhouse gas emissions.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. Does the small-scale biogas generation using swine manure and tomatoes waste can be a good

alternative source of energy to produce electricity and methane fuel for cooking?

2. Does the used of swine manure and tomatoes waste are suitable raw materials for biogas

production?

3. Does the small-scale biogas generation can reduce household energy cost by using agricultural

waste for an efficient and cost-effective prototype for energy consumption in rural areas?

4. Is the use of thermoelectric peltier can produce electricity by harnessing of heat energy from

the burner using copper plate?

OBJECTIVES

The main focus of this study is the development of a biogas generation using swine manure

and tomato waste to produce an alternative source of electricity and methane fuel for cooking in

households use. Specifically, it aimed to achieve the following requisites:

 To convert swine manure and tomato waste into biogas which can be used to produce

heat and electrical energy that can help to reduce waste going to the landfills and from

being released as gas into the atmosphere to saves energy.

  To reduce household energy cost by replacing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) by

encourages community engagement of using agricultural waste for biogas production.

 To design and develop a small-scale biogas generation which would be cost-effective,

materials are locally available and easy to maintain by the local people.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The study focused on the development of biogas generation using swine manure and

tomato waste for household use to generate an alternative source of electricity and methane fuel

for cooking.

Figure 1 Illustrate the paradigm of the study. It is presented in an IPO model with swine

manure and tomato waste as input variables. The development process involves the following

stages: Biogas digester to convert swine manure and tomato waste into biogas; Burner to convert

methane gas into heat energy; thermoelectric peltier to convert heat energy into electrical energy

and Charge controller with deep cycle battery for powering home appliances. The output is the

biogas generation as an alternative source of electricity and methane fuel for cooking in

household use.
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Biogas digester to convert

swine manure and tomato Biogas Generation

waste into biogas. as an Alternative

2. Burner to convert methane gas Source of

Swine Manure into heat energy. Electricity and
and 3. Thermoelectric peltier to Methane Fuel for

Tomato Waste convert heat energy into Cooking for

electrical energy. Household Use

4. Charge controller with deep

cycle battery to power home
appliances

Fig.1 Research Paradigm

HYPOTHESIS/ASSUMPTIONS

Based on our study, we hypothesize that through biogas generation using swine manure and

tomato waste it can provide enough energy to power basic home appliances as an alternative

source of electricity which is suitable for backyard and household production. The produced

biogas derived from two raw materials are readily available and can be also utilized as a methane

fuel for cooking by people who lives in the rural areas. In addition, through anaerobic digestion

process of animal manure and agricultural waste it would help to replace current dumping and

incineration, reducing environmental pollution and hazards to public health, as well as providing

an organic fertilizer.
SCOPE AND DELIMITION

The scope of the study is to provide an alternative source of electricity and methane fuel

for cooking through the used of small-scale biogas generation. The study will use cost-effective

available materials for the fabrication of prototype. Although, this project will be appropriate for

people who live in rural areas with a lot of manure and agricultural waste where swine manure

and tomato waste are sustainable.

The development of prototype consist of five major parts namely: biogas digester,

gasholder, burner, thermoelectric peltier, and charge controller with deep cycle battery. The

researchers will use two biogas digesters to produce methane gas that will use to convert into

heat energy, mainly for direct application for cooking and converting heat energy to produced

electricity. This project involves the feasibility of integrating a thermoelectric peltier which the

heat can be a good source to produce power.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be beneficial to the following:

People Living in Rural Areas

Converting animal manure and agricultural waste will help people who live in the rural

areas, to provide a means of low cost of energy source for cooking, lighting, and other purposes

since there is a cheap source of raw materials which is easily accessible.

Environment
 This study will aid the environment by reducing gases such as methane and carbon dioxide

that are harmful and can contribute to the release of greenhouse gas emissions to the

environment. It will also aid the environment in reducing water pollution with wastes usually

being dumped in the bodies of water.

Health

The study will help in managing waste disposal and improved sanitation due to reduced of

pathogens, that otherwise will cause sickness and health problems if the waste and manure will

be left as it is.

Future Researchers

This study will serve as a reference for future researchers who would like to improve and

innovate the use of biogas.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms used in the study are defined for clarity and better understanding.

Biogas

It is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide, produced from

raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green

waste, or food waste. It is a renewable energy source.

Methane
  A colorless, odorless flammable gas which is the main constituent of natural gas. Methane is

also a greenhouse gas (GHG), it is presence in the atmosphere affects the earth’s temperature and

climate system.

Carbon Dioxide

  An acidic colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon

dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It

occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas. 

Animal manure

Animal manures can be classified into solid, semisolid, and liquid by-products generated

by animals. It is a well-recognized potential source of a wide variety of infectious agents that can

cause disease in humans, directly or indirectly but animal manure is an excellent source of

nutrients to support the growth of agricultural crops.

Agricultural waste

Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It

includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest

waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt

drained from fields.

Tomato

A flowering plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), cultivated extensively for its

edible fruits. It labelled as a vegetable for nutritional purposes, tomatoes are a good source

of vitamin C and the phytochemical lycopene.

Swine Manure

It is a valuable by-product from the swine operation and it is a raw material that will serve

for producing biogas.

Greenhouse gas emissions

It is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation,

thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere. By increasing the heat in the atmosphere,

greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, which ultimately leads to global

warming.

Burner

Burner is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food. It is a device where the

flame or heat is produced which natural gas is used for fuel. 

Ceramic Peltier

An electrical component contain two external ceramic plates separated by semiconductor pellets.

One of the plates absorbs heat which becomes cooler and the other plate dissipates heat which becomes

hotter when a current is passed through the semiconductor pellets. When a voltage is applied to the free

ends of the two semiconductors there is a flow of DC current across the junction of the semiconductors,

causing a temperature difference. 

Charge Controller

It used to regulate the voltage and prevents overcharging and may protect battery life

against over voltage, where the charge controller stops charging a battery when they exceed a set

high voltage level and re-enable charging when battery voltage drops back below that level.
Deep Cycle Battery

A deep cycle battery is used to provide a steady amount of current over a long period of

time. Deep-cycle batteries can be repeatedly discharged and recharged without causing damage

or shortening their life. It is well suited to powering numerous electronics and plug-in

accessories.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

Biogas is the gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic materials by

anaerobic bacteria and it used in energy production. It is also a clean, efficient, and renewable

source of energy, which can be used as a substitute for other fuels in order to save energy

especially in rural areas. Anaerobic digestion already occurs in nature, landfills, and some

livestock manure management systems, but can be optimized, controlled, and contained using an

anaerobic digester ( Tanigawa, 2017). This has been driven by the socio-economic and

environmental benefits of using biogas, such as reduced firewood and kerosene consumption,

lower emissions of greenhouse gases and indoor air pollutants and the possibilities to use biogas

to treat human and animal wastes. Given this trend, biogas use needs to be accurately monitored

and measured.

The main part of a biogas plant is the digester, this is where the anaerobic digestion takes

place in which the anaerobic bio-degradation of organic material proceeds in the absence of

oxygen and the presence of anaerobic microorganisms. This generates gas comprises primarily
methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amount of hydrogen sulphide

(H₂S). As more material is added to the digester, a liquid waste (slurry) is also produced. The

feedstock is mixed well and fed through the inlet. The biogas formed after the anaerobic

digestion is collected on the digester then will transport into the gas storage. The produced

biogas then will converted into an energy source. Recent studies reported that anaerobic

digestion is an efficient alternative technology that combines biofuel production with sustainable

waste management, and various technological trends exist in the biogas industry that enhance the

production and quality of biogas.

RESEARCH LITERATURE

Hubenov et al., (2015), investigated the used of swine manure and a specific mixture of

waste fruits and vegetables were used in anaerobic digestion at various ratios under mesophilic

conditions in a 100 litre pilot-scale continuously stirred-tank bioreactor in view of obtaining an

optimal ratio for maximizing the methane production. To obtain main parameters, analytical

method was used to determine the volatile solids, pH and the total biogas production with

composition of CH4 and CO2. The study revealed that the generation of methane gas from

mixtures of swine manure and wastes of fruits and tomatoes has a good outcome of produced

biogas and effective biomethanization process with high flammability tendency of the produced

gas that can be used as energy source.

Anaswara M. (2015), have studied the design and fabrication of a low cost biogas digester using

poultry waste and pig manure. The digester has a capacity of 25 liters. PVC pipes are used for feeding the

substrate waste (inlet), and outlet for the slurry. This study used a tire tube which is directly connected to
the digester and will act as gas storage. Plastic drum digester are painted in black in order to prevent the

entry of light for preventing the algae growth. The preferred location of the site is selected which has

large exposure of sunlight, nearer to the kitchen. According from the evaluation with the used of 3

digesters at different mixing ratios, it showed that the biogas production was successfully produced from

two feedstocks which has a potential to be use as an energy source. Additionally, elimination of smell

nuisance of the pig manure and poultry waste was not present. The digester type of flexible biogas design

is best suited for the poor lease land pig farmers and it is a beneficial model of waste management and

energy production even though the production efficiency is low. The reason for low yield of biogas

production may be due to low atmospheric temperature and lack of gas pressure regulation.

JoungDu et al.,(2008), have presented the used of mixture of swine manure and food

waste as substrates in this study. Food waste was taken from local restaurant and was grinded by

an electrical blender while the swine manure was collected from a local swine farm. As the result

from observation of this study the biogas production rate during co-digestion of swine manure

and food wastes in which the maximum methane production was observed from 20 to 40 days in

all the treatments. However, it was observed that the longer retention time of fermentation

process the higher methane production could be observed from the bottle with higher ratio of

food waste and swine manure. The production of biogas using swine manure as raw material

revealed that it can produced adequate methane gas and must also consider the factors that can

affect for the stability of the digestion process for better biogas yield such as pH level, retention

time, carbon content, proper ratio, and temperature.

 Biogas production is growing steadily, as more people are setting up biogas plants to

produce biogas. To get a better picture of what biogas is good for. According to Khayal (2009)

the advantages of having biogas technology are:

 Biogas systems turn the cost of waste management into a revenue opportunity for farm,

dairies, and industries.

 Converting waste into electricity, heat, or vehicle fuel provides a renewable source of

energy that can reduce dependence on foreign oil imports.

 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation of global warming.

 Biogas systems also provide an opportunity to recycle nutrients in the food supply,

reducing the need for both petrochemical and mined fertilizers.

The thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a solid‐state energy converting device that converts

heat directly into electrical energy. Thermoelectric generator are silent, scalable, and reliable, as

they have no moving parts. TEG employs waste heat to generate power and thus can be the

termed eco‐friendly energy source (Hayati, 2021). Thermal power harvesting confides in the

TEG action which it converts thermal into electrical power. The conversion of energy performs

through TEG by thermodynamic laws and effects. The motion of charge carriers depends on

thermal differences. In the future by proper utilization of thermoelectric generator, it can become

one of the potential sustainable and renewable energy resources. For a pollution‐free future

generation, high penetration of these energy sources can utilize in electricity generation

expansion planning (Bhuvanesh et al., 2018). The power generated between 1 and 125 W of a

single thermoelectric generator and can increase up to 5 kW by using more TEGs within a

modular connection.
 Cekmas Cekdin et al., (2020) have discussed the thermoelectric generator utilization for

electrical energy generation as a power plant by the self-heating renewable energy source. The

50 Watt/220 V (AC) heaters are essential for heat to aluminium plate. The thermoelectric

generator hot surface is transferred temperature within aluminium; the cold surface is located on

the heat-sink in the Peltier effect. It can start working through the thermal difference of metal

being heated and heat dissipation. The thermoelectric will give rise to voltage and current by

connecting both sides of the copper element. The outgoing potential and current are dependent

on load. The system can connect to an energy control circuit such as the escalation of using DC converter

to enhance the potential for providing energy consumption.

SYNTHESIS

To prevent damaging the earth’s ecosystems and maintain a high quality of life for the

planet’s inhabitants, humans must manage their waste efficiently and safely. Agricultural wastes

like swine manure usually produce obnoxious odour and environmental problems for the people

living around the areas where such wastes are dumped. Animal wastes and tomato wastes have

been found to consist of exploitable gas and energy which can be obtained by a process of

anaerobic digestion.

The rate at which the microorganisms grow is important in the anaerobic digestion

process. The operating parameters of the biogas production must be controlled so as to enhance

the microbial activity and thus increase the anaerobic degradation efficiency of the system. Some

of these parameters are can affect or influence the biogas production by considering its

temperature, retention time, pH level, volatile solids, capacity of digester, proper ratio and etc.
These parameters can caused significant rearrangements of breakdown of organic materials in

the absence of oxygen for the stability of biogas production. Biogas is a waste management

strategy that prevents precious organic material from being disposed of in landfills. By

combining swine manure and tomatoes to generate power via biogas. Biogas technologies have

the potential to evolve with a small footprint and integrate seamlessly into current processes.

Especially in the Philippines, where biogas exploration is necessary to assist people, particularly

those living in rural regions. Proper selection and construction material against corrosion is

important for many digester components function in contact with gases and liquids that are very

corrosive. Materials used for the main digester construction should be strong, liquid tight, and

durable against corrosion and weathering. The digester assembly must be seal out from

atmospheric gases and prevent the escape of methane.

Thermoelectric generators have now emerged as a promising alternative green technology

owing to their potential to directly convert waste-heat energy into electrical power. The

application of this alternative green technology in converting heat energy into electrical power

can improve the overall efficiencies of energy conversion systems. Although, the peltier runs as a

thermoelectric generator and we get DC voltages at its terminals, which we create a temperature

difference between the two surfaces of the ceramic. In this way, electricity can be obtained

directly from the heat flow by utilizing heat as a major component to produce energy.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes and discuss the methodology research and explain how the
proposed study will be fulfilled. The outline of this chapter is as follow: Project/Research
Design; Project Development; Operation/Testing Procedure; Evaluation Procedure; Evaluation
Criteria and Instruments & Technique Use.

PROJECT DESIGN

The biogas production process uses agricultural waste to produce gaseous fuel from swin
e manure and tomato waste by an anaerobic digestion process. It is an alternative source of energ
y, mainly for direct application for cooking and converting heat energy to produce electricity that
can be utilized for household use in rural areas. The prototype consists of five major parts, namel
y: biogas digester, gasholder, burner, thermoelectric peltier, and charge controller with deep cycl
e battery.

Figure 2. Actual Design of Biogas Generation to Produce Energy Source from Agricultural
Waste

The researchers came up with the idea of designing, developing, and fabricating a biogas
generation system for household use using swine manure and tomatoes that can be used by rural
residents to provide a reliable and efficient prototype that can be used as a source of energy for
cooking and electricity. The designed prototype demonstrates the critical role of small-scale
biogas generation in converting trash to productive energy.

The illustration above depicts the prototype's distinctive design, which includes a biogas
digester with a working volume of 120 liters, an 80-cm height, and a 51-cm diameter that is used
to generate a set amount of biogas from agricultural waste. Gas holders' objectives are to provide
biogas storage to compensate for temporary imbalances in gas production and consumption, as
well as to develop a biogas reserve. The burner will be utilized to convert the methane gas
produced into usable heat energy for cooking. The copper tabs connecting the ceramic peltier
modules are connected electrically in parallel which are linked at the hot junction generated by
the hot surface of the copper plate exiting the burner. When subjected to heat, the copper plate to
thermoelectric peltier the direct current electrical energy generated by the ceramic peltier will be
regulated by the charge controller and will be stored in a deep cycle battery and used as a back-
up power source of household. The figure below depicts the prototype's block diagram:
 Biogas
Digester of
Tomatoes Burner for
Waste Cooking

Gas
Burner for
Cylinder
Thermoelectric
Peltier
Biogas
Digester of
Swine Copper Plate
Manure
(for distribution
of heat)

Ceramic Peltier
(conversion of heat
energy to electrical
energy)

12V
(unregulated)

DC Circuit
12V Outlet Breaker

Household
Electricity 12V DC to Charge
Control Panel 220V AC Controller
(breaker) Inverter

12V Deep Cycle

Battery
(electrical energy
storage)
 Figure 3. Block Diagram of the Prototype

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

Project development establishes a consistent framework of activities and requirements for

developing a project, as well as organizing and classifying the materials used in fabrication via
simulation and solidworks in order to meet the project's aim.

The five major component of biogas generation to convert into energy source.

1. Biogas Digester

2. Gas Cylinder

3. Burner

4. Thermoelectric Peltier

5. Charge Controller with deep cycle battery

Biogas Digester

The central part of the biogas production is an enclosed cylindrical-shaped anaerobic

digester, with its cap completely sealed, that will provide optimal conditions for converting
selected feedstocks into biogas through the fermentation process. This is an airtight digester
filled with organic waste that can be emptied of digested slurry with some means of
accumulating the produced gas. It has an influent pipe for feeding wastes that will be placed
inside the biogas digester. The other outlet pipe of the digester was used as a channel to collect
the gas from the digester. The biogas digesters are color black in order to prevent the entry of
light, thus preventing algae growth and maintaining the temperature needed for the gas
production. The biogas digester also has a carbon filter for preventing odors.

Gas Cylinder
 The gas cylinder can be used to store methane gas produced during the anaerobic
breakdown of organic wastes in the biogas digester. The gas is routed through the gasholder for
use as methane fuel for cooking and lighting.

Burner with copper plate

A methane burner is a type of cooking device that uses methane gas to generate heat
energy. The copper plate is positioned beneath the burner to ensure an even distribution of heat.

Thermoelectric Peltier

The thermoelectric peltier or also known as thermoelectric generator is a solid-state device

that provides direct energy conversion from thermal energy into electrical energy. It produces
voltage when exposed to heat. It is composed of two distinctive semiconductor materials,
namely, P-type and N-type, sandwiched between ceramic plates. A P-type semiconductor has
positively charged holes, and these are the majority carriers. On the other hand, an N-type
semiconductor has a negative charge on the electron and they are majority carriers. These
semiconductors are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel by the copper tabs.
The temperature difference is created across the junctions of semiconductors when input is
provided at the free ends of two semiconductors and when junctions are maintained at different
temperatures power can be produced (S. Patidar, "Applications of Thermoelectric Energy: A
Review", vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1992-1996, 2018).

Charge Controller with Deep Cycle Battery

A charge controller is used to regulate the voltage from the ceramic peltier. It prevents
overcharging and may protect battery life against overvoltage, where the charge controller stops
charging the battery when it exceeds a set high voltage level and re-enables charging when the
battery voltage drops back below that level. The deep-cycle battery is also designed to provide
sustained power over a long period of time. The energy produced by the ceramic peltier is stored
in the deep cycle battery, which is then used in DC loads and the inverter.

OPERATION AND TESTING PROCEDURE

 This small-scale biogas generating technique demonstrates how to generate biogas using
swine manure and tomato waste to produce energy source.

The prototype's design has a significant impact on biogas output. There are numerous
approaches to make a biogas plant of any size economically viable. The type of organic waste to
be used as source material, digestion temperatures, waste availability, and construction materials
all play a role. More biogas is produced by putting more organic waste into the biogas digester.
Operational aspects of anaerobic digestion must be considered. Microorganisms' growth rate is
critical to the fermentation process. The system's anaerobic degradation efficiency can only be
improved by carefully monitoring and controlling the operating settings to encourage the growth
of beneficial microbes and reduce inhibitors. There are a number of variables that can affect the
temperature, pH level, volatile solids, and carbon to nitrogen ratio.

Using swine manure and tomato waste alternative digester, an experimental configuration
will be used to conduct the first round of operations and testing. A total of four 1.5-liter plastic
bottles were utilized. As an alternate gas storage, the balloons will be used to store the biogas
that is produced by attaching the mouth of the plastic bottles. In just 15 days of retention time, it
was possible to identify the two source materials that produce the most biogas. The mesophilic
conditions necessitated the use of a container for the plastic bottles.

Findings on the first day revealed that anaerobic digestion of tomato waste produced
biogas within 4 hours of storage. However, only a modest amount of biogas was created on the
first day of anaerobic digestion of swine dung. The biogas generated from tomato waste, which
is represented by the balloons, begins to grow on the second day and continues to grow until the
fermentation process is finally stopped on the eighth day.

The swine manure, while on the other hand, begins producing biogas after three days.
Once the biogas has been accumulated for 11 days, the balloons get larger and more efficient. As
a result of this experiment, it can be concluded that swine manure and tomato waste may produce
biogas successfully from the biomenthanization process, which indicates that it can be used as an
energy source by its high flammability propensity.

Accurate prototype parts and components were created using simulation-based analysis
modeling of the actual biogas generating system. In order to carry out the analysis, the design has
to be properly set up. This particular prototype was designed in Solidworks, which we also used
to assemble the methane digester with gasholder and burner as well as the thermoelectric peltier
and charge controller with deep cycle battery.

EVALUATION PROCEDURE

The researchers began this research by conducting a thorough review of previous studies
and literature. Additionally, we raise topics such as: what is biogas? What raw ingredients are
utilized to create biogas? And how may biogas be converted into heat and electricity? Following
the investigation, the researchers created and developed the prototype's numerous components,
including the biogas digester, gasholder, burner, ceramic peltier, and charge controller with deep
cycle battery, to determine whether the component and the prototype as a whole could function.

The researchers then acquired the necessary substrates for the experiment, which
included 2 kg of swine manure and 2 kg of tomatoes from a market in Binangonan, Rizal. The
researchers conducted an experiment and observation to ascertain whether biogas may be
produced. Anaerobic digestion batch studies were conducted using swine manure and tomato
waste. A different digester was utilized for observation, consisting of 1.5 liters of plastic bottles.
Equal parts substrate and water are combined until thoroughly homogenized. We separated the
pig dung and tomato waste in the plastic bottles and sealed them properly. To monitor and
observe the potential of biogas created from swine manure and tomato waste, we drilled a hole in
the cap of a plastic bottle and inserted a balloon into the bottle's mouth. The researchers
evaluated the method after 15 days of retention. The researchers used two bioreactors to process
swine manure and tomato waste in analyzing the process and demonstrate that the two raw
materials produce biogas.
Raw Materials Before After

Swine Manure

Tomato Waste

Table 1: Observation from the experimental design setup of Swine Manure and Tomato
Waste during 15 days

Overall, the experiment was successful because we proved that, through an anaerobic
digestion process, we can produce biogas from batch tests of swine manure and tomato waste.
After the experiment, the researchers started to design and develop the whole component of the
prototype with the aid of simulation and solidworks.

EVALUATION CRITERIA

The six criteria that the researchers made are functionality, workability, durability,
economy, safety, and aesthetic.
 Functionality - refers to the ease of operation of the prototype under study, including
consideration for pleasant and convenient usage as well as friendly operation.

 Workability – pertains to the availability of the materials, technical expertise, tools and
machines.

 Durability – applies to the quality of material, quality of workmanship, and quality of

design.

 Economy – refers to the materials needed, and equipment required.

 Safety – refers to the toxic hazardous materials, lack of leaking gas, preventing odor and
provision of protection devices.

 Aesthetic – refers to the design, color and other aspects.

INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES USE

1. Drum A gallon black tight head plastic drum, it is a molded drum

which made of industrial strength high molecular weight, high
density polyethylene plastic similar to HDPE but more
durable, with extra thick walls to provide superior
performance and long lasting durability. It is UV resistant
drum to keep light out and can stored high and medium
hazardous liquid materials.

2.Gas Hose Gas hose is a hose that is made for the specific purposes of
carrying gases from one point to another. It is a flexible tube
that join regulators to appliances and gas cylinders.

3.Copper Plate A reddish-brown metal polished copper which it has excellent

heat conductivity and electrical conductivity, making the
plated products suitable for precision engineering applications.
4.Burner A burner is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose
of cooking food. It is a device where a flame or heat is
produced when natural gas is used for fuel.

5.Gas Pressure Regulator
Gas pressure regulators reduce high-pressure gas in a cylinder
or process line to a lower, usable level as it passes to another
piece of equipment. They also maintain pressure within a gas
delivery system. It is usually found in many common home
and industrial applications.

6.Pressure Gauge A pressure gauge is a method of measuring fluid, gas, water,

or steam intensity in a pressure-powered machine to ensure
there are no leaks or pressure changes that would affect the
performance of the system. Pressure systems are designed to
operate within a specific pressure range.

7.Ceramic Peltier Two exterior ceramic plates are separated by semiconductor pellets
in an electrical component. When a current is delivered through the
semiconductor pellets, one of the plates absorbs heat and gets
cooler, while the other plate dissipates heat and grows hotter. When
a voltage is placed across the free ends of the two semiconductors,
a DC current flows across their junction, resulting in a temperature
differential.
8.Charge Controller A charge controller, alternatively referred to as a solar regulator, is
used to regulate the rate at which electric current is added to or
removed from batteries. It guards against overcharging and may
protect against overvoltage, both of which can degrade battery
performance or longevity and may provide a safety issue.
Additionally, depending on the battery technology, it may prevent a
battery from completely draining or perform regulated discharges
to prolong the battery's life.

9.Deep Cycle Battery A deep-cycle battery is used to supply a constant current for an
extended period of time. Deep-cycle batteries may be discharged
and recharged repeatedly without sustaining damage or reducing
their life. It is ideal for powering a variety of electronics and plug-
in accessories.

10.Inverter Inverter is a power electronic device or circuitry used to convert direct

current (DC) power into standard alternating current. The resulting AC
frequency obtained depends on the particular device employed.

11.DC Outlet DC outlet is a device which a piece of electrical equipment can

be connected in order to provide it with electricity.

12.Gas Cylinder Gas cylinder is a pressure vessel for storage and containment

of gases at above atmospheric pressure. It store gases under high
 pressures and can store flammable gases.

13.Ball Valve A ball valve is a shut-off valve that controls the flow of a liquid or

gas by means of a rotary ball having a bore. By rotating the ball a
quarter turn (90 degrees) around its axis, the medium can flow
through or is blocked. A ball valve is commonly used as a shutoff
device for water, gas, or oil in plumbing and heating systems. They
are used for emergency shut-off as well as isolation for repairs and
maintenance.
14.Carbon Filter Carbon filter it remove absorbs unwanted odors and other airborne
chemical contaminants. Sometimes referred to as activated carbon,
this filter media operates on a principle known as adsorption.

15.DC Circuit Breaker DC circuit breakers are used in DC power distribution systems.
Generally applicable to solar photovoltaic power generation and
power distribution systems, battery energy storage systems, new
energy vehicle DC charging systems, etc. A system in which the
input power supply terminal of the circuit breaker is DC current.

16.Electrical Circuit An electrical circuit breaker panel is the main distribution point for
Breaker Panel electrical circuits in a home. The circuit breaker panel supplies
power and designed with safety features that protect the wiring and
avoid electrical shocks and fire due to overloading or heat build-up.
The safety mechanism of the circuit breaker panel guards your
home and its residents against all the hazards of improper
grounding, short-circuits, voltage fluctuations, faulty wiring, and
 damaged insulation.
17.PVC Tee PVC tee is a fitting with three ends, two in a straight line and one
on the side at a 90-degree angle. Tees allow a line to be split into
two separate lines with a 90-degree connection. Also, tees can
connect two lines into one main line. It is also often used for PVC
structures. Tees are an extremely versatile fitting that are some of
the most widely used parts in plumbing.

18.PVC 90 Degree PVC 90 degree elbows are designed to link two pieces of PVC pipe
Elbow together at right angles to each other.

19.PVC Pipe PVC Pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder,  used mainly to

convey substances which can flow liquids and gases, slurries,
powders and masses of small solids. It is also easy to install,
lightweight, strong, durable and easily recyclable, making them
cost-efficient and sustainable.

MATERIALS

The raw materials to be used in this project to produce biogas are swine manure and tomato
wastes.

Swine Manure
 Physical pollutants contained in the fodder must be removed by the swine manure. The
substrates were then added in the same proportion as the water and constantly agitated until
thoroughly mixed. From that, it was fed into the biogas digester and sealed appropriately.

Figure 4. Swine Manure

Tomato waste

Tomatoes are suitable as a feedstock for the anaerobic digestion because it is relatively
rich in protein, fat and high fiber content. Tomatoes waste is usually dumped near processing
sites generating liquid emissions, odors and methane emissions due to an uncontrollable
anaerobic fermentation. The tomatoes were added with the same ratio of water and manually
mixed until they became homogenized mixtures for effective anaerobic digestion.
Figure 5. Tomato waste