CAD Notes

Course name:
Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing(CAM)

(CAD/CAM)
IV B. Tech I semester (Course Code:GR17A4040)
By
Dr. N. Sateesh
Professor and HoD
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Autonomous)
Hyderabad
1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 1
Course name:
Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing(CAM)
(CAD/CAM)
IV B. Tech I sem (Course Code:GR17A4040)
Books name:1. CAD / CAM A Zimmers & P. Groover/PE/PHI

2. CAD / CAM Theory and Practice / Ibrahim Zeid / TMH
Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course is to provide the student to
1. Gain knowledge in CAD/CAM hardware and softwares.

2. Understand how to create wire-frame, surface and solid models of the components.
3. Apply CNC and APT programming knowledge in Manufacturing of machine members
4. Understand Group technology, process plans concepts which will be employed in industries
5. Analyze the quality of product using advanced inspection and testing instruments.
Course outcomes:
At the end of the course, students will be able to
• Understand the fundamentals of CAD/CAM, 2D and 3D transformation methods
• Apply analytical and synthetic curves to develop wire-frame models of the objects.
• Apply surfaces and solids entities to create surface and solid models of the objects.
• Apply CNC, APT programming and Group Technology in industry to improve the
production rate and quality.
• Apply process plans, computer controlled instruments and various manufacturing systems
to increase the production rate and quality of the product.
Course syllabus:
UNIT I: CAD Fundamentals
UNIT II: Geometric Modelling-Wireframe Modelling
UNIT III: Geometric Modelling- Surface modelling and Solid Modelling
UNIT IV: NC,CNC, Group Technology, CAPP
UNIT V: CAQC,CIM

UNIT I: CAD Fundamentals:
Outcome: At the end of the unit, students will be able to understand the
fundamentals of CAD/CAM, 2D and 3D transformation methods
Computer Aided Design (CAD) definition:

It makes use of computer to create, modify, analyze and optimize the design
Recognition of Need
CAD softwares: Modelling softwares
• Solid works Definition of Problem
• CATIA
• UNIGRAPHICS Synthesis
• CREO
• Auto-CAD Analysis and Optimization
Analysis softwares Design Review
• ANSYS
• NASTRAN Presentation
• NISA Conventional Design Process
• HYPERMESH

Application of CAD to conventional design process
Recognition of Need
Definition of Problem
Synthesis Geometric Modelling
Analysis and Optimization Engineering Analysis
Design Review Evaluation
Presentation Automated drafting
Application of CAD to design process

2. Engineering Analysis:
a. Mass property analysis: Weight, Volume and density

b. Finite Element Analysis(FEA): Deflection, Stresses, Strains
and other mechanical properties
3. Evaluation
4. Automated drafting:
To get the documentations, drawings from printers and plotters

UNIT I: CAD Fundamentals:
In vedio 1, we have discussed about CAD definition, conventional design process and applications of
CAD to the design process.
vedio 2:
Outcome:
At the end of the topic, students will be able to understand the product cycle and integration of
CAD/CAM to product cycle, and types of productions.

Computer Aided Computer Aided
Product cycle: Design Drafting
Design concept Design Engg Drawings &

&Problem definition Documentation
Raw Material & Computer Aided

Bought out Components Planning
Process Planning
Customer
Production
Assembly Quality control Production
Schedule
Computer Aided CNC, Robotics, Computer Aided

Quality control AGVs Production Schedule
Product Cycle Integrated with CAD/CAM
Types of Productions:
1. Continuous Production
2. Mass Production
3. Batch Production
4. Job Production
2. Continuous Production: It is continuous production of one of type of bulk product. The product is produced in
very large quantity and variety is very low. Often one kind. Plant will run 365 days and 24 x 7. If any breakdown
occurred whole process of production will halt. Raw material is fed from one end and finished product is
received from other end i.e. straight line production process.
Ex: Milk Products, Sugar Industries, Chemical industries
2. Mass Production: Product volume is medium and product variety is also in medium range.
Ex: Automobile industry, Household appliances.
3. Batch production: In batch production product volume is low and product variety is large.
Ex: Books, Clothes, Chocolates, soaps , Sports goods manufacturing industries.
4. Job production: Product volume is very low and product variety is very large. often one kind.
Ex: Missiles, Aircrafts and Ship building.
Continuous Production
Product Mass Production

Volume
Batch Production
Job Production
Product Variety

Outcome: At the end of this topic, students will be able to know the use of
components of CAD hardware.
Benefits of CAD:
• Accuracy of Design
• Flexibility in the design
• Lead time in the design decreases hence productivity increases.
• Errors can be minimized
• It creates database for manufacturing Main memory
CAD hardware: CPU

• Control Unit
Main components of CAD hardware: Input devices Output devices
• Arithmetic and Logic unit
1. Central Process Unit(CPU)
• Registers
2. Memory unit
3. Input devices
4. Output devices
Secondary memory
Block diagram of CAD hardware
Central Process Unit (CPU):
It is a heart of CAD hardware. It is electronic and hardware unit. It receive the data from input
device, process the data and gives the useful output information on output device.
It has three internal parts:
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• Registers
Input Device: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick
Output device: Monitors or Graphic terminals, Printers and Plotters
Main memory: RAM,ROM
Secondary Memory: HDD, Pen drive,

Monitors or Graphic terminals:
1. Direct Beam Refresh Tubes .............................
2. Direct view storage Tubes(DVST) .............................
3. Raster scan tubes. .............................
4. Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) .............................
5. Light Emitting Diodes(LED) .............................
6. Plasma Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Pixel: short picture element
Phosphorous
coated screen
Stoke writing technique
Cathode
Focusing system Electron Beam

Deflector system
Raster scan Technique
Cathode Ray Tubes(CRT)
Dwg sheets
Printers:
Header
1. Dot matrix printers
2. Inkjet Printers
3. Laser printers
Plotters:
1. Pen Plotters
2. Hardcopy Units Track
3. Electrostatic Plotters Drum Plotter
Drum
4. Computer output to microfilm(COM)units
5. Pen plotters:
Pen plotters are accurate in quality printing, but speed is low.
a. Drum plotters
b. Flat bed plotters
1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad

Flat bed plotter
14
Drawing
2. Hard copy units: sheet
Hard copy units is similar to Xerox machine. It uses the laser beam against
the tonner powder which is having magnetized iron particles. As power
approaches the drawing sheet, character will prints in the shape. Speed is
high, but quality is low.
3. Electrostatic plotters: Electro static wire grid

They are high speed and good quality plotters
4. Computer output to Microfilm(COM):

Electrostatic plotters
All the CAD drawings developed converted into microfilms and stored for
longer period using this machine. Large nos of drawings are stored in a
microfilm. Microfilms can be exposed to get hard copy of drawing when
ever required. It is a costlier machine.

CAD software:
Outcome: At end of this topic students will be able know the CAD software functions and
its uses
Function of the graphic software:
1. It can create all graphic elements: points, Line, arcs, conics, splines, surfaces
and solids
2. It performs the transformation of images created. i.e: Scaling, Rotation and

Translation
3. Windowing function: Selecting and zooming the particular portion of image

for the purpose of modifying in case on complex parts.
4. Segmentation: It can perform the assembly of the parts using the commands
union, addition and subtraction.
5. It also has the commands to modify the shape using surface of revolution
(sweeping), tabulated cylinder(Extrusion)
CAD software designing rules:
1. It should be easy to use

2. It should consists of all commands.
3. It should be robustness
4. Accuracy in performance
5. Is should give consistency results
6. Economic in cost.
Monitor/Graphic
Application Model Application software Application program
terminals
I/P devices
Fig: CAD software configuration

CAD work station

Transformation:
1. Scaling: Enlarging and reducing the image created is called scaling
2. Rotation: Rotating the image about an axis from 0 to 360 degrees clockwise or
anticlockwise.
3. Translation: Moving a image to different location
1. Scaling homogeneous matrix (S): about orgin

Sx 0 0
S =0 Sy 0
0 0 1
Sx= Scaling units in x-direction, Sy = Scaling units in y-direction

2. Rotational Homogeneous matrix ( Rθ )
Cosθ -Sinθ 0
Rθ = Sinθ Cosθ 0 Y axis
0 0 1 X axis
Clockwise rotation about z-axis about origin Origin point
Cosθ Sinθ 0 Z axis
Rθ = -Sinθ Cosθ 0
θ=angle of rotation
0 0 1
Anti Clockwise rotation about z-axis about origin

3. Translation transformation matrix (T)
1 0 0
Tx= Translation units x direction
T= 0 1 0 Ty= Translation units y direction
Tx Ty 1

Problem 1:
Given a square ABCD , A=[0,0], B=[5,0], C=[5,5] and D=[0,5] scaled twice in x-direction
and thrice in y direction. Find the transformed coordinates of ABCD and draw transformed rectangular
Y-axis
C
D
Sx= 2, Sy= 3
A B
X-axis
Solution: 2 0 0
A’= AS=[0 0 1] 0 3 0
A=[0,0], B=[5,0], C=[5,5] and D=[0,5]
0 0 1
A’= [0 0 1]

2 0 0
B’= BS=[5 0 1]
0 3 0
D’ C’
0 0 1
B’= [10 0 1]
2 0 0
C’= CS=[5 5 1] 0 3 0
D C
0 0 1
C’= [10 15 1]
2 0 0
A A B B’
D’= DS=[0 5 1] 0 3 0
’
0 0 1
D’= [0 15 1]
Problem 2:
Given square ABCD , A=[1,1], B=[6,1], C=[6,6] and D=[1,6] scaled twice in x-direction and thrice in y
direction. Find the transformed coordinates of ABCD and draw transformed rectangular.
Solution:
D C
Y-axis
Sx=2, Sy=3
A B X-Axis
2 0 0
A’= AS=[1 1 1] 0 3 0
0 0 1
A=[1,1], B=[6,1], C=[6,6] and D=[1,6]
A’= [2 3 1]
Note: Since scaling transformation is about origin, If any point is at different location instead of origin, it s
transformed point is not the same.

2 0 0 D’ C’
B’= BS=[6 1 1]
0 3 0
0 0 1
B’= [12 3 1]
2 0 0
C
D
C’= CS=[6 6 1] 0 3 0
A’ B’
A B
0 0 1
C’= [12 18 1]
2 0 0
D’= DS=[1 6 1] 0 3 0
0 0 1
D’= [2 18 1] [Note: as mentioned earlier, since no point is at origin, all the transformed points shifted to
new locations. This because of scaling transformation matrix is about origin.

Problem 3:
Given a square ABCD A=[1,1], B=[6,1], C=[6,6] and D=[1,6] scaled twice in x-direction and thrice in y direction.
Find the transformed coordinates of ABCD by keeping A is fixed and draw transformed rectangular.
Solution: D’ C’
1.Since A fixed move A to origin
1 0 0
T1 = 0 1 0
-1 -1 1
2. Scaling transformation matrix
2 0 0
S= 0 3 0 D C
0 0 1
3. Moving from A from origin to original location
A A’ B B’
1 0 0
T2 = 0 1 0
1 1 1
Concordination matrix C”=T1ST2 = 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0
0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 = 0 3 0
-1 -1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 -1 -2 1

Since A if fixed, test first A. Transformed coordinate A is fixed. i.e A’=A
A’= AC”
A’= [1 1 1] 2 0 0
0 3 0
-1 -2 1
A’= [1 1 1]
Since A’=A, concordination C” is correct
Similarly
B’= BC”
B’=[11 1 1]
C’= CC”
C’= [11 6 1]
D’=DC”
D’= [1 16 1}
Problem 4:
Given pentagon ABCDE Where A= [2 1], B=[6 1], C=[7,4], D=[3,8] and E= [1 4] is scaled thrice in X-direction and twice
in Y-direction. Pentagon is also rotated about point A at angle of 90o clockwise. Find the coordinates of transformed
pentagon and draw the pentagon
Y D
Solution:
1. Moving the point A to the origin( since A is fixed) C
E
1 0 0
T1 = 0 1 0 E’
-2 -1 1
A A’ B
2. Scaling transformation matrix
3 0 0
S= 0 2 0
0 0 1 D’
3. Rotating the pentagon at an angle of 90o clockwise.
Cos 90 -sin90 0 0 -1 0
R= Sin90 Cos 90 0 = 1 0 0 B’
0 0 1 0 0 1
4. Moving from A from origin to original location
1 0 0 C’
T2 = 0 1 0
2 1 1
Concordination matrix C”=T1SRT2 = 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 -3 0
0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 0 0
-2 -1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 7 1
A’=AC”
A’=[ 2 1 1] 0 -3 0
2 0 0
0 7 1
A’= [2 1 1]= A
Hence C’’ matrix is correct
B’= BC”= [2 11 1]
C’=CC”=[8 -14 1]
D’=DC”=[16 -2 1]
E’=EC”=[8 4 1]

UNIT II: Geometric Modelling- Wireframe Modelling
Order of continuity:
1. Zero order of continuity ( C0):

Last point of a segment of a curve is same as first of next segment of the curve.
1 2 3
It is also called point of continuity.
2. 1st order of continuity ( C1) :

• In 1st order continuity curve, last point of a segment of a curve is same as first point of the next
segment of the curve.
• And also the tangent drawn at last point of the segment of the curve is coincides with the tangent
drawn at first point of the next segment of the curve.
It is also tangent continuity of the curve. 3

Tangent
1 2

3. 2nd Order continuity:
In second order continuity of a curve
• last point of a segment of a curve is same as first point of the next segment of the curve.
• And the tangent drawn at last point of the segment of the curve is coincides with the tangent
drawn at first point of the next segment of the curve.
• And also radius of curvatures of all segments are same
ρ 3
ρ
• 1
ρ 2

Curve representation:
A curve can be represented in two forms
1. Non-parametric form
2. Parametric form
1. Non-parametric form two types

a. Explicit form
b. Implicit form
a. Explicit from: In this form a curve can be represented in such way that, the two
Cartesian coordinates are dependent of on third Cartesian coordinate which is
independent.
Ex: Y and Z depend on X which independent.
Y is function X
Z is another function X
Y=F(X),
Z=G(X)
Examples:
Y=X2-3X+4X
Z=X3+4X+3
Implicit form:
In this form the 3 Cartesian coordinates are represented by two different function.
F(X,Y,Z)=0
G(X,Y,Z)=0
F(X,Y,Z)=0
Exp: X2-Y2+3Z2=0
G(X,Y,Z)=0
Exp: X2+3Y3+4Z=0

2. Parametric form:
In parametric form the Cartesian coordinates X,Y,Z are represented by independent coordinate ϴ or u
X=F(u), Y=G(u), Z=H(u)
Exp:
1. Circle parametric equation (x2+y2=r2):
x=rcosu
y=rsinu
2. Ellipse(x2/a2 + y2/b2=1):
x=acosu
Y=bsinu
3. Hyperbola(x2/a2 - y2/b2=1):
x=asecu
y=btanu
4. Parabola (y2=4au)
x=au2
y=2au
Wire frame modelling:
A wire frame model is constructed by all wire segments which bend in the form of required shape. It
consists of edges and corner points. To construct a wireframe model corner points coordinates and
edges lengths are required.
Wireframe entities are two types:
1. Analytical Entities (standard entities)

a) Point
b) Line
c) Arc of circle
d) Conics( Parabola, Hyperbola, ellipse)
2. Synthetic entities(Special entities)
a) Hermitte cubic curve
b) Bezier curve
c) B-Spline
d) Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines(NURBS)
e)β-splines

Examples of Wire frame models:
Wire frame model of cylinder

Wire frame model of cube
Wire frame model of cube consists of 8 corner points, 12 edges(wires).
Advantage of wire frame model the user can view the complete 3-dimensional image. All the shapes in
Skelton in all the directions are visible.
Disadvantage is that the user can not distinguish which faces are front and which faces are hidden type.
It is a complex view for user.
y
Parametric Equations of analytical entities:
x
1. Circle parametric equation (x2+y2=r2):
x=rcosu
y=rsinu y
2. Ellipse(x2/a2 + y2/b2=1): x
x=acosu
y
Y=bsinu
3. Hyperbola(x2/a2 - y2/b2=1): x
x=asecu
y=btanu
4. Parabola (y2=4au) y
x=au2 x
y=2au

Synthetic curves:
Synthetic entities(Special entities)

b) Bezier curve
c) B-Spline
d) Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines(NURBS)
e)β-splines



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Course name:

Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing(CAM)

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

Books name:1. CAD / CAM A Zimmers & P. Groover/PE/PHI

1. Gain knowledge in CAD/CAM hardware and softwares.

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 3

Computer Aided Design (CAD) definition:

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 4

Synthesis Geometric Modelling

Analysis and Optimization Engineering Analysis

Design Review Evaluation

Presentation Automated drafting

Application of CAD to design process

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 5

a. Mass property analysis: Weight, Volume and density

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 6

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 7

Design concept Design Engg Drawings &

Raw Material & Computer Aided

Computer Aided CNC, Robotics, Computer Aided

Product Mass Production

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 10

CAD hardware: CPU

It has three internal parts:

Input Device: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick

Output device: Monitors or Graphic terminals, Printers and Plotters

Main memory: RAM,ROM

Secondary Memory: HDD, Pen drive,

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 12

Pixel: short picture element

Stoke writing technique

Focusing system Electron Beam

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad

3. Electrostatic plotters: Electro static wire grid

4. Computer output to Microfilm(COM):

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 15

2. It performs the transformation of images created. i.e: Scaling, Rotation and

3. Windowing function: Selecting and zooming the particular portion of image

1. It should be easy to use

Fig: CAD software configuration

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 17

3. Translation: Moving a image to different location

1. Scaling homogeneous matrix (S): about orgin

Sx= Scaling units in x-direction, Sy = Scaling units in y-direction

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 18

Rθ = Sinθ Cosθ 0 Y axis

Cosθ Sinθ 0 Z axis

Anti Clockwise rotation about z-axis about origin

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 19

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 20

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 21

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 23

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 24

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 25

Since A’=A, concordination C” is correct

Hence C’’ matrix is correct

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 28

1. Zero order of continuity ( C0):

It is also called point of continuity.

2. 1st order of continuity ( C1) :

It is also tangent continuity of the curve. 3

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 29

1/22/2021 Dr. N. Sateesh, Professor & HoD-ME, GRIET, Hyderabad 30