Grammar glossary Phonetic

rrr t¡rl ¡l nt ¡il]

symbols
t crb atljectiyc corrjr¡rrctit¡n .ruxili¡n .rclYerb .rrticlc pr()n()Llrr vcrl¡
tt lll
Learn these useful words and you can understand more about the language you are studying.
VOWELS

llttt
cletermirrer nolrn pr()noun
/t/ big fish /bry rtl/
nl.rin verb Prepositi(n noun /i/ green beans / grin binz/
".,J:11;rt
/t:/ should look / [ad lak/
Agents are people or things that perform an action in a passive sentence. /l/ blue moon /blu nun/
For example: Slrc 'ros ¡tardottctl ltt/ Presírlent Clinton in 2001.
/e/ ten eggs /ten egz/
/e/ about mother /about mnóer/
Clauses are glollps of n'ords containing a verb. /e/ fat cat /fr¡ kel/
rnain clause subordinate clause / n/ must come /nl¡st knm/
but he didtt't come.
/t/ fall ball /lol t:cl/
/a/ hot spot /hot spot/
Note: Subordinate clauses are usually introduced by conjunctions.
Combinations refer to words that frequentlv occur together. DIPHTHONGS
For example: conmotl sensa get olottg ioell Hnp¡t1¡ birtlulaq / ei/ face / fets /
Dynamic meaning is a way of referring to verbs when they describe actions, Verbs with /ti/ boy /6¡i/
dynamic meanings can be used in both simple and continuous verb forms. /ol/ nose / nouz /
For example: People usuolh¡ talk to onc nnotlrcr on thc ¡tlotrc.
/oi/ eye / o1/

Sonrc pcoplc are talkitrg in tlrc nert roont.

/ou/ mouth /nau9/
Expressions are glorlps of n'ords that belong together n'here the words and n'ord order CONSONANTS
ne\¡er or rarely change.
For example: blsck and zuhite That reminds nrc,I lnz,a ttt btrr¡ sonrc tootl+)aste . /p/ pen / pen/
Hozu tlo yort tlo? /b/ bad /bed/
/t/ tea /ti1
ldioms are expressions with a meaning that cannot be understood by knon'ing the meanirrg
/d/ dog / dtg/
of each individual word. / /
r.f church / t[art[ /
For example: lt's a piece of cake. = It's rcnlly enst¡. /¿s/ jazz / dsez/
Don't spill the beans. = Dotit tcll tlrc sacret. /k/ cost / k¡st /
/a / ci¡l / gart/
lf-clauses are used to introduce conditions where lve calr describe a real situation
(possible) or an unreal situation (irnprobable or impossible). /f/ far /for/
For example: If the zueatlter is nice, ¡tc'll go on n picnic. (real situation) /v/ voice / vtis /
If I zuon the lottery, I'd quit tttv job nnLl trcter uork agniu. (unreal situation) /A/ thin / 1tt/
/ó/ then /óen/
lntransitive verbs do not iake an object.
/s/ snake / sneik/
For example: Hc zoalked. Is Martn still slee¡ting? Sit tlozon!
/z/ noise / nciz/
Oblects usually come afier the verb and show who or what is affected by the verb. /l/ shop /[op/
For example: Slrc closcd the zoíndozo. ML¡ trcígltltor lntes me. I nntle a pot of cofee /t/ measure /ne¡¿r/
Note: Some verbs take a direct object (DO) and an indirect object (IO). / nt / make /meik/
/ t't/ nine / noin /
IO DO IO DO IO DO
/ tt/ sing / sn1/
rtunrt,@nÁV 4 /h/
/t/
house
1"9
/haus/
/tee/
Particles are adverbs or prepositions that form part of a phrasal verb.
/r/ red / red/
For example: sit dozon tunt off col[ up
/w/ wet /wet/
Phrasal verbs are verbs consisting of a main verb + particle(s). Phrasal verbs are sometimes /y/ yes / yes/
refelred to as two- or three-word r,erbs.
For example: groTu up tnke qour slnes off I ran at'ter tlrc bus. STRESS

Relative clauses give additional information about a thing or a person introduced in the In this book, word stress is shown by
main clause. underlining the stressed syllable.
For example: A turtlc is ntt aninnl thnt can liz:e to seaenty years old. For example: lt3ter; resqt; disappointirrg
Tlrc pcogJ!nty brother zoorks uith are nll craL¡.
Relative pronouns such as ur'lro, tltst, and ulticlt are always used when they are the subject LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET
of the verb in a relatir.e clause. /ei/ /i/ /x/ /oi/ /ott/ /Lt/ /ar/
subject verb objecl Aa Bb Ff Ii Oo Qq Rr
Hh Cc Ll Yy Uu
For example: nrnpt,
6ld Ij oO Mm
subject verb object Kk Ee Nn
Gg Ss
I In;'t'n ¡,¡trvs¡
Jyl6;;4 Pp Xx
Stative meaning is a u'ay of referring to verbs when they describe states. Verbs n'ith stative Tt
meanings cannot be used with continuotrs verb forms.
For example: I zoant a faírcr sy-sfcll, (NOT *ffiin5r7hrer-¡rsfenr) Zz
l'ue knozon ltint for yenrs. (NOT @)
Subiects usually corne before the verb and refer to the main person or thing you are talking
abotrt.
For example: Money doestt't groiLt on ttccs. My tailor ís rich.
The biggest rock group in tlrc zuorld ltns stnrt¿d n ¡uorlti tour

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 Verb structures
Basic structures
See unit 1.

TENSES MODALS
SPECT VOICE Present Past zuill (zoould, mttst . ..)
simple active He writes letters. He wrote letters. He will write letters.
passiYe Letters are rvritien. Letters were written. Letters will be written.
nuous active He is writing letters. He was writing letters. He will be writing letters.
passive Lette¡s are being written. Letters were being written. * Letters will be being written.

perfect active He has written letters. I He had written letters. He will have written letters.
passive Letters have been ivritten. I Letters had been written. Letters will have been written.
perfect continuous aciive He has been lrritins letters. He had been writins letters H" *ltl h^ b**ttl"" le"
* Note: We usually do not sar'll¿ I'efii¡¡ or l.ceri l.:;r;-r' . Therefore, the iuture
continuous passive and the present/past
continuous passives are rare. For the same reason, the periect continuous passive is almost never used.

Verbs with stative meanings Verb patterns: verbs followed by infinitive

See unit 6. See units 2 and 5.

The following r.erbs hat'e stative meanings and are usuallr-not used
verb + infinitive
in the continuous form.
aim, arrange, attempi, can't afford, claim. decide,
believe, belong, consist of, contain, deserve, detest, dislike, desen e, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer,
doubt, envy, exist, forget, hate, heat imagine, include, involve, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, seem, tend, try,
know like, love, own, possess, prefer, realtze, recognize, vote, t'ish
resemble, see, seem, sound, suppose, suspect, understand,
want, wish We aim to please.
I managed to bent lúnt nt poker
I dot'L't belieue ht ghosts. not I atn not beLieuing hglmsls,
I'z,e knotun litn for ntore tlnrL tzuenty yenrs. nol l'ae*een@Jim verb + (object) + infinitive
for+tore tlnn tzuenty yenrs. choose, expect, help, need, pay, prefer, (me) to come
The following verbs have dvnamic as l'ell as statire meanings. The want, r^.ould like (you) to go
examples shon the statir e meanings. (her) to stay

appear (seem): Tlrc regíott n¡t¡tenrs to bt gettutg l¡nck ta nt¡tntal Lt.fter tl¡¿
extertsiae floodittg.
Slr zt,ants to go to the partv
be (permanent characteristic): Ther¡ nre Spnttislt.
Slrc ¡unnts ne to go iattlt het
feel (opinion): I feel that professionnl atliletes nuke too nrtLclt trtotrcy.
verb + object + infinitive
fit (correct size): The trousers fit iuell, but the jacket is too snnll.
have (possession): l'ue lnd this zuatclt since I zoas eighteen. allow, challenge, choose, dare, enable, me to come
smell (of something): Tlnt sntells delicious! encourage, force, inspire, inr.ite, ordet you to go
taste (of something): This zuine tnstes líke z,inegnr. Let's ask Jor a remind, teach, train, trust, urge, warned her to stay
dffirent bottle.
think (opinion): Do you thittk tletl'll conrc?
My parents taught me to respect othel people.
weigh (weight): Tltis suitcase ¡t'eigl:.s a ton! Wl'Lat do you lmue ín it?
They allowed her to take the aftentoon off.

Reported speech with backshift Note: Make and l¿f take an object followed by the simple form
See unit 8. of the verb.
My parents always macle me do all my lnntezuork before going oLtt.
Verbs in direct speech often move "one tense back" when they are They neaer let me go otú late on zueekends.
reported.

"We're going to Paris ttett ¡ceeketu1." He itlfornted lrcr thnt they zoere Verb patterns: verbs followed by -ing torm
going to Paris the follotaín{ ¡¿'¿¿k¿r¡rJ. See units 2 and 5.
"l inherited n sunt of uto¡t¿tt. H¿ tlainted tltat he had inherited a stnn
verb + -irg form
of ntoney.
"I'm zuorking for adore, avoid, can't stand, conside¡ delay, I coming
nu¡ .fatlter. He ¡ssue'1 her tlnt he zuas zuorking for
his father. describe, detest, dislike, don't mind, dread, I going
enjoy, fancv, finish, imagine, keep, miss, I staying
practice, resent, resist, risk, spend/waste time

--T-
I time ironing nty clotlrcs.
nezter zoaste
My fanily alzuays aaoids talkíng about polítics.

Note: Begln, botlrcr, cotttinue, and start can be followed by the

infinitive or the -ülg form. There is very little change in meaning

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 Verb patterns: reporting verbs
See unit 8.
verb + hearer + infinitive
advise, ask, beg, convince, encourage,
forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade,
remind, tell, urge, warned (not)
He asked ne to nail tlrc letters.
Slrc inz;íted Bob to go skiing zoith lter.
verb + hearer + that clatse
advise, assure, convince, inform, notify,
promise, reassure, remind, tell
Slte reassured tlem that slrc zuas okar¡.
We regret to inform passengers that
verb + infinitive
2 verb + object + particle (SEPARABLE)
bring him up (take care of and etlucnte hint), call it off (cancel it),
give them up (stop), let them down(disappoittf t/renr), look it up
(locate it), make it up (inuent it), pick it up (learn it), put it off
me to come (postpotte lf), put you up (prlüide Vou iuith a plnce to staV), take
you to go il up (stnrt n pastirtrc), think it ove¡ (cottsider if), try them out
her to stay (use for the first tinte), turn it down (ret'ttsc sonethirtg), wear her
out (mnke lrcr tired), work it ortt (fintl a solution)
Tlrc ¡tteatlrcr uas so bad on the dny of the gnrne that they called it olf
I'nt ttot su'e u¡lrctlrcr I sltottld accept. I'il think it oz¡er.
3 verb + particle + obiect (NONSEPARABLE)
me that
.vou
ask about you (askfor neius aboú you), come across it (/ind
her sonrctling by chance), come into it (inherit lf), count on him
(depend on hint), do without them (nnnnge tlithout thenr), get at
something (sttggest sontethir?g), get over it (recouer from it), look
into il (inuestigafe ll), make for somewhere (go in a particulnr
all flights are delayed
direction), run into her (meet lrcr by chance), take afte¡ him (hnae
charncteristics sitnilnr to lris)

agree, ask, claim, demand, offer, promise, to come After lrcr fatlrcr died, slrc came into a lot of ntoney.
propose, refuse, threaten to go "Wltnt ore yotL getting at?" "Wcll, to be
frank, I'nt not sure if I zuant to
io stay cot t t i nt tc th is relat ionsh ip. "

She refused to tell tlrc truth. 4 verb + particle + particle + object (NONSEPARABLE)
He offered to pay tlrcnr in cnslr
cut down on something (reduce the annunt of something), come
up with something (thütk of sontething), get away with it (rnoid
cliscooery), get around to it (fittd time to do ¡f ), get up to
something (do sonrctltíng, oftetr sontetlúng bad), make up for it
(conrpensntc Jor lf), put up with them (tolernte thent), run out of
them (/iaz'c rto nnrc of tlrcnr)

Hsoe tltey cotfle up zuith tlrc anszuer yet?

He suggested that I sltould see a doctor.
She ran out of tinrc and couldn't t'inísh the last exnm questiort.
They explained that they uould¡t't be conting to the party.

verb + -irg form

admit, deny, mention, propose, report, suggest comrnS

going
staying
lto uns
Tltery nll elenied ltaoing seen lrcr.
Noncountable nouns
She reported seeing n strange flnshütg ligltt in the sky. See units 3 and 13.

The following nouns are noncountable in English but countable in

Phrasal verbs some other languages. We use them with singular verb forms.
See unit 4.
advice, baggage, behavior, equipment, food, furniture, health,
1 verb + particle
homework, information, knowledge, luggage, machinery,
break down (sto¡t iuorking), come out (be ¡nbtished), get away money, music, news, progress, research, toast, traffic, travel,
(escape), give in (adntit de.fent), go off (etplode), go on (happen), weathe¿ work
go on (cotttitue), set in (¿1¿gi? nnd tlrcn coutiutrc), show off
(behnae to ath'act attentiott), shon up (nrrita wtetpecte¿lly), take You catt get lots o.f informntion nnd atluice at the tourist office
off (leaue tlrc grolü1d), lr'ear off (fade mrnv\
NOT ínformations onLi ndT,ices

Tlrc trnffic is tdlfl,rg ¡torse nnd iuorse. NOT Ti¿ traffics are...
At tlrc beginning ofotu'uacatiott, tlrc bad uteather set in. l\,e r1íd¡t't s¿¿ tlte
swt for tlrec tlays!
Mark gaae in becatLse he didn't zL)at1t to algue. Plural nouns
See units 3 and 13.

The follol ing plural nouns are noncountable. We use them with
plural verb forms.

clothes, contents, glasses, goods, jeans, headphones, pajamas,

pants, scissors, shorts, stairs, trousers, wages

Hozu nuclt tuere tltose jeans? NOT Ho¡u much uns thnt jean?
Wlrre nre tlrc scissors? NOT Wh¿r¿ ls tltc scissors?

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