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Aagaard Deficit Muscular Fuerza
Aagaard Deficit Muscular Fuerza
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232 Aagaard et al. American Journal of Sports Medicine
this H:Q ratio: reciprocal muscle group ratio,3, 12 agonist: MATERIALS AND METHODS
antagonist muscle ratio,19 and torque ratio.7 The rele-
vance of this strength variable has appeared just as di- Subjects
verse. One review reported it to be arguably more
important than the maximal moment for the assessment Nine track and field athletes (pole vault, long jump, and
of human muscle function,3 whereas another review con- high jump) were examined. All subjects (four women and
cluded the H:Q strength ratio to be an idiosyncratic pa- five men) gave their informed consent to the conditions of
rameter when used as a measure for successful rehabili- the study.
tation in individual subjects.12
Even though the presence of nonoptimal (i.e., lowered) Isokinetic Strength Measurements
H:Q strength ratios has been suggested to be associated
with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury, such a Maximal concentric and eccentric quadriceps and ham-
relationship has not yet actually been demonstrated.8 string muscle strength was obtained by measuring maxi-
Active quadriceps muscle contraction may create signif- mal force moments (torque) during isokinetic knee exten-
icant anterior tibial translation or shear, particularly at sion and flexion movements. A Kin-Com dynamometer
high contraction forces and with the knee toward full (Chattecx Corp., Chattanooga, Tennessee) was used for
extension.5, 10, 15, 17, 18, 26 It may also produce substantial the measurements. Subjects were seated and reclined 10°.
internal rotation of the tibia relative to the femur.10, 17 In Their hips and thighs were firmly strapped to the seat of
addition to ligamentous constraints (the ACL), the the dynamometer. The axis of rotation of the dynamome-
amount of active co-activation of the hamstring muscles ter lever arm was visually aligned with the lateral femoral
will significantly contribute to counterbalance this tibial condyle, and the lower leg was attached to the lever arm of
shear4, 6, 17, 27 or rotation.17 the dynamometer at the level of the lateral malleolus.
The functional Hecc:Qcon ratio introduced earlier may be Efforts for measurement were preceded by 15 minutes
used to indicate the extent to which the hamstring mus- of warmup and preconditioning to the testing device. For
cles are capable of counteracting the anterior tibial shear each specific velocity and contraction mode, trials were
induced by maximal quadriceps muscle contraction.2 Val- performed until the subject was unable to increase the
ues for conventional H:Q strength ratios of 0.40 to 0.50 peak moment any further. The interval of rest between
have been reported based on peak moments, independent trials was 45 to 90 seconds. All recorded moment signals
of contraction mode and velocity.2, 24 In contrast, a func- were corrected for the gravitational pull on the segment
tional Hecc:Qcon ratio of about 1.00 was found for fast masses located distal to the knee joint.2 Peak moment and
isokinetic knee extension, indicating a significant capacity angle-specific moments at 50°, 40°, and 30° knee flexion
of the hamstring muscles to provide dynamic joint stabi- angles were identified during slow (angular velocity, 30
lization during active knee extension.2 This capacity for deg/sec) as well as fast (240 deg/sec) knee joint move-
dynamic joint stabilization was enhanced after high-resis- ments. Range of motion was 10° to 90° (0° indicating full
tance strength training but unchanged after fast low- extension).
resistance types of strength training.1 Low values (0.30) For the isokinetic measurements obtained at the 30°
have been reported for functional H:Q ratios representa- knee angle, concentric hamstring muscle strength and
tive of fast isokinetic knee flexion (Hcon:Qecc),1, 2 which eccentric quadriceps muscle strength at the higher veloc-
suggests that the hamstring muscles have a reduced ca- ity (240 deg/sec) may have been slightly underestimated
pacity for dynamic knee joint stabilization during forceful because they were obtained very early (about 100 ms)
knee flexion movements with simultaneous eccentric after the onset of contraction. Thus the contractile compo-
quadriceps muscle contraction. nent had probably not reached its full active state. In
Recent studies have proposed that combining data on support for this, at the 30° knee angle somewhat low
conventional H:Q ratios with data on functional H:Q ra- concentric hamstring muscle strength and conventional
tios and values of absolute strength will result in a more H:Q ratios were observed at 240 deg/sec joint angular
thorough description of the muscular strength properties velocity. The problem could have been reduced by using a
at the knee joint than that revealed by the conventional 90° to 0° range of motion instead of 90° to 10° or by
H:Q ratio alone.1, 2 More information may thereby be allowing substantial buildup of muscle force before the
gained on the evaluation of eccentric hamstring muscle onset of movement. However, because of safety precau-
function, including its potential for providing dynamic tions the 10° to 0° range of excursion (full extension) was
knee joint stability during fast forceful knee extension avoided as on some occasions this could be expected to
movements and its possible enhancement in response to result in a potentially hazardous combination of high mus-
specific types of physical training. cle forces and tibial rotation, the latter associated with the
The purpose of the present study was to examine and lock-unlock (screw home) mechanism of the knee joint at
compare the conventional and functional H:Q strength full extension.
ratios obtained during concentric and eccentric muscle
contraction in maximal isokinetic knee extension and flex- Isokinetic H:Q Strength Ratio
ion movements. This comprised an analysis of the influ-
ence from movement velocity as well as knee joint position Hamstring:quadriceps muscle strength ratios were calcu-
on the calculation of the different H:Q strength ratios. lated separately based on peak moment and angle-specific
Statistics
RESULTS
Maximal concentric and eccentric peak moments and an-
gle-specific moments obtained during isokinetic knee ex-
tension and flexion are shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 dis-
plays the conventional and functional H:Q strength ratios
calculated from the data in Figure 1. Specific values Figure 1. Maximal quadriceps (A) and hamstring (B) muscle
(⫾SD) are given in Tables 1 and 2. strength obtained as peak moment and constant-angle mo-
ments at 50°, 40°, 30° knee joint angles during slow (30
deg/sec) and fast (240 deg/sec) isokinetic knee joint move-
Absolute Strength Levels ments. Positive and negative velocities denote concentric
Maximal eccentric strength was greater than maximal and eccentric muscle contraction, respectively. Error bars
concentric strength for both the quadriceps and hamstring show standard error of the mean (SEM); SEM is shown for
muscles (P ⬍ 0.01) (Fig. 1). Furthermore, maximal quad- the top and bottom curves only. The SEMs not shown were
riceps muscle strength was elevated when obtained at similar to those displayed at respective velocities and con-
gradually more flexed knee joint positions (i.e., traction modes.
50°⬎40°⬎30°) (P ⬍ 0.05). Conversely, maximal hamstring
muscle strength was greater when obtained at gradually
more extended positions (i.e., 30°⬎40°⬎50°) (P ⬍ 0.05) 240 deg/sec, where the H:Q ratio at the 40° knee angle was
except for concentric hamstring muscle strength at 240 similar to that measured at the 30° knee flexion angle.
deg/sec, where the values obtained at 30° and 50° knee
flexion angles were similar. Functional H:Q Ratio
Conventional H:Q Ratio The functional H:Q ratios for fast knee extension were 1.0,
1.1, and 1.4 based on 50°, 40°, and 30° moments, respec-
The conventional H:Q ratios were 0.5 to 0.6 based on peak tively (Fig. 2 and Table 2). The corresponding values for
and 50° moments, 0.6 to 0.7 based on 40° moments, and slow knee extension were 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0. The functional
0.6 to 0.8 based on 30° moments (Fig. 2 and Table 1). The H:Q ratio increased with extended knee joint positions
conventional H:Q ratio increased with more extended (P ⬍ 0.001) (Table 2), except for fast knee flexion (240
knee joint positions (P ⬍ 0.001) (Table 1). An exception to deg/sec) where the functional H:Q ratios based on 30° and
this pattern was observed for the concentric H:Q ratio at 40° of knee flexion were similar.
TABLE 1
Conventional H:Q Strength Ratios for Eccentric and Concentric Muscle Contractions at Fast (240 deg/sec) and Slow (30 deg/sec)
Angular Velocitiesa
Eccentric Concentric
Strength variable
⫺240 b
⫺30 c
30 c
240c
Peak moment 55 ⫾ 4 53 ⫾ 9 50 ⫾ 6 61 ⫾ 7
50° moment 49 ⫾ 7 50 ⫾ 11 49 ⫾ 9 54 ⫾ 5
40° moment 59 ⫾ 9 62 ⫾ 14 61 ⫾ 10 66 ⫾ 7
30° moment 76 ⫾ 10 78 ⫾ 18 76 ⫾ 15 62 ⫾ 9
a
Values given as percentages ⫾ SD.
b
For values at this angular velocity, ratios based on 30° moments were significantly greater than those based on 40° moments, which
were significantly greater than those based on 50° moments (P ⬍ 0.001).
c
For values at this angular velocity, ratios based on 30° and 40° moments were significantly greater than those based on 50° moments
(P ⬍ 0.01).
TABLE 2
Functional H:Q Strength Ratios for Knee Extension (Hecc:Qcon) and Flexion (Hcon:Qecc) at Fast (240 deg/sec) and Slow (30 deg/sec)
Angular Velocitiesa
Flexion Extension
Strength variable
⫺240 b
⫺30 c
30 c
240c
and force-velocity properties of the agonist-antagonist were observed. In comparison, conventional H:Q ratios
muscle synergists about the knee joint. In contrast, these were essentially unaffected.
properties were not reflected by the conventional H:Q
ratio. In its basic form, the muscular force-length relation- Clinical Implications
ship shows an ascending, optimum, and descending limb.
For the knee flexors, the optimum length is equivalent to No studies so far have been able to demonstrate any clear
a knee angle of about 20° to 30°, and for the knee exten- relationship between imbalance in thigh muscle strength
sors the optimum length corresponds to about 60° to 70° (deducted from conventional H:Q ratio) and an increased
knee angles.2, 24 As depicted by the contractile force-veloc- incidence of knee injury.8 However, alternative isokinetic
ity relationship established for isolated muscle prepara- muscle strength variables may prove important when
tions, maximal concentric muscle force decreases with evaluating the prospect for injury prevention. In terms of
increases in contraction velocity.9 During maximal eccen- injury rehabilitation, positive correlations have been dem-
tric muscle contraction, however, large muscle forces ex- onstrated between postinjury increase in maximal quad-
ceeding those of concentric contraction are generated, in- riceps and hamstring muscle strength (evaluated isoki-
dependently of contraction velocity.14 netically) and a successful return to functional activities
Similar relationships have been observed for human in subjects with ACL reconstructions.21 Also, in subjects
musculature in vivo, including the quadriceps and ham- with ACL injuries a greater variance between the H:Q
string muscles.2, 24 The high functional H:Q ratio values ratio of the injured and noninjured leg has been associated
observed for knee extension at fast velocity and at ex- with a less successful degree of rehabilitation.13
tended knee joint angles are the result of these relation- For the protection or rehabilitation of the ACL, an iso-
ships of contractile force to muscle length and contraction lated goal could be to increase maximal eccentric ham-
velocity. First, at the more extended knee angles the ham- string muscle strength, given the role of the hamstring
string muscles come closer to their optimal length, muscles in potentially counteracting anterior-directed
whereas the length-tension conditions of the quadriceps ACL shear.4, 6, 17, 27 Previously we have shown maximal
muscle are increasingly compromised. Second, based on eccentric muscle strength to increase in response to high-
the contractile force-velocity relationship mentioned ear- resistance strength training, whereas fast, low-resistance
lier, rapid knee extension movements imply that high types of strength training had no effect.1 Although only
eccentric hamstring muscle forces and low concentric small and inconclusive changes could be observed for the
quadriceps muscle forces are generated. Consequently, conventional H:Q ratio, marked increases in the func-
very high values for the functional H:Q ratio (Hecc:Qcon) tional H:Q ratio after high-resistance strength training
24. Westing SH, Seger JY: Eccentric and concentric torque-velocity charac- 26. Yasuda K, Sasaki T: Exercise after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruc-
teristics, torque output comparisons, and gravity effect torque corrections tion. The force exerted on the tibia by separate isometric contractions of
for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles in females. Int J Sports Med 10: the quadriceps or the hamstrings. Clin Orthop 220: 275–283, 1987
175–180, 1989 27. Yasuda K, Sasaki T: Muscle exercise after anterior cruciate ligament
25. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Taylor PD, et al: Neuromuscular adaptations in reconstruction. Biomechanics of the simultaneous isometric contraction
isokinetic, isotonic, and agility training programs. Am J Sports Med 24: method of the quadriceps and the hamstrings. Clin Orthop 220: 266 –274,
187–192, 1996 1987