THEORETICAL

FOUNDATIONS
OF
NURSING
 '
-

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185911992 -
Florence
Nightingale
1950 -
The Columbia school . DDEEFFHINVHTTHOOINH ⑧IF TTÉRRMMSS .

11-1-1115-1T ⑧RRYY 1960 -

The Yale school
1970 -
Nursing theories
first presented
Theory
were of related
, ago group concepts that
-

Nursing theories were revised propose actions that guide

based on the research and findings practice .

that expanded them

Nursing
1990
_

Research studies that tested and Theory

conceptualization
expanded nursing theory were -

describing phenomena predicting consequences

-

numerous
-

Rpraattiioonnaaliissmm explaining relationships prescribing nursing

-

theory
-

then research . between phenomena care

[ Reynolds , 1971 )
Meta paradigm
theory comes first
-

deductive / priori model paradigm

reasoning linkages of
-

-
-
or

science global perspective

•

E[ mmppiirriicciissmm
_

research then theory Philosophy

'

of a
discipline
_

theory
-

philosophy of science
identifies the
knowledge derived from primary phenomena of interest
-

is
to that discipline and explains how the disc .

sensory experience ipline deals with those phenomena in a unique

manner

Person human being

Éaarrllyy 2200ᵗʰ Cfeennttuurryy
-

focused the
.

Views -

philosophers on -

Health -

process of
and dying
living
analysis of theory structure
.

.
.
Environment significant others
_

physical surroundings
-

scientist focused on empirical .

Nursing actions taken by

-

the nurse
research
general ideas
.

broad and
.

Positivism dominant -
view of about nursing
Nursing Philosophy
.

modern science
empirical research and logical general meaning of nursing
-

analysis approaches that would

-
-

nursing phenomena through reasoning and

produce scientific knowledge .
the
logical presentation of ideas .

Conceptual Framework / Model

off
Etmmeerrggeehhttvviieewwss -

Foucault 4973) -

paradigms or

abstract and general concepts

frameworks

aannddtthheeoorryy
-

↳ published his
§ evince
" analysis -

prepositions frame of reference for the members

eeennttuurryy
-

iinntthhee Kaffee 2200 of the

epistemology knowledge)
set of concepts and
of discipline .

of humans 17th 19th

century
-7 statements that the
-

.
-

into
integrate concepts
meaningful configuration .

The Phenomenology of the Social

World Schutz 4967 ) science
,
-
concerned with casualty l cause } effect )
understanding reality characterized by :
-

is
phenomenological approach •

observation
focuses on the
verifiability
-

lived
meaning -

experience
of experiences .
 perception of
Knowledge phenomenon
-

awareness or

reality acquired through insight, learning ,

or
investigation
what
collectively to be empevical data
-

is seen -

a
reasonably
of the world
accurate
understanding
as seen by members
-

experiences that can be

of the
discipline Physically observed tangible
.

or

Concepts
-

describes a phenomenon or Assumption

group of phenomenon
a

truth
.

( Mele is ,
2007 )
-

observed or experienced represented the values } beliefs

-

Empirical
-

of the
through the sense theory or
conceptual framework .

basis for
Abstract defining
concepts and
-

not observable

framing propositions (Mele is 70077

, .

Middle
Range Theories Grand Theories
1960
-

relatively abstract concepts that are not

operationally defined and attempt to
-

fill
growing to gaps between explain describe very comprehensive
-

or

theories and aspects of human experience

grand nursing
nursing practice concepts with broad perspectives
-

limited numbers of concept global viewpoints

-

and are limited in scope ↳ -

practice
pain , symptom management education
-

cultural issues and health .

research
,
brand theory promotion limited →
generality } abstract ness
-
-

-
broader and provides
an overall framework for
-

generally difficult to
apply
to the
of nurses
structuring ideas
Evidence -
Based nursing practice daily practice and are

Middle difficult to test

Range -

end result of theory generating -

early grand nursing theories

-
addresses more
narrowly and
theory
-

testing research ↳ nurse client relationship

defined phenomena and
.
-

Education ↳ the role of the nurse

can be used to
suggest
-

an intervention .
-

Practice
.

Research
III. TFPRIOODDW.tl#H.00tNVTT!0QNHVU.PPi$HNH.6G T.FI#!.EEQRR..YY
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÷
Aug 17
,
2022

Nursing
the protection of health and
Patient
-

, promotion and optimization

abilities prevention of illness and injury alleviation of
,

through the diagnosis and treatment of human an individual who is in the

suffering
-

response and
advocacy the care of individuals State of and mental
physically
, in ,

families ,
communities , and population .

human advocate explain thoroughly

and emotional imbalance .

cares for the sick the injured

, .

essential member of the healthcare team .

Nursing as a science

Nursing as an art involves critical thinking ,

observation ,
and
research .

principles summarized as procedures

of
the creative knowledge
.

.
Use borrowed its science from other discipline
in service to others ,
medicine .

a
body of knowledge
-

composed of skills that require ↳ scientific research

expertise 3
analysis

Nursing as a
profession
occupation profession
after that
-

money -

type of occupation high level

-

doing your job meets a certain criteria -

ethical
requires minimal
.

skill characteristics
-

requires skills by
-

more
-

skills
knowledge .

Criteria of Professionalism
1.
High intellectual level of functioning .

2.
High level of individual responsibility and accountability .

3. code of ethics

4. specialized body of knowledge

5. experience based practice
6. well organized and representation strong
7 .
Public service and altruistic activities
g. competencies and professional license
9. Autonomy and independence practice of

to .
Professional Identity and Development
 Code of Ethics
Accountability -

legal ethical , and

determination
Autonomy
,
professional implications
-
-

justice being fair

responsibility for your
-
-

Consent decision for themselves

actions
-
-

for the Fidelity faithful

responsibility
-
-
-

consequence .
-

Beneficence goal -
of healthcare
-

responsibility for actions

-

Nonmalificence -
no harm
taken to provide client care

RESEARCH
Autonomy and Independence Dependent Function -

carry
order
out doctor 's -

new
knowledge
Of
Prestige PHILOSOPHY of KIENLE
.

Independent -
Nurse initiates action according
to knowledge and skills
foundations ( ontology)
own .

collaborative -
Activities performed either jointly
Methods (
or
access of joint decision .

epistemology)
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING
Scientia knowledge The scientific
approach
to
understanding
-

- or

reality is characterized by
-

concerned with casualty -

observation
[ cause and effect )
.
-

verifiability
experience
and experimentation
-

Hypothesis testing
-

are considered scientific methods .

what
ONTOLOGY what
reality study of what does exist
* is being
-

is -

* what is existence
now
you view the and what does not
why things exist
-

.
* do .

World rather than not exist

at all .

* what is the and

meaning
nature
reality .

theoretical deals with questions

EPISTEMOLOGY deals with origin concerning
-
-

or
the nature
knowledge .
,
scoping , and sources
of
knowledge
Questions
*what is knowledge
*
How does knowledge aqbired
we know what we know
* How do

of
concept
1. Beliefs
Epistemology truth knowledge belief

2. Truths

3. Justification
 main source of
knowledge concept
-

RATIONALISM
theory then research 1. Intuition and understand
-

recognize
-

priori what true

reasoning
-

is .

Deduction
2.
arriving true knowledge
-

based on logical valid

EMPIRICISM
-

research then theory premises .

Innate
knowledge knowledge
3.
-

posteriori reasoning
-

since birth .

RATIONALISM EMPIRICISM
-
reason or
logic -

experience and experimentation

-

genuine knowledge is certain -

experimental science is the

paradigm of knowledge .

experience does not produce

-

experience produces certainty

certainty
•

does not conform to reason Knowledge through the

-

comes
-

Experience is at best a
use of the five senses
second class knowledge .

EARLY 20th CENTURY

VIEWS
-

POSITIVISM
-

AUGUSTE COMTE
-

dominant view of modern science

Emergent theories formed by systematically considering mini theories

'

-
.

Foucault 4973) humans where objects of study

emerging
-
-

as .

Schutz 09677

Theory
of related
group concepts that
propose actions that guide
practice .

-
Nursing Theory
conceptualization
-

describing phenomena -

predicting consequences
-

explaining relationships prescribing nursing -

between phenomena care

CONCEPTS DEFINITION
-

general meaning of the •

theoretical
building blocks of theories Abstract observable
- -
not

concrete Empirical observable concepts in a manner that .

Operational
symbolic representation of the fits the
-

theory
-

actual
thing .

ASSUMPTIONS PHENOMENON CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

-

truth
-

set of empirical data -

provides frame or
reference
or
experiences -

Person
Health
-

LEVELS OF NURSING THEORY '

Environment
BASED ON SCAPE Nursing
-

IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORY

Provides the foundation of Practice
-

Nursing
-

Helps Nurses decide what we know and

what we need to know
-

Helps to distinguish the basis of Nursing

Establishes unique body of knowledge
-

Criteria to be a profession
-

Provides Effective of
Quality Nursing
-

META THEORY TYPES OF NURSING

BASED ON FUNCTION
subject matters are some other
-

theories i.
Descriptive theories
high level of theory in
complexity theories
-

2
Explanatory
practical
.

very difficult for

-

application Predictive
3.
theory
Meta
theory of transcendence
-

in
4. Prescriptive theory
2002
by Wilkins integration .

GRAND THEORY
consists of conceptual frameworks
-

defining broad perspectives for

nursing practices
-

lacks operational
concepts .