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UNIT71, TtYoducio h

Gomp uten Avchitectwu -T +Rs undinval


dihcription
aaquYemiatS and dign implenirtdtion
tor th
tR Varuoul pan t R Compit.T
to
deal to i-tR Compu-ten functionali teb or
tunctiona beKaviow. T Come beore
Compuul Or nization wnile wigni n
Combuten

J ho
onputen Organizadion C0
openationa

ottr ibuter avu linkid to getRn nd Contri butr


tYealizo tk anchite ctwial pe cification,
T4 daa di- tYuctuwial relattonip.
ArcRitectuwu
ds,cribes o h a Computub
doe, Orpanizadi on doscri be) hot it
do t .
+Basic functona uit Compuien
AsitRmaHc
Trput L Loic
MemoY
Outpu Cotrol

Procebor
A A digidal computen u o fa t ,olseYo ric
calcuwai aRins at occeb+
digidizad indorwation, proce
tore in-Brucdion
Accordvg
anc Yeut inonation Th
17h+ nyuc dioh cals d compul
and lenna o r a qR call1ol
YYa
Compute ru morY
In
i m ples+
oY
Conpuen Cohli five
functioral Uhf.

3 ALU

4) MamoYH
5 Con4Yeol UiE

T /0 J CocscYomatio
trom una open ador fro m elecyo

nscanical dsvicel i k kboard.


T infoY r ation YeCei vecd
HoYed Y moY cden
ernce ron diately
ALU o penfoy wm di recd
open ot on.
TR proceAng teph Hen minic b
a ted
m n m ina
U d baclc
A veul+
+o A outsic uorlc Youg h
RU ion JU
otd hut+ ui Atl Contya Unt. ALU
Cooroncded by

CU J kro n Contyeu procOw d


unt oY Pyo ceNo.
intucHon 1 pe-form C
A t URualy
Calld
cal d Pyo gyclm
trus
d Tn 4h mal h nmo
mimor
i to re

Program n
intruotin
tructt
4+ALn fe+ cRus -JA
Th proceMo fram4R
k up 4h YoqrCA
hat ma pentorm.

at a Hmu
mmo ry OnL

doi re d openaian. cRana ctuJu


e n t odsd
aru
num ess
ata a oben andh
wd
OUU
n t Y u c H onk

benform
baic openationa Conceb +

apropreat
Yog ra m Contitiv
nrucdion J lved n h main
avnoT y Trdividual I Y u cdto n) Y t t o h
inlo-Ihe bYoCehoY
mmo1,Y pecitied opeatioh.
executu 4 R
w
thii c
c A

openands e-lion
ata o be ie may
ma
ntmoyYie.
love d 9n tha
albo Thi nstrucin
ADD LOCA RO
R guw o þeaatio
T

:
6
O

Q
Main Mm

MAR MD Co ntrol

Pc ALU

aannal pnpo
egib te.
Tmadditjon to 4rs ALU and
Control
CiYCutay t pYO CCNOY contaln) a mumbe
btoa
Tegike
Th intrucdton egisfen TA)
data
hold
intruc&ion hod cuuUnt ly
executed.

T
beind
pYog fan Counten (control) (PC). egibtey kaps
h e

K umo oddret 9 t h
T Contu ny
b exec4Ed. Duu
insrucon curu d
inrucdion A cohtent
R xecutjon
CUU ubdat coyYespord o
PC to
addret t h a rux+ 1 }yuCtjon
exetued T i hatual to u
PC poind A nex
o fetcRfron
Ayucfio
m
teida TA and PC Piguu ho s Th
npo Yeiten Ro, Rt m-1
wclto
too egistois CUU
finaly
Comu ni cat to mai mumoY
A) Mumsy Addrehregten MAR
Data regibte. MDR2)
Mumo
Locatto n
Th MAR hold he addrexh
aJ to
OY from hcA elat
rantocmcl.Th M R Contunh

- datato LOri tfe n into 'or


Yead out +A add YeNMd Locattoh,

Let mo Coniol Hep


moln mA mor and
yogam duyan
Rreugh
tant hin PC
xe cution Preg
proYaVm
baid t fir
rhucsn +a Pro yam,
tranterLol to
Thcnttd PC
R MAR n a read conyol
ga t +R num oY A fO
R m eauye d e acce R munory
addred Dodin R fir
ntrucdon pYogram read
R mu moy Loca od
MDR
Th Co nlen DR t Yanyeud oJ
a - f R pojnt As nytue on JN Yeadu

to b decodad anc execu ed


ih Vol v e penohbu
intrucdion JUy
e b enfymid AALU
obtalv qwred
niceaY
pendn , if an operiand tei zid f
A munsYy. T Couwd also be in genna

bpo yegHen. T AaU to fetcA ba


addre to MAR cnd
Mnding
ruti n g cl. whi, +h
e ad
operia nd Ra bunregd trom tR
mi moY MD2 Itm a
Sansfervud fYo m mD +s ALU e
on OT. moTC openaho ou fetcRid,
In A tho ALV Ca petorm
+R uuved opet atHon
reut oencio
in t h munory tRLh R
t be btoved

Mnd MDR Th addre


eult
huu -R
th locatoh R MA Ond
be Ho Ye J Mnd
) intia-ted hile dn
Ccle
+k caeht
ntYuCjon be
et exe(ted
ho tAat
re e mmincu d
PC u
ntucHO
exe cutho
Tn CU sooh
ekec wted Qomple-ed

inruCH oh
tecA may b
C Y ucH oh
.

E
ead bette penfermirCebu
Th
inCrea o obt

lo LR u
T UICe Cohnucte c
A et pen e n
Jey idsly
Oe S6D
Somu
þrinde7,

qnd bomu UU fastet k naun mu mor


poocedoY Le ca u
Communicat e a c oh
dAviceb mu t
and e cret rafe
Oven a bu d o rrooA
mecho nibm can

A di feun ce n im ng amo
amor
ertenn oluvice)
proce6or mu morie)
hLc e a
incud a
approucR J o
com mon

bu Yeghe
toi+A +R devi'ceb
R Ormatton aduu ante
nolc
Th oUTbitrodho eyo Ce
ce duT
ndut
bus Arbition Comu into picdwt hheven

+Ru CUU moTe JRan n pTo CeMOY


bus oec aul hl ont u
Vice
Tand w uCeefully OVer
nay able
Lcion midanuhn
J oma
bU).
Thu
ma rdalh I c trany ern
fo
J Y e a re
J
ms c a n i ) m J cd bty Ho
Compo nlnt
dsciol shic
B an bihych'on avn on VJuoD
C
C
P
dsVtce id1Rs 1A
k nuvnben m
lddreh mat cR d
dire ardival
Cou ht Iin and R
bu bu
h bus contyo llen ehpoh A Hennnadira
A pelli proce CIu A anre
Connic +A bw.

3) Tndupen di wrequst..

Dub VA
Controllen6us GRAN TL
Arbites Us REGUEST 1
US RANT 2
nys Re qwt 2
Dus Crcnd 'n

9ub bu

bu yequut ard
UU ati
in for ever dsvice
bws
A au khaug bus
+RCapabrlty
Im Ris ContYo |le) a
bu)
nidiateidntifgivall
requDig de viceb)

bub controlle reponc tapd1y o


da-tenmininq to
equt by
ghut priort dLvice act
R
Ka d au Yequt.
pYogyamha b l e h
Th priority
pYe oleten min d
Addcessing
oh add vewe) e enCodu hu
Memory Locc
infomaion
mah

m llie loydge cel eaR s w Y eb biva


Volur rd T
digit bit Ravira
a aroub
maln u mo danto

Ye ve in ad'-2 bac
- bit Oah btove Y
Vord
mbit kms oh
openation eack aro ub
yowm m ation and m
Callhcl R o vo Lengt
avg frn
Modsnn omputen Rave
a ve o rd fength
moYY o btore
6o G4 btsAccei R ra

Yeqi r e
Yeiervese orod inormto yequ reb
OY a
M
or ead x

dingu nams nd
addreNS
numbeA
Locatton. T Motuially
Lfor bom htutble alu
rom
uccee oCat16h i
ay pe ddre e
Con)titute
m me Y
h A Add reb
Compul d . 4A
R Cddreh pace -tR
A CombtenHel
nai
A 24 bit ddreh +pace-
upHo aoord. 1e
?

gcnat add anreN pace 4C 16 ?7216)


bit addreh Cealt
ocation). Sini lanty c32
32 LG 9c9atY.
an add re pa Ce
hou mot
1 Numbens.'
tguu belo A
Hrasg hd oraonc y th at
32bit+ a ddves Can b UMd ebrext

i g nud itegen T 4 mot bitb51


eab d A and bi
ve u m ben,
nU mes Ona
1LOSV
9
hyonm h
a p MRO da
uopont unq
L YLDg° 4
YH
u
OtuotYPP LoouDg
-a
wnu d o F *
T
pnnu biou Pu
A Ao banoa T
WaAPP m nu
ore d 2

8 8 bits bits 8 bitb8bit4


AsCT I ASCTT ACCT TT ASCTT
cAanacEU7 cRmqcdUn CRoncCU c PeneaC U

FoOP CPMARACTEN
dord Cah
UI1) TntrutHon A nadr me
mo y
also
erex t
part tA pecify Ki opencchHo
coY
be d
be be-forme c tRLn pa)f mu
A poti ble
to pe ctty open clno cclrem. 1.e
cRin tntructton
frmat a 3 ma
Hwu belo
R

24- bit

J
o penati6n addreh iormatfon
field A main inbtrucejon

T 8 oi openaton tield cqn mpo r 2 256


=256

diinct frucHonh add YeMt ny inor mati'oh


Jiveh In a VUuety U inuo/via

Teonce o CPO regibU T ffeun


ngmid
wol nin h
wcc emaynddh Can b
macin Hu cHOn aU Callud addretai.ng
ody
RUIau it nof boM b / e t o
cuten n
tR a man m m o y lo cadi dh
Conta ns inbtucHsn OY an openndd
htayby inApei ng

A ve h br'nay btenn may bentebreftcl


o
f19 b o Ve
ad Onal
inar maton Cval la ble

a C roq ram Cesntro Yegi ten


m mo YC Acct P o e
n h r U CGi6h . mamoTy
s Yd who reNKS UU

d en pre fed
9herands
I ruchans_and inNuCion&quAhC1ng

A ypica Þrgram involve d pen formin a

funcanally dfterut adoln


numbe
p a i c al
mo.,+einfor a
Corcut Oh, Yeodi ny o chanacten trsin
Kayboard mdiny C c hotac) to b
Viduo sCYe e h . A COmplu)
ous playao
mu a ve inkYUCdio m Copable Perfor t ,
t pes Openatons

Data iranfen w mau n mm or Ctnd


c O YegnUI.
lo'C openho
ns
) Ari thmati c dnd
progra mb qudn rg ln d CnYo.

anF.
W e btan wA intrucdion
n 1 ad ma nvolve
d in
ocati o

pob e locccdions, CPu


ucKranten aru n

Yebte or pon e ub
A expreM on R CLOC ocao
a LoC
mmo

ran fetud irdo vegi en Pt


le ve
taumm t C= A-+ i n a high
Th t
insrucdHo h o
n
ang uag Vavua ble
clllc)
o dd w
Combil R u m
nd
hd aN'n
C k a broa ra
4Ardvaual e JCompi le d
Co n t u n j n +a Vasua ble aMzUd

eac A+Rru
loCatto n n mu mo
Vauable n am re
uMd
N
W e
e
Correpondirq
mimou o CccHobn Hunte
+R
Oc sn
above alumu e equ re)
place
C [A +CB] t o t aKL
COmbtu.

Octon pecrfred by
Tf above nstrucbh RLn ucH
mac&n
aMr
hr addre freld
on conty
nstrucdh
addrexs a
Eocpro vids y Thu
TP
A, nd C
re dpoftand d odHoy
ield Pecifre d
bpenfoYmu d h u Rree
hAYepreknted
Can
addrets yutdto
m bolica a
TeyHnadibu
Openoction oee 1, bounce 2,
ADD A, D, c
foU Mglne
Anohn abproaCA
intrucdton to be-torm K Aam
fnntrucJJon Kavi rg or
Jank wh eacA
hch,
tu o open a addrb

Ynrucon form
or m.
openation sounce, DeH nadi'on
2 ad d reM intrucdsn

adcl A, L CAJ +Ce


mo v

We iave nltio nscl y


po bi lit +oRave macki
intrucalon

Ra pecifx tnb en spenanos ho Cond


o Yd J uSe d a n a

ADD uruchtoh lo catton i un duiAtood

implicid MCOnd opnane


focacion wichA md
alDayp kno n
ot l explicitu mandtonoin
inAs inuiucO
A CPO Yegio caJcd OccUmulato
punpok Th On

add reh inru c don ADD A


+Ra ontnd
otnd
a c ca
U mmo
ccum r g c oocatioh
ilaa cib +A
A -
Aum

Conl
n R acc mulctov.
T on E e cldeN
Store a ccumilato
SToREA

LoAp A

nA-truCHons Load A qnc STORE A

Conted
hload i-}rucdjon Copie d 4
aCcumuloov
mimo Y ocaion A indo N
Conlend
and fore coP
accumulator to Mum ory
R
A
intruedton t openat16
UN 1add re
trncby
C A1t LJ can

gulnce i n t e h oh
.

execui A
add re intrucd'o n
LOAD
ADD A
STORE C
+em ocdrerg mocd Tale
Addrew g vnods:-T

eciAed
opnand dh nuruc b h
Cahtent

regten .Tho
th cpU

amt tA regise ven


ADD RL
thAa mimorty
eah d
Abholz Meda f oc a t i o n tRaddre

n
oCodo J Hven explicity
n rucHon, (ADD, A
n
(aCodyneAte)ut krai,ma
ekctive

T
4
HLPALL411LP111411
To ere uti 4 i n pant A n 40
APD inrtucdhon
R Cotend
tigw CPU tn-t by tetcAirg
mair mi moT becau irdivec
lecatfon A in A
d. T Valu tove d
cddyemrg beifie bud
at Rdt locatlo i no R operano
CPU
fective addy 4 R apenancl Hance
tR
fron A
anotAn eacl opeiafon from
eaubt ths cote s
Ye ad
mA moY ThU m
Valu Y e a d 1A utre
locatton T Conteut
penand whic +A CPU add o +R
Yegiben Ro.

Acldret Cortent
MOVE N, P
MOVE.+NU M2 nializudie
Cien Ro
>Loop
Ad dP2), Po
Incremd nt k2
DecremsntPa
Esan R >o Loop
MoVE Ro, suM

VIndx nodo T tve oxcldre) +R eporer


haded hle
by qdding a cotat
otes e'bte.
T re9 ftn wnd ruHb e jthu a peca

pro vidsd foY


+ra b y ge nna þunpo egib+
in CPU index e de
to
We indicatu
nd modl
mbo licJ a X[R).
danote A Cohh1
Whert X

| Yequten nelve) .
A mamt

Tetctive add ren -1 pencind


iven

A!X+ TA]
Tm R proce Rai eJi've Addre.
Th cO nte nt ar mot
incla x Ye
CAangd. T Confen X meub gieh
exthn h explict mumbUT a hamn
numuuccul Vltu fig wu
sebremntinq
UMr-K indux
ods.

ApD(R),Ra APD 1o5),P2

o5o L5oR 1e5o


26
2
oto Oben and
Loto opena no

b) i> in 4A
Conlat nclux
N
LTST

Toi Studint 1
Teat2
Tent 3
Sudant ID
tudunt 2

Te 3
ttgu 2.1

Rgid ten R
Contdhk
Th bat(a) R indax
locaton ncd
AA add reb +R mmoYy

X dn
tronR add re
al w dlinol
whwu - enqno fou he.
to locatHon
Heru Const t
Anothur nuthod Mo th bort
addre ano
Correspond movfo a mu

dire th P
Canet inclux vegite
K openane, Tom betR R C Achve
to
n
too Valus.
J R
Addvex
i fntructHo Ch
giveh explicidy
f +h ehteT,
othu ts ved
bsre
blare h
word Hem us n d - t
eaA

aA btudu nt. T h u
eiove t idor motton foll o ed
Cohbt hdint Tel
woYc

CoYe
udint e cund i
CUu
on udnt 9n
Yeee ThU
valu m
V
Atoinremind Mocdo h
ftcHve addveh
4A opena nd
YetDte pecifie d ir
1 irdrucJis alfen accer -hL perardu
A con-tent Ye qú +¬n u Cremi fed
, fo boi
ihCYC nt o d by pulllrg
We dhote auto

pacitie d Yeqibte in p/lanhw o khoto 4R


Contt Aregihe an Utd a
Larldo fo ll6 c d
ctive
DMdA indical R Oconded oru
J b incremted / o penad
Ye gib e r
Accenkod. Thus ura
R auto thCYem d mn dd
mo rtieh
+
ato increm modi maku

po ble to elomu'rall CYe nI


intucdjDh
Move N, L
Move+NrM 1, ka
Ceanko
Lop. ()t, Ro
Add
Decremd f
Byan 20, Loop
Mo ve Ko ,sum

dscre
' wT , acce

Audodicremd Mods Th condeud 9a Yegi'bttn ecife


Yucdan u
Contet vu A1n wd
olecve mnded.Thux

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