17CB023055

BOLAJI TIMOTHY
BLD 514 ASSIGNMENT
TO BE SUBMITTED TO DR. AYODEJI OGUNDE

QUESTIONS.
a) What are the different types of organisations?
b) Processes involved from the inception of a project to its completion.

ANSWERS.
Organisations comprise a varied and complex combination of people, skills, knowledge, and
expertise whose aims and objectives vary, however, they all have a feature in common since they
all form a legal entity, that is, they have an economic identity and a legally acknowledged
structural form.
The types of organisations are:
Sole trader: A sole trader is a legal entity consisting of one liable individual. The individual
'owns' the business. In effect, this individual holds all of the equity and all of the liability for the
business. Since this individual owns the entire business, the only financial reporting that is
required is to satisfy government requirements for taxation purposes.
Other parties are not entitled to obtain reports about the financial health of the business.
There are two forms of sole trader:
1) Sole proprietor.
2) Sole practitioner.
A proprietor is usually a trader selling physical products to customers. In the construction
industry this may be, for example, an electrician, plumber or plasterer.
A practitioner is usually a professionally qualified person selling services to clients. In the
construction industry this may be, for example, an architect or engineer.

Legal entities: The entity view of organisations is that the organisation is distinct from any
individual or group of individuals associated with it. This concept applies to all enterprises
regardless of size, ownership, or legal status. There are two main differences between the various
types of entities:
 1) The legal liability of the owners for the management of the organisation.
2) The legal liability for the debts of the organisation.
The managers of each entity then have varying degrees of responsibility to produce reports on
the operations and financial health of the organisation to satisfy particular stakeholders.

Holding companies and conglomerates: A holding company is a parent company that has
subsidiary companies trading in related markets, either related by products and services or by
geographical location. Holding companies have a legal identity separate from the subsidiaries but
are generally liable for debts of subsidiary companies.
A conglomerate is a parent company that has subsidiary companies trading in unrelated markets.
Conglomerates have a legal identity separate from the subsidiaries but are generally liable for
debts of subsidiary companies.
The main advantage of holding companies and conglomerates is that taxes, for example, VAT,
are not charged on supplies between group members.

Partnerships: Partnerships are the same as sole traders' businesses except that the equity is
owned by two or more individuals who are jointly and separately liable for all of the debts of the
business.
Partners can be classified into three groups:
1) General partners – with unlimited liability for the debts.
2) Limited partners (Limited Liability Partnership LLP) – with liability for debts limited to
the amount of investment.
3) Nominal partners – with liability limited to a stated cash sum.
Partners can distribute any profits from the business in any way that they wish.
Companies: Companies tend to be businesses owned by many individuals who are often not
active in the management of the organisation. Companies are legal entities, created in accordance
with national laws.
Ownership is established by holding shares, and the owners are known as shareholders.
There are many forms of company, but they can be roughly grouped as follows:
1) Unlimited companies.
2) Limited companies.
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN A PROJECT FROM INCEPTION TO COMPLETION
There are 6 major steps that make up the processes involved in any construction project, namely:
 Step 1: Conception
 Step 2: Team & Delivery Method
Selection
 Step 3: Design
 Step 4: Preconstruction & Procurement
 Step 5: Construction
 Step 6: Close-Out

Conception: During the conception stage of

your project, you begin to plan what the building will look like and what needs it will
accomplish. Obtaining expert insight can offer new strategies for maximizing your space and
available resources in unique ways that may not be initially obvious. From mid-sized new builds
to small renovations, all projects can benefit from master planning. It will help maximize your
resources and ensure you develop a new space that supports your business or organization`s
vision.
Team & Delivery Method Selection: The most successful projects come from teams that
understand your project goals and will work as your advocate to execute that vision every step of
the way. How you build your project team may look different depending on the project delivery
method you have selected. In other cases, you`ll first select either an architect or a construction
firm. If you have worked through a master planning process, you will have the option at this
point to continue working with the team or select a new one.
With a design-bid-build method, you`ll first select a design team to carry you through step three.
We`ve developed a short quiz to help guide you toward which project delivery method is best for
you. Design-build projects benefit from the early collaboration between the construction and
design teams, who are contractually bound together. This differs from the design-bid-build
method, where the architect is focused and contractually bound to the design portion only, and
the construction team is focused and contractually bound to the building portion only.
Design: During the design phase, you’ll work with the design team to turn your project’s vision
into drawings and blueprints. They’ll be sure to consider programming and feasibility with things
like the building’s size and layout. This will then lead to the schematic design, which is a sketch
that will give you a sense of what the building will look like. The sketches will then be used
during design development, where the team will begin to consider the costs associated with
creating that space.
Once that is worked out, the construction documents will be released. They often come out in
three stages known as the 30-60-90 design process. Each phase of drawings will include a greater
amount of detail. This allows you to take in all the information on each stage, so you can provide
your comments and feedback in incremental steps.
In a design-build approach, the construction team will be there to contribute their expertise
during the design phase. They will be able to offer suggestions about constructability, best value,
material selection, and longevity factors, and more. With a design-bid-build approach, the
construction team will be brought on after the project has been designed, which makes changes
at this later stage more difficult and more expensive.
Preconstruction & Procurement: Whereas steps 1 through 3 focus on planning the overall
building, preconstruction is where the construction team will develop a plan for the actual
construction of the project. The goal of this stage is to create a plan for building the project that`s
in line with your goals and vision. The team will further develop and analyze the project`s
budget, looking for ways to enhance the value of the building with value engineering. They may
suggest alternative methods or materials, as well as offering opportunities to increase the overall
value of your project with minimal impact to your bottom line.
They will begin to create a job site safety plan and will also establish communication methods to
relay information between the team for the duration of the project. To help facilitate this process,
you`ll want to partner with a construction team that has experience building in the area and is
familiar with the necessary steps.
Construction: The construction team will be on-site to manage subcontractors, ensure work is
being performed correctly, keep the site safe, and keep the team on schedule. The design team
will perform quality inspections to ensure the work taking place matches their design, and they`ll
be available for answering RFIs (requests for information). As with every step of a construction
process, communication between all parties is essential to keep the project on track to ensure
work is completed to spec. They`ll make sure everyone is working safely, and they`ll be able to
address any concerns to help prevent future incidents.
As a project owner, you`ll be able to tour the site and check in on the progress in person as well.
Close-Out: As the last of the fixtures are installed and the final coats of paint go on the walls,
project closeout can begin. The project owner will receive all the project closeout information,
which includes equipment warranties and manuals, and as-builts. Once the project is complete,
the celebrating can begin! It`s also a great time to commemorate all the hard work that has gone
into the project with the entire project team. If you feel that they went above and beyond for your
project, sharing that information will be invaluable to them as they pursue additional work.

REFERENCES
Organization Types -
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_construction_organisation
Project Processes - https://www.horstconstruction.com/news-and-blog/6-steps-of-a-construction-
project/