SUDAN | OVERVIEW

- Established in 1870
- Gained independence in 1956
- Hot with seasonal rainfall
- Low-income
- Oil based economy
- Extreme poverty and insecurity
- 11.5 Million population
- 5.05% population growth
- Struggled to form a viable governing system and has been plagued by
widespread corruption, political conflict, and communal violence
- After decades of civil war, Sudan remains to be one of the world’s poorest
countries and ranks among the lowest in many socioeconomic categories

Society
- Most of the population lives off of farming
- Smaller numbers rely on animal husbandry
- More than 80% of the populace lives in rural areas
- Shortage of healthcare workers, facilities, and supplies; poor roads and a lack
of transport

Education
- Educational attainment is extremely poor due to the lack of schools, qualified
teachers, and materials.
- Less than a third of the population is literate (the rate is even lower among
women)
- Half live below the poverty line.
- Language barrier exists - Struggling with the switch from Arabic to English as
the language of instruction
- Education expenditures = 1.5% of GDP 2016 (185th in the world)
Population

- Dependency ratio
- The number of individuals that are likely to be economically
"dependent" on the support of others
- Total dependency ratio: 80.8
- youth dependency ratio: 74.7
- elderly dependency ratio: 6.1
- potential support ratio: 16.5 (2020 est.)
- 46th in death rate (9.52 deaths / 1,000 population in 2022)

Government
- Presidential
- 98% of the government’s annual operating budget and 80% of its gross
domestic product (GDP) derived from oil

Economy
- Severely underdeveloped and poor
- Population is dependent on subsistence agriculture and humanitarian
assistance
- Property rights are insecure and price signals are weak, because markets are
not well-organized.
SUDANESE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION
Overview
- The transitional government’s modest progress towards improving the human
rights situation suffered a major setback after the October military coup
- Security forces used excessive and even lethal force, and other repressive
measures, including reported cases of gender-based violence, to counter
protests and opposition to the takeover.
- At least 53 people were killed and hundreds injured in demonstrations
following the coup.
- Military authorities used prolonged arbitrary detention, arresting dozens of
civilian political leaders and activists, holding them in incommunicado
detention.
- Internet and telecommunication services were regularly disrupted and
journalists were attacked
- Previous promises to investigate and prosecute crimes committed by
security forces remained unfulfilled
- Civilians in the western region of Darfur continued to be inadequately
protected by security authorities from unlawful attacks by militias in which
hundreds of civilians died.
- Women protested against the rise in gender-based violence and
discriminatory laws

Excessive Use of Force

- Continued to use excessive, and sometimes lethal, force against protesters
- May11 = shot dead at least two protesters and injured dozens at a
demonstration in the capital, Khartoum.
- June 2019 = attack by security forces on peaceful demonstrators with over
100 people were killed and hundreds injured
- Violence by security forces spiked after the military takeover in October and
hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets in frequent protests
- At least 53 people were killed and hundreds injured in demonstrations
- Gender-based violence = two reported rapes in December
Rights to Truth, Justice and Preparation
- August 10 = Ratified the UN Convention against Torture and the
International Convention against Enforced Disappearance. However,
perpetrators of human rights violations continued to enjoy impunity
- Government continued to fail in its obligation to transfer the
suspects to the court to answer charges of crimes against humanity,
genocide and war crimes in Darfur.
- Genocide = destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group
- Brutal attack (June 2019) = RSF, the National Intelligence and Security Service
and the police killed over 100 protesters and subjected others to sexual
violence and other torture and ill-treatment
- No one was held accountable by the end of the year, despite the
prime minister’s pledge that it would be investigated

Arbitrary Detention
- Opposition activists and members of the Future Movement Group were
released on bail on July 10, 2020 after being held in prolonged arbitrary
detention without charge since June 2020
- for harassing members of the Committee for Removal of
Empowerment which was established to dissolve the former ruling
National Congress Party and to confiscate its property
- After the October army takeover, security authorities arbitrarily arrested and
detained dozens of civilian political leaders, including cabinet members,
and Prime Minister Hamdok who was held for two days before being put
under house arrest for almost a month
- Other political prisoners, who were held for nearly one month in
incommunicado detention without access to their families or legal
counsel, were released after the 21 November accord. However, security
forces continued to arrest and charge protesters.
Freedom of Expression
- From October 25 = Internet and telecommunications were repeatedly
disrupted, limiting people’s ability to access timely and accurate
information, infringing on their ability to express political views and restricting
reporting on human rights violations.
- December 30 = Military targeted press who covered anti-army protests and
attacked the offices of two TV stations

Unlawful Attacks and Killings

- The premature withdrawal of the United Nations-African Union Hybrid
Operation in Darfur in December 2020, and the Sudanese security forces’
repeated failure to protect civilians, resulted in continued indiscriminate
violence against civilians, particularly in the West Darfur region. RSF
members participated in some militia attacks against civilians.
- January 2021 = at least 163 people, including three women and 12
children, were killed and 217 injured during a revenge attack by
militias on the Krinding camp in El Geneina, West Darfur State’s capital,
and home to thousands of internally displaced Massalit people
- April 3 = Armed men, said to be Arabs, triggered a four days of deadly
violence killing at least 144 people and 232 injured during the
timeframe

Right to Health
- The Ministry of Finance allocated SDG99 billion (about US$242 million) – 9%
of the budget – to the healthcare system
- Faced shortage of doctors and other medical personnel due to low
salaries and poor working conditions.
- Between March 2020 and May 2021, 89 Sudanese doctors, including 11
women, died after contracting Covid-19.
- After receiving 5.25 million Covid-19 vaccine doses, only 1.23 million people
had been fully vaccinated, representing 2.8% of a population of around
43.85 million people
Women’s and Girls’ Rights
- April 8 = hundreds of women joined a demonstration in Khartoum to protest
against the increased domestic and other gender-based violence.
- Some of the restrictions highlighted included laws forbidding women
from working outside the home without the permission of their
husband or father as well as inequality in the home and workplace.
- Protesters launched the “Feminist Manifesto”, produced in April after
two years of consultations with various grassroots women’s
organizations and gender rights advocates. It urged the authorities to
lift numerous legal obstacles to equality and to challenge existing social
norms that result in women’s and girls’ oppression.

UN Special Session (Amnesty International Public Statement)

- Posted October 29, 2021
- UN Should hold Special Session and Act Urgently
- The UN Human Rights Council (HRC) should act without delay by convening a
special session and adopting a resolution requesting the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights to set-up a fact-finding mission to monitor,
verify and report on the situation in Sudan to prevent further human rights
violations, identify perpetrators and pave the way for accountability
- Amnesty International along with other civil society organizations issued a
letter underscoring the importance of the Council extending its support to
people in Sudan and maintaining scrutiny of actions by authorities
- Highlighted ongoing challenges and risks in shifting attention from the
situation and encouraged member states to keep the monitoring and
public reporting capacity of the HRC. This was disregarded.
- Two weeks after, Sudan’s military seized power, dissolving the
country’s Transitional Government, and placing the country under
military leadership and a state of emergency
- Security forces arrested and detained members of the civilian coalition
 - Sudan’s internet has been partly shut down since 25 October
impeding real-time access to information, scrutiny of the crackdown,
and infringing the rights of Sudanese to freedom of expression and
information.
- According to the Doctors’ Central Committee, at least six protesters, all
men, were killed with gun shots while at least 140 have been
wounded, some are in a critical condition

UNSC Adopted Resolution

- On 3 June 2020, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 2524
(2020), establishing the UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in
Sudan (UNITAMS), a special political mission, to provide support to Sudan for
an initial 12-month period during its political transition to democratic rule. On
3 June 2021, the Security Council adopted resolution 2579 (2021) extending the
mandate of UNITAMS for a further 12 months, until 3 June 2022.
- Adopted before the military takeover on October 25, 2021

References:
- Amnesty International
- Amnesty International (Special Session)
AMERICAN TREATMENT OF IMMIGRANTS
- U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention centers have
custody of approximately 54,000 refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants
- An additional 20,000 are being held in the custody of Customs and
Border Protection, with 11,000 more children held by the Department
of Health and Human Services (Washington Post)
- That’s a higher number of detainees than there were U.S. prisoners of
war (POWs) in the Gulf War, Vietnam War, Korean War, and of World
War II combined.
- 54,000 refugees / 11,500,000 Sudanese (1/213 ratio)
- Undocumented immigrants actually commit fewer crimes than
native-born Americans
- The increasing overlap in criminal justice and immigration systems, or
“crimmigration,” has its roots nearly 40 years ago. It began in the 1980s when
War on Drugs rhetoric clashed with Cold War politics off the Florida coast.
- 14 percent (44.9 Million) of the nation’s residents are foreign-born, over half
of whom are naturalized U.S. citizens.
- 22.0 million women, 20.4 million men, and 2.5 million children who
were immigrants
- Mexico (24 percent of immigrants), India (6 percent), China (5 percent),
the Philippines (4.5 percent), and El Salvador (3 percent).
- Nearly 70 percent of all immigrants, who come from diverse backgrounds
across the globe, report speaking English well or very well.
- Immigrants make up significant shares of the U.S. workforce in a range of
industries, accounting for over two-fifths of all farming, fishing, and forestry
workers—as well as one quarter of those working in computer and math
sciences
 - The highest number of immigrants work in the health care and social
assistance industry, with over 4 million immigrants providing these services.

The family separation policy recently implemented by the Trump Administration has
and will continue to inflict undeserved short- and long-term physical and mental
abuse on both children and parents

Examples
- Circle of Health International found that mass exodus of unaccompanied
minors” was arriving along the Texas/Mexico border; they were met with
abuse while in the custody of the US Border Patrol. These human rights
violations included limited hydration and nutrition (receiving only one meal
and one bottle of water a day), extremely cold conditions inside the
facilities, denial of medical care even when requested, and lights being left
on for 24 hours. (BU School of Public Health)
- The Program for Survivors of Torture, collobarating with the BU School of
Public Health conducted a clinic at the Bellevue Hospital to determine the
rates of PTSD among the patients. They found that 80% of them were
suffering from this condition and that the majority of these cases were not
due to the gang and domestic violence, but due to the horrific treatment
they received from Border Patrol.
- One woman, informed she had three months to live unless she
immediately began cancer treatment, was then discouraged from
applying for insurance; the hospital social worker told her, “It would be
better if you went back to where you came from.”
-

References:
- The United States Treats Migrants Worse Than Prisoners of War
- Immigrants in the United States
-
 SPEECHES (HRC)
Agenda Setting Speech
Human rights violations date back to 1619 in the form of slavery. Literally more
than 4 centuries later, that’s 400 years, we are still dealing with the same issue.
Honorable chair, members of the dais, fellow delegates, this is not okay.

As the recent rise of the black lives matter movement, it is pertinent now more
than ever to make sure that we value not only black lives, but every single living soul
on planet Earth. Human rights are defined by Unicef as standards that acknowledge
and preserve the dignity of all people, of all human beings. And that no government,
group, nor individual has the authority to act in a way that infringes the rights of
others. However, not everyone is being granted the same abundance. Proper
healthcare, freedom of expression, and right to remedies are some of the many
rights that have been deprived of our people. Which is why, it is with great pleasure
that this delegate motions to set the agenda to 1-2.

Rebuttal for 1-2

1 is to 213. 1 is to 213 is the ratio of immigrants that are currently detained in ICE
as to the population of Sudan. This is not a matter of belittling American
detainees, but what should be done for the greater good. My fellow delegates,
there are currently about 54,000 refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants who
are being held and detained by ICE, but also bear in mind that there are over
11.5 million men, women, and children who are afraid, anxious, and
traumatized in Sudan. Over 200 times more people that us delegates can
make an impact on.
Opening Speech

Sudan
Honorable chair, members of the dais, fellow delegates, good evening.

The Republic of Sudan houses more than 11.5 million people, all of which
are suffering from lethal force and unlawful arrests since the military takeover
of October 2021. These people have been subjected to massive human rights
violations that cannot go unanswered. Arbitrary detention, freedom of
expression, and unlawful attacks and killings are only some of the few
misseries that the Sudanese face on a day-to-day basis. This, my fellow
delegates, is an insult not only to Sudanese people but to all humankind.

American
Honorable chair, members of the dais, fellow delegates, we have a
problem.

ICE detention centers have custody of approximately 54,000 refugees

with an additional 20,000 being held in the custody of Customs and Border
Protection, and 11,000 more children held by the Department of Health and
Human Services. (Washington Post) That’s a higher number of detainees than
there were U.S. prisoners of war in the Gulf War, Vietnam War, Korean War,
and of World War II combined. Why are we treating immigrants as if they are
prisoners of war? When in fact undocumented immigrants actually commit
fewer crimes than native-born Americans. This, my fellow delegates, is a
problem. Should you wish to work with this delegate, please approach this
delegate on this side of the room.

Thank you and this delegate yields his time back to the floor.
 Closing Speech

We are now one step closer to a brighter tomorrow.

Honorable chair, members of the dais, fellow delegates, we should be proud.

We should be proud that we are fulfilling our duty, not only as delegates of
member states, but also as human beings. The Republic of Sudan would like to
commend its working group, as well as all member states, for creating innovative
resolutions to ensure that human rights violations are addressed immediately.
Together with a collective effort, let us preserve the dignity of all people, of all human
beings. And as they say, evil succeeds when good men choose to do nothing.

Thank you and congratulations!

INEQUITY IN GLOBAL HEALTHCARE
- Avoidable differences in health between different groups of people
- Result of unfair systems that negatively affect people’s living conditions,
access to healthcare, and overall health status.
- For example, economic and political systems can influence poverty. People
born in areas where poverty is high may have reduced access to safe
housing, clean water, healthy food, education, and medical care — all of
which impact health.
- The lower an individual’s socio-economic position, the higher their risk of
poor health
- Every day 16,000 children die before their fifth birthday
- Because of pneumonia, malaria, and other diseases
- Children from the poorest 20% of households are nearly twice as likely
to die before their fifth birthday as children in the richest 20%
- Arises from social, economic, environmental, and structural disparities that
contribute to intergroup differences in health outcomes both within and
between societies.
Examples
1. Lower life expectancy
- Socioeconomic background has a huge influence on this
- Children born in West Africa = 50 years; Japan = 84 years
- This is the result of dramatic differences in living conditions,
income, and healthcare services
- Not exclusive to lower income countries
- United Kingdom = as low as 15.5 years, depending on the
neighborhood they live in
2. Higher rates of mental ill-health
- Inequity can also lead to chronic stress, which affects both mental
and physical health
- LGBTQ = higher levels of bullying and sexual violence = increase in rates
of mental ill-health and suicide (Youth Risk Behavior Study 2009–2019)
3. Difficulty getting healthcare
 - Bias, prejudice, and discrimination can lead to delays in diagnosis and
treatment
- Women wait longer on average for medical care when they visit the
emergency department than men
- Women also experience significant delays in the treatment of
many conditions, including bleeding disorders and lupus despite
having no medical reason for this
- A lack of awareness about the differences in heart attack symptoms
between men and women also leads to higher rates of misdiagnosis
4. Preventable death
- Black people are more likely than white people to have babies with a
low birth weight. They are also more likely to experience the loss of a
baby
- This is not linked to any biological differences between races, and
it is true regardless of socioeconomic background. This
demonstrates that the higher rate of infant mortality is not
natural or inevitable.
Root Causes
- Health inequity is due to human-made systems and structures that
privilege certain groups and underserve or actively oppress others
- Occurs through the unequal distribution of power and resources
1. Racism
- Distributes more power and resources to one race over another
- Black, Indigenous, Latinx, Asian, and Pacific Islander people —
receive fewer resources
2. Sexism
- Privileges one gender over another
- Men have more privileges than women and other gender
identities
3. Classism
- Gives unfair advantage to those with wealth and social status and
disadvantages those with less
4. Xenophobia
- Gives nonimmigrants more power and rights than immigrants
5. Heterosexism
- Privileges heterosexuality over other sexual orientations
6. Ableism
- Values able-bodied people and devalues people with mental or
physical disabilities
-

- People perpetuate these systems at every level, including at an:

- Institutional level, which includes how organizations and governments
set their laws, policies, and practices
- Interpersonal level, which includes how people behave toward each
other
- Internal level, which includes how people view themselves

1. Mechanisms that organize the distribution of power and resources

differentially across lines of race, gender, class, sexual orientation, gender
expression, and other dimensions of individual and group identity
2. Unequal allocation of power and resources—including goods, services, and
societal attention
- Manifest in unequal social, economic, and environmental conditions,
also called the social determinants of health

Impact
- Leads to worsened outcomes not just for the people it directly affects, but
also for those with more power and resources
- For example, health inequity:
- Makes it more difficult to contain and treat infectious diseases
- Increases levels of crime and violence across communities
- Fuels alcohol and substance misuse
- Increases stress and anxiety by damaging social cohesion
 - Decreases productivity and employment, and, therefore, tax revenue
- Pushes 100 million people into poverty each year and prevents at
least half of the world’s population from getting the healthcare they
need
- Costs billions of U.S. dollars per year and raises the cost of healthcare
for everyone

Sudan | Healthcare
- Sudan is a poor country, with a Human Development index of 0.41, ranking
171st of 187 countries
1. Approximately 14 percent of Sudanese have zero access to health care
- Due to a critical shortage of healthcare workers
- 23 qualified health care workers per 10,000 members of the
population
- Just one physician per 65,574 individuals and one midwife per 39,088
population individuals
- One-tenth of the number of medical doctors and nurses in
comparison to countries such as Kenya
2. Approximately 32 percent of Sudan’s population is drinking contaminated
water from untreated water sources
- Result of chemical and bacterial contamination from industrial,
domestic and commercial waste that degrades the water quality
- UNICEF is working with the Sudanese government to increase access
to basic treated water supplies for the people of Sudan, with a focus
on women and children
3. Many Sudanese women lack adequate health care and resources
- No access to contraception
- Most women did not know what a condom was and was unfamiliar
with other common contraceptive practices (Human Rights Watch)
- High percentages of women testing positive for hepatitis B
4. The Sudanese government is working to rebuild and reform the healthcare
system
 - A 25-year plan (Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO and Sudan)
spanning from 2003 to 2027 to ensure healthcare services are
accessible and of high quality, particularly for impoverished and
vulnerable populations

Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO

- Responds to that country's national health and development agenda by
identifying a set of agreed-upon joint goals for WHO engagement,
focusing on areas where the Organization has a comparative advantage to
ensure public health impact.
- Aims to improve aid effectiveness at country level through alignment and
harmonization of the health and development agenda
- Supports the national health and development plans and strategies
- Sets out clearly defined impact tawe’re rgets for each of the agreed
priorities
- Closely aligned with the GPW13 and United Nations Sustainable
Development Cooperation Framework
- Guides WHO and governments to deliver on health priorities, measure
impact and track health-related SDGs.

Proposed Resolution
Urges member states to collectively work with the WHO in constantly
improving and executing the Country Cooperation Strategy - a strategic
framework which responds to a country's national health and development
agenda by identifying a set of agreed-upon joint goals for WHO engagement,
focusing on areas where the Organization has a comparative advantage to
ensure public health impact.

Resources
- What is Health Inequity
- 10 Facts About Healthcare in Sudan
- Root Causes of Health Inequity

NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (NTDs)

- A diverse group of 20 conditions that are mainly prevalent in tropical areas
- Mostly affect impoverished communities and disproportionately affect
women and children
- These diseases cause devastating health, social and economic
consequences to more than one billion people
- Thrive in areas where access to clean water and sanitation is scarce –
worsened by climate change
- Affect regions without quality healthcare, leaving poor populations
vulnerable to these often debilitating diseases and newly emerging threats
- They cause debilitating illness, reduced life expectancy, and many lead to
severe disfigurement and disability
- USAID NTD Fact Sheet

Proposed Resolution:
Recommends member nations to collaboratively work with Water and
Climate Coalition leaders who have recently issued an urgent call to action in
the pursuit to address growing global threats to water availability and from
water-related hazards in the effort of preventing NTDs from thriving (LINK TO
COA)

Statistics
- Neglected tropical diseases - Statistics & Facts
- Most affected countries
- Number of cases of specific diseases
- Medicine and treatment
- Combined – kill more than 200,000 people every year
-

Existing Programs
- Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road
map for neglected tropical diseases 2021−2030
- Provides global targets to prevent, control, and eliminate NTDs, while
incorporating cross-cutting strategies that align these efforts with
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals
- Three Pillars
1. Accelerating programmatic action
2. Intensifying cross-cutting approaches
3. Changing operating models and culture to facilitate country
ownership
- USAID (USAID NTD Factsheet)
- For 15 years, has supported more than 30 countries to combat five of
the most common NTDs
- The World Health Organization’s Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic
Filariasis (GPELF) was launched in 2000. GPELF aims to stop transmission
and alleviate the suffering of those already affected by the disease
- The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA), a regional
initiative launched in 1992, has supported onchocerciasis elimination
through a partnership with the six endemic countries in the region, Pan
American Health Organization (PAHO), CDC and other partners
- Onchocerciasis, also known as “river blindness”, is a major cause of
blindness and skin disease in Africa and the Americas

South Sudan | Neglected Tropical Diseases

- 6.75M people remained untreated in 2019 (1.72M treated)
- 18/100 NTD Mass treatment coverage
- Treatment coverage for specific diseases
-
SPEECHES (WHO)
Agenda Setting Speech
Everyday 16,000 children die before their fifth birthday. All because people,
systems, and nations fail to provide the proper healthcare. Honorable chair, members
of the dais, fellow delegates, why are we still here?

We are still here because we are healthy. However, at least half of the world’s
population aren’t getting the right, not privilege, right to healthcare that they need.
As member nations, it is our duty to aid in containing and treating infectious
diseases, decreasing the cost of universal healthcare, and enabling healthcare
accessibility to the world’s mass population. The unequal allocation of power and
resources—including goods, services, and societal attention have caused way too
many people to suffer because of it. Which is why this delegate motions to set the
agenda to 1-2.

Thank you and this delegate yields his time back to the chair.

Opening Speech
1. Health Inequity
A Black woman is more likely to lose a baby than a white woman. There
are no biological differences between these two races, and it is true regardless
of socioeconomic background. Honorable chair, members of the dais, fellow
delegates, this is our sad reality.

Inequities in Global Healthcare is defined as avoidable health disparities

between different groups of people. However, if this is in fact avoidable, why is
this problem still present? Fellow delegates, racism, sexism, and classism have
prevented enough people from suffering through health inequity. As we are
complex human beings, there is no one size fits all solution. We cannot merely
disseminate our efforts equally, for different races, genders, and classes differ
substantially in terms of their needs. We, human beings, are governed by rules
and systems. However, if the recent past is any indication, these same rules
 and systems are the cause of 16,000 children dying everyday before their fifth
birthday.

Thank you and this delegate yields his time back to the chair.

Proposed Resolution
Urges member states to collectively work with the WHO in constantly
improving and executing the Country Cooperation Strategy - a strategic
framework which responds to a country's national health and development
agenda by identifying a set of agreed-upon joint goals for WHO engagement,
focusing on areas where the Organization has a comparative advantage to
ensure public health impact.

- Equality is not the same with equity

- Equity is a far more important issue to tackle
-

2. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

Billions of lives affected, billions of dollars spent, and so much of
children's potential wasted all because we have still yet to overcome
Neglected Tropical Diseases. Honorable chair, members of the dais, fellow
delegates, good evening.

NTDs kill approximately 200,000 people per year, with intestinal worm
infections being the most common, affecting over a billion individuals around
the world. Individuals and communities are trapped in poverty, growth and
development are harmed, and progress toward global health and
development goals is hampered if NTDs are not addressed. Us, fellow
delegates, we are still here. We are fortunate enough to not have been one the
billions of people who were affected by these diseases. Which is why, it is our
duty, not only to us member states, but as human beings to urgently address
this issue.

Thank you and this delegate yields his time back to the chair.