Soil PermeabilityConstantHead

EN
ECG263
SOIL ENGINEERING
PD
LABORATORY
AM
Permeability
IH
Constant Head Testing
ID
ZA
www.uitm.edu.my
Course Outcomes
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CO1 : Demonstrate investigation method related to soil
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engineering using standard tests and measurements.
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CO2 : Show appropriate techniques to soil engineering
problem with an awareness of the limitations.
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CO3 : Perform teamwork skills in task related to soil
engineering.
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Programme Outcomes
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PO4 : Conduct investigations of well-defined problems;
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locate and search relevant codes and catalogues, conduct
standard tests and measurements.
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PO9 : Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member in diverse technical teams.
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ID
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Introduction
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The laboratory activity refers to condition where the
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problem and ways & means are guided and given to the
students.
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However, the answers to the assignment are left to the
students to solve using the group creativity and
innovativeness.
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It is hoped that the activity will slowly introduce and
inculcate independent learning amongst students and
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prepare them for a much harder task of open-ended

laboratory activities.
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Introduction
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In this laboratory activity students will be exposed to the
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basic of soil mechanics testing which is to determine the
permeability of coarse grain soil.
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Objective
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The objective is to determine the permeability of coarse
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grain soil using the Constant Head testing method.
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IH
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Learning Outcomes
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At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able to:
PD
Conduct Constant Head permeability testing for coarse
grain soil sample.
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Analyse data correctly and present it in a typical format.
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Work in a group to produce a technical report.
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Coefficient of Permeability –
Laboratory Test
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 Coefficient of permeability (k) can be measured using field
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tests or tests conducted in the laboratory.
 The aim to produce similar results as using field tests.
 In laboratory, errors may occur due to:
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i/ the presence of air bubbles in the water
ii/ variations in sample density and porosity
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iii/ variations in temperature and viscosity of water
 2 test – constant head test and falling head test.
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Constant Head Test
EN
This test used to determine the coefficient of permeability
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(k) of coarse grained soil such as gravel & sands with
values of k ≥ 10-4 m/s.
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In this type of laboratory setup, the water supply at the
inlet is adjusted in such a way that the difference of head
between the inlet and the outlet remains constant
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during the test period.
After a constant flow rate is established, water is
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collected in a graduated flask for a known duration.

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Constant Head Test
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Q = Avt = A(ki)t
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Where Q = volume of water collected
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A = area of cross section of the
soil specimen
t = duration of water collection
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q = Av = Aki
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Where q = quantity flowing in unit time

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Constant Head Test
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And because i=h
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L
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The equation can be substituted as below :
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k = QL
Aht
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Constant Head Test
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaPjIvCsfFI
Constant Head Test
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Constant Head Test
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Constant Head Test
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Constant Head Test
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T
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Constant Head Test
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Water Tank
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Standpipe/
Manometer/
Permeameter
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ID
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Constant Head
Permeameter
Cell
Procedure Exposed water tank
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PD
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Wall
Mounting
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bracket
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Contant Head Tank

Procedure
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PD
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From the top
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overflow into the
drainage
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From the water

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From the tank into source

the cell into the tank
Constant Head Testing Constant water level
Procedure @ Constant Head
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Water will fill up the
tank, BUT it will not
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fill up till 100%.
There will be no
over spilling.
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Control the flow of
the water intake
into the tank.
The excess water will From the top
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overflow into the overflow into the
drainage drainage
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This valve will off on

be turn on
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during testing
Procedure
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Top
Tie Rods Nut
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Plunger and Outlet
Perforated plate
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Cell body from
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perspex Connector glands
to the manometer
tubes
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Tie Rods 3 Nos.

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Perforated plate
Bottom Water inlet with valve

Procedure
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PD
Dismantle the top part
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and the lock fastener
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ID
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Procedure
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PD
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ID
Fill in uniform gravel or glass balls

Of 40 mm in thickness
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Procedure
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PD
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IH
ID
Wired filter
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Procedure
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PD
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Fill in the soil sample
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ID
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Procedure
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Wired filter on top
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ID
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Procedure
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PD
Fill in uniform gravel or glass balls
Of 40 mm in thickness on top
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ID
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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Fasten the top cap
Push down the plunger with the
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perforated plate in order to
compact the soil
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ID
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
Fasten and tightened the lock
for the three tie rods
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ID
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
Connect the designated tubings
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ID
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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To the measuring cylinder
or collecting container
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for water collection
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To measuring Tube C
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To measuring Tube B
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To measuring Tube A
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From water source into the cell

Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
Permeameter tubes
with the same inner
diameter
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Connecting tube
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Connector with
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on/off valve
Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
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Water from cell
(bottom gland) going
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into tube position A

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Water from cell

(top gland) Water from cell
going into tube (middle gland) going
position C into tube position B
Constant Head Testing Procedure
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PD
Fill up the tank
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with water till the
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flow is constant.
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Procedure
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PD
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IH
ID
on on
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Procedure
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PD
Fill up the cell till
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the flow is also
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constant.
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
AM
IH
ID
Water will saturate

on
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the cell thoroughly

Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
Water overflow
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The cell is fully
saturated
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ID
on
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EN
PD
Fill up the tubes till
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the flow and the
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water levels also
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constant.
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
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on on on Water from cell will
be filling into the
permeameter tubes
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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Water from cell will
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be filling into the
permeameter tubes
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on on on
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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Once the water flow
in the system is
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constant, then the
water levels in each
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of the permeameter
tube will show this
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condition.
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EN
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Start your clock @
Stop watchAM
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At the same time,
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collect the amount
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of water that out
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flows from the cell.

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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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Measuring container
(volume ml/litres etc)
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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PD
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Measure the quantity of
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water collected (volume
@ ml/litres etc)
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Constant Head
Testing Procedure
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h1
h3
h2
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Obtained the
differential of
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heights between the
permeameter tubes.
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ID
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EN
PD
Repeat the process
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for another 5 sets
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of data.
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Constant Head Data Sheet
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T
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Constant Head Data Sheet
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T
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Example of soil testing data
Constant Head Test
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T
PD
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ID
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PD
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Soil PermeabilityConstantHead

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EN

prepare them for a much harder task of open-ended

collected in a graduated flask for a known duration.

Where q = quantity flowing in unit time

Contant Head Tank

From the water

From the tank into source

This valve will off on

Tie Rods 3 Nos.

Bottom Water inlet with valve

Fill in uniform gravel or glass balls

Push down the plunger with the

From water source into the cell

into tube position A

Water from cell

Water will saturate

the cell thoroughly

flows from the cell.

Constant Head Test

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