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Proceedings of the 6th International Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Conference:
Confronting New Challenges and Sharing Knowledge, 11–13 September 2007, London, UK

RATE EFFECTS IN VANE SHEAR TESTING

Joek Peuchen
Fugro Offshore Geotechnics, Leidschendam, The Netherlands
Paul Mayne
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

Abstract
This paper presents recommendations for a conformity assessment for vane shear tests (VST) at rotation
rates faster than standardised by ASTM and equivalent societies/institutes. The proposed rationale is
based on compensating the standard requirements by recording downhole torque and rotation versus
time. Such supplementary measurements are commonly available when using advanced onshore and
offshore VST systems. These systems allow a good check on use of ‘time to failure’ for correcting a
faster rotation rate to the standard rate. An obvious benefit is a reduced overall field testing time.

1. Introduction or ball penetration tests. This paper presents recommen-

The vane shear test (VST), or field vane test, is one of sev-
eral in situ test methods commonly used to determine und-
rained shear strength and strength sensitivity in water-satu-
rated clay and silt soils. It has a long history of use1, 2. Figure
1 presents basic test principles.
A perceived advantage of the VST is its theoretical model for
data interpretation, i.e. lower bound limit analysis for well-
defined failure planes. Basic output consists of undrained
shear strength, suv, for undisturbed conditions. Undrained
shear strength for remoulded (or ‘residual’), sur, conditions
can also be obtained and, hence, the strength sensitivity is
defined by St = suv/sur. Empiricism is still required to link
this output with the parameter values required for common
geotechnical calculation models. These models generally
include simplifications so that factors such as strength ani-
sotropy and time-dependency are accounted for only in an
approximate manner.
In geotechnical practice, the VST method competes pri-
marily with continuous in situ penetration test methods.
The cone penetration test (CPT) is the most widely used
method. The use of related continuous full-flow penetra-
tion tests such as T-bar penetration and ball penetration
tests is increasing3.
The VST is a slow test in comparison with the CPT, T-bar
dations for a conformity assessment4 for VST at rotation
rates faster than the standards of ASTM International and
equivalent societies/institutes5, 6, 7. The proposed rationale
is based on compensating the standard requirements by re-
cording downhole torque and rotation versus time. Such
supplementary measurements are commonly available
when using advanced onshore and offshore VST systems.
All current VST standards fall in the group ‘method
specifications’, i.e. if the method complies, then some
undefined measurement accuracy may be presumed. In
comparison, the more recent CPT standards provide for
‘performance specifications’, i.e. requirements for accu-
racy of measurement.
2. Advanced VST Systems
Advanced VST systems emerged in the time of rapid
growth of offshore oil and gas developments8. They are now
in common use, mainly for offshore site characterisation
(www.fugro.com) but also for advanced onshore applica-
tions (www.envi.se; www.geotech.se). As for conventional
VST systems, advanced systems allow tests to be conducted
beneath the terminus of an open borehole during rotary
drilling operations, or alternatively, by using direct-push
technology where the vane is deployed at the front end of
pushrods with or without a housing chamber.

259

Figure 1: Procedures for field vane testing during boring
advancement
The advanced VST systems surpass the measuring require-
ments set by ASTM International5, British Standards
Institute (BSI)6 and the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)7. Particularly, torque is measured
downhole rather than at ground surface. In addition,
torque and time are recorded continuously, typically at a
rate of 1Hz, rather than recording only a peak torque value
and, if specified, a remoulded torque value.
Use of a downhole torque sensor has obvious advantages in
reducing uncertainties for rod-friction correction. Build-up
of rod friction can be significant for conventional VST sys-
tems. It should be noted that most advanced VST systems
have a torque sensor a short distance, but not directly, above
the vane blade. This means that some accounting for rod
friction may be necessary.
Most advanced VST systems derive rotation information
from calibrated rotation rates and time measurement. The
motor driving the rotation provides a near-constant rotation
rate, independent of actual resistance. Some systems provide
additional point checks on rotation, while others provide full
rotation measurement. Whatever the means of acquiring ro-
tation information, all systems are affected by small resisting
rotation of the system itself as torque is applied to the vane
blade. Such resisting rotation is derived from a rod and/or
reaction blade in the soil. Accurate correction for resisting
rotation is difficult and not normally done. The rotation
information is thus tool- and soil-dependent and should be
regarded as indicative. It should not be routinely used for
interpretation of accurate soil stiffness characteristics.
Energy for applying torque is at a premium for slimline
downhole vane systems. This is particularly true for bat-
tery-operated systems. A faster rotation rate requires a
larger, more powerful motor. The rotation rate is most
significant in determining undrained shear strength for
remoulded conditions. Here, ASTM specifies a preceding
phase consisting of rapid rotation for 5 to 10 revolutions,
but this would be time-consuming. In common practice,
remoulded undrained shear strength is instead determined
from torque versus rotation data showing constant shear
stress with increasing rotation. Figure 2 shows an example
260
Peuchen and Mayne. Rate Effects in Vane Shear Testing
of continuous recording of torque and time measurements
for a full 360° cycle of an in-place strength sensitivity, St =
2.2. The test included the determination of peak and re-
moulded strength data, from 0° to 90° at 0.2°/s; remould-
ing over 180° at 0.6°/s; and the remoulded/residual strength
phase over a final 90° at 0.2°/s. Thus, the full VST required
450s + 300s + 450s = 1200s total (20min). Nonetheless,
this shortened procedure is quite long for an in situ test by
today’s standards.
It can be noted that variation in applied rotation rate, as
shown in Figure 2, can provide additional valuable infor-
mation on soil response to rotation of a vane blade.
3. Vane Shear Strength
3.1 Use and limitations
At first glance, the vane appears to be a simple device for
the direct in situ measurement of undrained shear strength
in clay soils. Yet, over more than a half-century of research
and utilisation in geotechnical practice, vane testing has
been shown to reflect several complex facets of soil behav-
iour9, 10, 11. Only the peak torque and blade geometry are
used to calculate suv, despite the known effects of other
factors, such as disturbance during insertion1, 12; waiting
time after insertion13, 14; induced pore water pressures15, 16;
vane shape17, 18; vane size19, 20; blade thickness13; progressive
failure21; coefficient of consolidation22, 23; rate of shear24, 25;
organic content of the soil26; strength anisotropy17, 27; and
other influences9.
Nevertheless, despite these complications, the vane shear
test provides a convenient and historic index with which
to reference other strength values obtained during geo-
technical site characterisation. The suv profile can serve as
a benchmark for comparing undrained shear strengths de-
rived from in situ penetration tests, as well as laboratory
triaxial and simple shear test results.
In limit equilibrium analyses, the measured torque, T T, is
used to calculate the undrained shear strength that acts
along a cylindrical body of soil defined by the vane geom-
etry (see Figure 1). The maximum torque reading is used to
determine the peak undrained shear strength, suv, while the
residual torque reading applies to the remoulded strength,
sur. In some research studies, attempts have been made to
discern strength anisotropy using parallel series of vanes of
Figure 2: Vane torque-rotation curve
Proceedings of the 6th International Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Conference:
Confronting New Challenges and Sharing Knowledge, 11–13 September 2007, London, UK
Figure 3: Vane correction factor for stability calculations9
differing geometries to determine strengths along different
directions17, 18, 27.
3.2 Correction factors
The history of vane use in stability evaluations of embank-
ments, footings and excavations has indicated the need for
(a) correction factor(s)21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, for clays located
primarily in Scandinavia and Canada. The correction takes
the form
(1)
where τmax is the mobilised shear strength for the stability
calculations and the correction factor, µv, has been empiri-
cally related to either plasticity index21, liquid limit31 or the
normalised strength28. Figure 3 depicts a relationship de-
tailed by Chandler9.
A correction of the vane strength according to Bjerrum21
was justified on considerations of three factors: (i) strain rate
effects; (ii) strength anisotropy; and (iii) progressive failure.
Offshore, a vane correction factor is not normally adopted
for shear strength evaluations3, 33. In Japan, the conven-
tional correction of vane strengths based on plasticity index
is apparently too conservative, as discussed by Hanzawa34,
Ohta35 and Tanaka36. Some uncertainty also appears to exist
in the use of correction factors in some Canadian clays32.
The discrepancies noted above in the use of measured and/
or corrected vane strengths have led some to re-analyse the
stress states around the vane and formulate new methods
for its interpretation35, 37, 38, 39.
Figure 4: Undrained stress-strain response for Haney clay at
different strain rates40
Figure 5: Vane shear stress–rotation curves at different loading
rates for Backebol clay14
4. Strain Rate Effects
It is widely accepted that the undrained strength of clay
increases with rate of loading. To illustrate this point, a se-
ries of isotropically consolidated undrained compression
(CIUC) triaxial data conducted at different rates of strain
for Haney clay40 are shown in Figure 4. Interestingly, the
peak axial strain value, εf, is rather constant and appears to
be independent of strain rate.
Vane tests are conducted at rates of strain much greater
than standard laboratory reference tests. A conventional
isotropically consolidated triaxial compression test with
pore water pressure measurements is run at 1%/hr. If the
axial strain at failure is 2%, the total time to reach peak
shear strength is thus on the order of 2hr (120min). In con-
trast, a field vane test conducted at a rate of 0.1°/s (6°/min)
will reach peak strength in approximately 1 to 2min, or at
least 1 order of magnitude faster than a companion triaxial
shear test.
An illustrative example of vane strain rate effects is shown
in Figure 5 for Backebol clay14. As the definition of strain is
ambiguous in VST, the rate of the testing is reported as time
to failure, tf. Over the tested range of tf from 10 000min
to 1s, the vane shear strength can be seen to increase from
13 to 28kPa, or over a factor of 2. As with the aforemen-
tioned triaxial results, the peak value appears at the same
equivalent ‘failure strain’, here the angle of rotation, θ. For
Backebol clay, the rotation angle at failure averages about θf
= 4°. An equivalent rotation rate, dθd /dt
/dt, for these tests can
be defined as
(2)
Similarly, the time to failure for the triaxial tests can be de-
termined by dividing the strain at failure by the applied rate
of strain, so that
(3)
One convenience in the use of time to failure, tf, to describe
rate effects is that the concept can be applied to a variety
of laboratory and field tests, as well as full-scale loading of
foundations and earthworks. For example, laboratory triaxial
strength data for three clays, where loading rates were varied,
were reviewed by Lacasse41 and are shown in terms of time
261

Figure 6: Rate effects in triaxial tests on
three clays in terms of time to failure41
to failure in Figure 6. The relative undrained shear strengths
were normalised to a common reference su value correspond-
ing to a tf = 140min. For each log cycle of time, there was a
relative change in shear strength on the order of 10 to 15%.
Time to failure also allows a cross-comparison of undrained
shear strengths obtained from different test types, as illustrat-
ed by Figure 7, where su values from a variety of in situ tests
are shown together, including cone penetrometer, screwplate
and bearing load tests at the Cowden site in the UK42.
Despite the simplicity of time to failure in representing
rate effects among different test types, the value of su is also
dependent upon the direction of loading, boundary con-
ditions and method of theoretical interpretation (i.e. limit
equilibrium, cavity expansion theory, plasticity theorems).
Thus, a more fundamental examination is to look at one
test type at variable strain rates.
4.1 Vane shear database
To assist in the evaluation of strain rate effects on the meas-
ured vane strengths, a database of field and laboratory
vane data has been compiled to review the rotation rates,
and times to failure, tf. Alternatively, the vane
data can be processed in terms of a peripheral velocity, vp,
as suggested by Perlow and Richards20
(4)
where d is the blade diameter. The reasoning here is that in
order to compare miniature laboratory and field vane data,
faster rotation rates are required for the smaller blades to
achieve the edge velocities of the larger field vane. Biscontin
and Pestana24, 43 evaluated the effect of vp on the vane
strength of a bentonitic kaolin mix under laboratory con-
ditions, which showed general agreement with field vane
test data (Figure 8). Both the log strain and power function
formats were used to fit the data (Table 1). For the latter,
a range of rate exponent values 0.05 ≤ β ≤ 0.10 generally
bounded the data considered. The log parameter, α, and
power function exponent, β, can be interrelated, as seen in
Figure 9. There is, however, no discernable trend between
either of these rate parameters and the corresponding plas-
262
Peuchen and Mayne. Rate Effects in Vane Shear Testing
Figure 7: Rate effects for in situ cone and plate load tests in
terms of time to failure at Cowden clay site, UK42
ticity index (see Figure 10).
Contrary to the arguments made by Perlow and Richards20
for use of peripheral velocity, Randolph3 evaluated the thin
shear zone at the blade edges and concluded that ‘it is the ro-
tation rate of the vane, rather than the peripheral velocity, that
controls the rate dependency of the torque’. Furthermore,
there is an apparent conflict in Perlow and Richards’ logic
in that they recommended that the testing rate be scaled in
proportion to vane diameter, dθ d /dt ∝ dd, but the soil affect-
ed by consideration of consolidation is proportional to the
square of the vane diameter, or dθ d /dt ∝ d2 (see Chandler9
and Mahmoud . The available results in Figure 10 show
11)
the marked data points from Perlow and Richards20 for San
Diego silt (α = 36; β = 0.13) and Gulf of Maine clay (α = 60;
β = 0.20), both of which have the highest rate parameters of
any of the considered soils. Are the soils indeed unusual, or
was the Perlow and Richards’ approach flawed?
Two approaches for representing viscous rate effects on the
undrained vane strength of fine-grained materials will be
adopted here (semi-logarithmic and log-log), as given in
Table 1 for rotation rate and time to failure. The expressions
for the latter are approximate as assumed by a constant level
of strain at failure, or corresponding rotation angle at fail-
ure (as discussed previously with equations 2 and 3).
The database considers a total of 27 field vane series and
seven laboratory miniature vane studies44. In most in-
stances, complete specifications of the vane equipment (e.g.
Table 1:
Formats used to represent viscous rate effects in vane shear data
Rate Measurement Semi-Logarithmic Power Law
Form Format
Rotation Rate:
Time to Failure: tf
Proceedings of the 6th International Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Conference:
Confronting New Challenges and Sharing Knowledge, 11–13 September 2007, London, UK
Figure 8: Normalised vane shear strengths as a function of pe-
ripheral velocity24, 43
Figure 9: Interrelationship between log rate parameter, αR,
and power function exponent rate parameter, β, from vane
data (from Biscontin and Pestana43in Table 1)
rectangular versus tapered); manufacturer type (e.g. Geonor
versus Nilcon versus Wykeham Farrance); vane size, d, d H/d;
H/d
blade thickness, e, rod friction; and other information was
not provided by the data sources. Also, procedural differences
such as insertion waiting period, rate of rotation, revolutions
before remoulded readings, borehole size and field/labora-
tory conditions were not reported. Likewise, full details on
the clay index properties including water content, plasticity,
over-consolidation ratio, mineralogy, degree of cementation,
clay sensitivity from either fall cone or vane measurements
Figure 11: Normalised vane strengths versus time to failure
and fitted semi-log
and other important characteristics were missing. Therefore,
only a general trend of the effects of rate on the measured
vane strengths was viable. Further correlation of the rate
parameters with clay indices could not reliably be done.
The normalised vane strengths versus time to failure, tf, are
presented in Figure 11 for 23 different clays. The full range
of times spans over 7 orders of magnitude, from 0.0005
to 10 000min. Of interest is the slope of the relationship
between normalised vane shear strength and time to failure
for assessing the relative rate effect on measured suv. At a
consistent reference for time to failure of tf0 = 1min, most
data appear represented by a log rate parameter between
0.10 ≤ α ≤ 0.14 (or 10 to 14%). However, at very high rates
of testing where tf < 0.1min, a marked increase in strength
increase is evident with each log cycle of time. At very long
times to failure, (e.g. tf > 100min), it is unclear whether
full or partial drainage effects have occurred and how these
influence the conclusions derived from this simplistic look
at vane rate effects.
Figure 12 presents data on vane shear strength in terms of
rate of rotation from laboratory and field data on ten clays.
Here, over 9 orders of magnitude are subtended in the full
rotation rates applied. At low rotation rates, <
1°/min, it is unclear whether these data are affected by par-
tial consolidation effects and/or waiting times applied after
vane insertion. Nevertheless, using a power law format, it is
shown that the variation in normalised strengths is reason-
able with a rate exponent 0.05 ≤ β ≤ 0.10 for most clays.
Figure 10:
Vane vp rate
parameters versus
clay plasticity
index (data from
Biscontin and
Pestana24 in
Table 1)
263
 Peuchen and Mayne. Rate Effects in Vane Shear Testing

velop. The tendency for partial (or full) drainage depends

Figure 12: Normalised vane strengths versus rotation rate
Figure 13: Effects of partial drainage on measured vane
strengths for selected clays (field data from Roy and Leblanc13
and laboratory data from Davies et al.45
4.2 Partial drainage considerations
For field loading conducted at very ‘fast’ shearing rates,
constant volume is maintained, ∆V/V V/V0 = 0, such that the
failure state corresponds to the mobilisation of the und-
rained shear strength of the soil. However, for field tests at
‘medium’ to ‘slow’ rates of loading, it must be considered
that some amount of drainage could occur with a corre-
sponding dissipation of excess pore water pressures. In fact,
if the loading is applied slowly enough, a drained strength
can be measured17 since no excess pore water pressures de-
upon the coefficient of consolidation, cvh, of the material
(5)
where k = hydraulic conductivity (coefficient of permeabil-
ity), D’ = constrained modulus and γw = unit weight of wa-
ter. In laboratory tests such as the triaxial apparatus, plane
strain device, hollow cylinder and torsional shear, the drain-
age paths can be physically closed to ensure that undrained
conditions prevail. In field tests, however, a truly undrained
condition is not only uncontrollable but also difficult to
assess. By testing at fast rates, the likelihood of undrained
conditions prevailing in the field is increased, with added
rheological effect due to rate-dependency effects.
Selected results from field and laboratory vane tests where
partial drainage effects occur at slow loading rates are pre-
sented in Figure 1345. The reference rate for field vane tests is
0.1°/s (6°/min), whereas for laboratory miniature vanes the
reference rate is 1°/s (60°/min). At very low rates of shearing
(e.g. dθ
d /dt < 0.1°/s), the normalised vane strength, sv/sv0, in-
creases above the observed minimum as the effects of partial
drainage approach the drained strength of the soil. A nor-
malised time factor, T* T*, was proposed by Blight22 to guide
the calculation of the minimum rate of shearing necessary
to ensure undrained conditions. This approach was re-exam-
ined by Morris and Williams23 to improve the accuracy of the
evaluations. Randolph3 devised a unified formula that spans
drained to partially drained to undrained response of in situ
tests (cone, T-bar, vane) over different rates of loading.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Advanced VST systems surpass the measuring requirements
set by ASTM and others because
• Torque is measured downhole rather than at ground
surface
• Torque and time are recorded continuously, typically at
a rate of 1Hz, rather than recording only a peak torque
value and, if specified, a remoulded torque value.

Table 2: Recommendations for advanced VST systems

No Recommendations
1 Quick test ( < 2min) for peak undrained shear strength: (1) Push vane to required depth; (2) Wait for 1min; (3) Rotate at maxi-
a b c
mum speed (<2o/s) to just beyond peak shear stress – if offline then to about 25° rotation ; (4) End of test; (5) Apply fixed (or
stratum specific) correction for rotation rate.
2 Rapid test (< 5min) for peak undrained shear strength: (1) Push vane to required depth; (2) Wait for 1min (3) Rotate at maxi-
mum speed (< 2°/s) to well beyond peak shear stress (e.g. 45°); (4) Reduce rotation rate to 0.1 or 0.2°/s for about 1min (5)
Increase rotation rate to < 2°/s for about 1min (6) End of test; (7) Apply test-specific correction for rotation rate.
3 Rapid test (< 10min) for peak and remoulded undrained shear strength: (1) Push vane to required depth; (2) Wait for 1min; (3)
Rotate at maximum speed (< 2°/s) to well beyond peak shear stress (e.g. 45°); (4) Reduce rotation rate to 0.1 or 0.2°/s for about
1min; (5) Increase rotation rate to < 2°/s until no further drop in shear stress is observed, with a maximum of 360°; (6) Reduce
rotation rate to 0.1 or 0.2o/s for about 1min; (7) End of test; (8) Apply test-specific correction(s) for rotation rate and estimate (if
necessary) large-strain shear strength.
a The limit of < 2°/s restricts the departure from the standard rate and hence the magnitude of a required correction factor for strain rate
b The term ‘offline’ refers to VST systems where data read-out and checking takes place after recovery of the tool from the soil
c A value of 25° rotation should adequately capture peak undrained shear strength
d The variation in strain rate within a test allows a test-specific check on the correction factor for strain rate<query, is d placement right?

not placed in table in paper>

264
Proceedings of the 6th International Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Conference:
Confronting New Challenges and Sharing Knowledge, 11–13 September 2007, London, UK
For conformity assessment, the additional features can
shorten testing times while maintaining accuracy, as in-
ferred from ASTM or equivalent standards. In particular,
viscous rate effects in clays may be adequately described by
either a semi-log function using a rate parameter of αR =
0.13 ± 0.03, or alternatively by using a power law format
with a rate exponent parameter β = 0.075 ± 0.025. This ap-
plies for test rates close to standard rates of testing of dθ
d /dt
= 6°/min, or tf = 1min.
Table 2 presents recommendations for shortening testing for
advanced VST systems to 2 to 10min. The recommenda-
tions include options for site-specific checks on rate effects.
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