PROKARYOTIC VS.

EUKARYOTIC
FEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cell Size Smaller (0.1-5 μm) Larger (10-100 μm)
DNA Circular Linear
Nucleus Absent Present
Mitochondria Absent Present
Membrane-bound Absent Present
Organelles
Example Organisms Bacteria, Archaea Plant, Fungi, Kingdom
Animalia

3 DOMAINS OF LIFE HUMAN

(HOMO SAPIENS)
 ARCHAEA
 BACTERIA
 EUKARYA
THE CELL MEMBRANE
THE SIX (6) KINGDOMS OF LIFE
 made up of lipid bilayer with large protein molecules
 Animalia  selectively permeable
 Plantae
 Archaebacteria
 Fungi
 Eubacteria
 Protista

*THREE DOMAINS CLASSIFICATION by Carl Woes

THE CYTOLASM MITOCHONDRION
 90% of the cell and houses the organelles  shaped like a bean and made up of two membranes
 jelly-like clear substance  supply the energy for the cell (powerhouse of the cell)
 site for many chemical reactions in the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
NUCLEUS
 made up of interconnected thin folded membranes
 enveloped by a nuclear membrane  Functions: Synthesis, Transport, Storage, Detoxification
 contains the DNA and the nucleolus
 has pores which allow the molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm a) Rough ER
 the nucleolus is a site for the assembling of ribosomes.  ribosomes
 make protein for export
 peroxisomes made here

b) Smooth ER
 lipids and carbohydrates
 detoxification of liver

GOLGI APPARATUS
 consists of layered stacks of flattened membranes
 packaging center of the cell

THE CELL OGRANELLES ANND THEIR FUNCTIONS

 PEROXISOMES
RIBOSOME  small vesicles, single membrane-bound organelles found in the eukaryotic cells.
 small rounded  contain digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials in the cell and
 consists of large subunits of RNA and protein oxidative enzymes for metabolic activity.
 can be found attached to ER or floating in the cytoplasm
 site of protein synthesis

VESICLES
 are found in different kinds of cells, like archaea, bacteria, and plant and animal
VACUOLE cells
 fluid filled sacs that stores substances  can transport and store substances within a cell from one cell to another
 small numerous vacuoles are found in an animal cell
 large central  Endocytosis
 vacuole is found in plant cells - within the cell

 Exocytosis
- outside the cell

 Pinocytosis
- cell drinking

 Phagocytosis
-cell eating
 ORGANELLES FOUND IN ANIMAL CELL CHLOROPLAST
 made up of outer and inner membrane
CENTRIOLE

 cylinder-shaped made up of microtubules
 help the cell to divide during mitosis and meiosis

LYSOSOME
 specialized vesicle that contains a variety of enzymes
 used to digest food or break down the cell when the cell dies
 defends the cell form bacteria and viruses

CELL WALL
 a rigid layer found not only in plant cells but also in algae, fungi, and most
bacteria
 allow plants to grow to great heights
 WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATES? MEDIUM SUGAR FRUIT
 Carbohydrate, as the name implies, consist of carbon, hydrogen, and FRUIT GRAMS OF GRAMS OF SERVING SIZE
oxygen. SUGAR CARBS
 Hydrate = (water) hydrogen and oxygen Peach 13 g 14 g 1 medium
Cherries 13 g 19 g 1 cup
Grapes 16 g 16 g 1 cup
Blueberries 15 g 21 g 1 cup
Pineapples 16 g 22 g 1 cup
Watermelon 16 g 22 g 1/6th
Apple 19 g 25 g 1 medium
Banana 17 g 31 g 1 large

HIGH SUGAR FRUIT

FRUIT GRAMS OF GRAMS OF SERVING SIZE

LOW SUGAR FRUIT SUGAR CARBS
Pomegranate 39 g 53 g 1 whole pom
FRUIT GRAMS OF GRAMS OF SERVING SIZE
SUGAR CARBS
Cantaloupe 43 g 45 g 1 melon
Olives 0g .5 g 1 jumbo Mangoes 46 g 50 g 1 mango
Lemon 1.4 g 5g 1 average Honeydew melon 81 g 91 g 1 melon
Lime 1.1 g 7g 1 whole Dates 93 g 110 g 1 cup
Apricots 3.2 g 3.9 g 1 whole Raisins 98 g 131 g 1 cup
Cranberries 4g 12 g 1 cup **All dried fruit is exceptionally high in sugar.
Kiwi 6g 10 g 1 whole
Raspberries 5g 15 g 1 cup
LOW CARBS VEGETABLES
Plum 7g 8g 1 plum
Strawberries 7g 11 g 1 cup VEGETABLES GRAMS OF SERVING SIZE
Blackberries 7g 14 g 1 cup CARBS
Grapefruit 8g 13 g 1 half Radishes raw 0.2 g 1 medium
Orange 9g 13 g 1 whole Alfalfa Sprouts raw O.7 g 1 cup
Pear 9g 11 g 1 small Lettuce raw 1g 1 cup
Coconut 5g 12 g 1 cup shredded Celery raw 1.2 g 1 stalk
Avocado 1.3 g 17 g 1 average Green Onion/Scallion raw 1.8 g 1 large
Figs 10 g 12 g 1 large Bok Choy 3g 1 cup
Garlic raw 0.2 g 1 medium Leeks raw O.7 g 1 cup
Zucchini raw 1g 1 cup
Tomato raw 1.2 g 1 stalk
Green bell peppers sauteed 1.8 g 1 large
Cauliflowers 3g 1 cup
Celery 6g 1 cup
Mustard Greens 6g 1 cup
Summer Squash 6. 8 g 1 cup
Spinach 7g 1 cup
Kale 7g 1 cup
Swiss chard 7g 1 cup
Sweet red pepper sauteed 7g 1 cup
Spaghetti squash 7g 1 cup
Okra 7.2 g 1 cup
Asparagus 7.4 g 1 cup
Turnips 8g 1 cup
Green cabbage 8.2 g 1 cup
Eggplant 9g 1 cup
Green beans 10 g 1 cup
Onions 10 g 1 cup
Red cabbage shredded 10 g 1 cup

HIGH CARBS VEGETABLES

VEGETABLES GRAMS OF SERVING SIZE

CARBS
Butternut squash 22 g 1 cup
Acorn squash 22 g 1 cup
Sweet potato 24 g 1 medium
Parsnips 26 g 1 cup
Potato baked 37 g 1 medium
Yam 37 g 1 cup
Plantains slices 48 g 1 cup

CARBOHYDRATES
 Compounds containing C, H and O
 “Hydrates of Carbon”
 General Formula: C6H1206 - glucose
 Basic Formula: CH20
 All have C=O and -OH functional groups
 Classified based on
 Size of base carbon chain
 Number of sugar units
 Location of C=0
 Stereochemistry

WHERE DO CARBOHYDATES COME FROM?

 Plants takes in carbom dioxide

(CO2), water (H2O) and energy
from the sun and make glucose-
Photosynthesis.

C6H1206 - Glucose
6O2 - Oxygen