Lop 11 Unit1: Friendship Grammar 1, To-infinitive: ng t nguyn mu c to To V a) Sau 1 tnh t Eg, Its great to work with u b) Sau 1 danh

t, i t bt jnh(dng rt gn ca mnh wan h) Eg, I must take a book to read (= a book that I can read) c) j vi be able, be about, be allowed, be going, have, ought vused Eg, U arent allowed to smoke here d) Sau for v of + tc t Eg, Weve arranged for u to visit our head office e) Sau t nghj vn (question words) nh: what, who, how, where, i) Sau 1 s ng t c cu trc sau: Verb + to-infinitive Afford: c kh nng(thi gian, tin bc,...) lm j Agree: ng Aim: c nh Appear: dng nh, c v Arrange: sp xp Attemp: c gng, n lc Begin: bt u Continue: tip tc Decide: quyt jnh Demand: yu cu, i hi Determine: quyt tm Expect: mong i Fail: ko lm ju j, wn, nh, tht bi Eg, He agreed to attend my party Verb + obj + to-infinitive Eg, We dont know where to leave our coats f) Ch mc ch v kt qu Eg, I work hard to earn extra money g) Lm ch t Eg, To learn a foreign language takes ages # (Tuy nhjn, ngi ta t dng to-inf lm ch t m thng dng ch t hnh thc It j vi toinf hoc ch t l V-ing) # Eg, It takes ages to learn a foreign language Hoc: Learning a foreign language takes ages h) Lm b ng sau to be Eg, my ambition is to go to the moon

Forget: wn Happen: tnh c Help: gip Hesitate: do d Hope: hi vng Intend: d jnh Learn: hc Manage: xoay x Mean: c jnh Need: cn Offer: nghj Plan: hoch jnh, c k hoch Prepare: chun bj Would prefer: thch hn

Pretend: gi v Promise: ha Prove: chng minh Refuse: t chi Seem: dng nh Be supposed: c nhjm v lm j, pi lm j Tend: c khuynh hng Threaten: e da, hm da, c nguy c Try: c gng Volunteer: tnh nguyn Want: mun Wish: c mun, c mong Would like: thch, mun

Allow: cho php Force: bt buc Train: hun luyn, dy Advise: khuyn Instruct: ch dn Urge: ni n, c thuyt phc Ask: yu cu Invite: mi Warn: cnh bo Command: yu cu, i hi Oblige: bt buc Tell: bo, yu cu Compel: p buc Order: ra lnh Want: mun Enable: lm cho c th Permit: cho php Would like: thch, mun Encourage: khuyn khch Persuade: thuyt phc Entitle: cho php Remind: nhc nh Forbid: cm Request: yu cu, ngh Eg, I want u to come earlier next time 2) Infinitive without to: ng t nguyn mu ko c to a) Sau cc ng t hnh thi nh: can, could, may, might, must, neednt, shall, should, will v would Eg, I must speak to the manager b) Sau had better (nn) v would rather (thch hn) Eg, Its cold. Ud better wear a coat

 Make: s ai phi lm c) Sau 1bt ng t: j See: thy Watch: xem, nhn Let: , cho php Verb + obj + bare infinitive Hear: nghe Feel: cm thy Have: nh ai lm j Eg, The headmaster let the pupils go home early Ch : Khi mu cu ny vi ng t nguyn mu ko to dng bi ng, ta phi s dng ng t nguyn mu c to Eg, The men were seen to leave the building at half past six d) Sau except v but (ngoi tr) Eg, As for the housework, I do everything except cook e) Sau why hoc why not Eg, Why not stay for a while? (= Why dont u stay for a while?) Unit 2: Personal experiences 1, Present simple Cu to: S + V(s/es) Cch dng: Th hin ti n: +) Din t 1 hnh nng xy ra mang tnh cht thng xuyn, thng j vi cc trng t ch s thng xuyn nh: always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, every,Eg, We go to church every Sunday +) Din t 1 s tht hin nhjn, 1 chn lEg, 2 and 2 makes 4 +) Din t 1 s vjc c tht, tn ti trong 1 khong thi gian tng i di hjn ti Eg, There are over 7 million people in Ho Chi Mjnh city +) Ni v 1 s vjc, hnh ng tng lai c a vo lch trnh, k hoch hoc chng trnh Eg, The last train leaves at 5 pm +) Ch hnh ng tng lai trong mnh iu kin, hoc mnh ph trng ng ch thi gian ( Mnh iu kin l mnh m u bng ljn t if hoc unless, mnh ph trng ng ch thi gian l mnh m u bng 1 ljn t ch thi gian nh: after, before, when, by the time, as, as soon as, until,) Eg1, If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home Eg2, When I arrive there next week, I will phone u +) Trong on vn k chuyn, ta c th dng cc th hjn ti k li cc s vjc, hnh ng trong w kh lm cho cu chn thm sjnh ng Eg, This story is about a girl called Little Red Riding Hood who lives with her mother 2, Past simple Cu to: S + V(ed)/ Verb 2 Cch dng: Th w kh n din t: +) 1 hnh ng xy ra v chm dt 1 thi im xc jnh trong w kh, thng j vi: yesterday, last___, ago,Eg, Elvis Presley died in 1977 +) 1 chui hnh ng xy ra ljn tc trong w kh Eg, There was once a man who lived in a small house in the country. One day, he left his house and went into town. From then on, he never came back to his house +) c dng vi ngha hjn ti trong mnh iu kin loi 2, cu trc wish, Its (about/high) time( n lc), would rather sb did st(mun ai lm j) Eg1, Its about time everybody was here now Eg2, I can cook but I would rather she cooked the meal now (=but I want her to cook the meal now) 3, Past progressive Cu to: S + was/were + present participle Cch dng: Th w kh tip din din t: +) 1 hnh ng ang tip din 1 thi im nht jnh trong w kh Eg, What were u doing at 9 oclock last njght? +) 1 hnh ng ang tip din trong w kh th bj 1 hnh ng w kh khc thnh lnh xy n. Hnh ng thnh lnh xy ra c dng th w kh n. Dng cu ny thng c 2 mnh , mnh chnh v mnh ph trng ng ch thi gian. Eg, While we were having dinner, the light went out +) 2 hay nhju hnh ng cng djn ra trong w kh Eg) While I was doing my homework, my father was reading a newspaper, and my mother was watching a

film 4) Past perfect Cu to: S + had + past participle Cch dng: Th w kh hon thnh din t: +) 1 hnh ng hon tt trc 1 thi jm hoc 1 hnh ng khc trong w kh Eg, When I got to the station this morning, the train had already left +) Khj tng thut li cc s kjn, hnh ng w kh Eg, I told her that I had finished my homework +) Trong mnh If cu ju kjn loi 3, ju cc ko tht trong w kh Eg1, If I had known u were in hospital, I would have visited u Eg2, I wish I had had time to finish my exam yesterday Unit 3: A party 1, Gerund (Danh ng t) Danh ng t l hnh thc ng t c thm vo hu t -ing, mang chc nng nh 1 danh t, c dng trong cc trng hp sau: a) Ch t Eg, Jogging is good for u b) B ng cho ng t to be Eg, Jeremys hobby is inventing computer games c) Tc t ca gii t: Danh ng t thng ng sau ng t + gii t, tnh t + gii t, hoc danh t + gii t Eg, Jake is thinking of selling his motorbike d) Tc t trc tjp cho 1 s ng t nh: Acknowledge: chp Fancy: mun, thch Miss: l, nh nhn, tha nhn Feel: cm thy Postpone: hon li Admit: tha nhn Feel like: cm thy thch Practise: thc hnh Avoid: trnh Finish: hon thnh Prefer: thch (hn) Cant help: ko th ko Forgive: tha th Prevent: ngn chn Cant stand: ko th chu Give up: t b Resent: bc bi, ko bng ng Hate: ght lng Consider: ngh v aj/ ci Imagine: tng tng Resist: khng c, chng j nht l j n 1 wt jnh Involve: ljn wan n li Delay: hon li Keep: tip tc Risk: liu lnh, mo Deny: ph nhn, chi Like: thch hjm Detest: ght Love: yu, thch Suggest: nghj Dislike: ko thch Mean: c ngha l Support: ng h Dread: s Mention: cp n, Tolerate: chu ng Enjoy: thch nhc n Understand: hiu Escape: thot, trnh Mind: cm thy phin Eg1, I enjoy reading novel Eg2, I hate people laughing at me e) Ta c th s dng danh ng t sau the, this, that, tnh t s hu Eg, I dislike his looking at me +) The + danh ng t mang tnh c th, ring bjt c ko pi ni chung chung *So snh* - The driving makes her tired ( Vic li xe c ta thc hjn trong cng vjc ca mnh) - Driving makes her tired ( Ton b vjc li xe, mang ngha chung chung) 2, To-inf or gerund? Trong ting anh, c 1 s ng t c theo sau bi to-inf hoc gerund v chng mang ngha khc nhau a) Remember ( nh )/ Forget ( wn ) Remember to do st: We use remember to do st for necessary actions. The remembering is before the action ( Nh trc khj lm iu j ) Remember doing st: We use remember doing st for memories of the past. The action is before the remembering ( Nh li sau khj lm iu j ) Eg, I must remember to post the letter today. Its important I can remember posting the letter. I posted it on Friday morning b) Regret ( hi hn, ly lm tic )

Regret to do st means to be sorry for st u are doing ( Ly lm tic, ni trc khj cho aj bjt 1 tjn xu, hoc ko vuj ) Regret doing st means to be sorry beacause of st that happened in the past ( Ly lm hi hn v vjc j m mnh lm trong w kh ) Eg, We regret to inform u that we are not employing any staff at present I regret spending all that money, Ive got none left c) Stop( ngng, dng ) Stop to do st means to stop so that u can do it ( Ngng lm j vjc j lm vjc khc ) Stop doing st means to end an action, to finish doing it ( Ngng lm vjc j ) Eg, An old man walking along the road stopped to talk to us Theres too much noise. Can u all stop talking, plz? d) Try ( c gng, th ) Try to do st means to attempt st, to do ur best ( C gng lm j ) Try doing st means to do st which might solve a problem ( Th lm j ) Eg, If u dont try to work hard, u wont pass the exam I tried sending her some flowers but it was useless e) Need (cn ) Need to do st has an active meaning ( Mang ngh ch ng ) Need doing st has a passive meaning ( Mang ngha bj ng ) Eg, Ur clothers need ironing but u dont need to iron them now (Wn o ca bn cn c i nhng bn ko cn pi i chng ngay by h ) f) Go on ( tip tc ) Go on to do st means to do st else, to do the next thing ( Tip tc lm iu j khc ) Go on doing st means to continue doing it ( Tip tc iu lm ) Eg, The teacher introduced himself and went on to explain the lesson The teacher told everyone to be quiet, but they just went on talking g) Mean ( c jnh, c ngha l ) Mean to do st is the same as to intend to do it ( C jnh lm j) Mean doing st expresses the idea of one thing resulting in another ( C ngha l ) Eg, I thjnk Nick meant to break that glass. It didnt look like an accident Im applying for a visa. It means filling in this form 3, The passive to-inf and gerund (ng t nguyn mu v danh ng t dng bj ng ) Cu to To-inf: To be + past participle Gerund: Being + past participle +) ng t nguyn mu c to bj ng v danh ng t bj ng c th xut hjn trong cng 1 mu cu nh cu ch ng Eg, - I expected to be invited to the wedding ( Ti mong c mi d m ci ) - Its awful to be criticized in public ( Tht l kinh khng khj bj ch trch trc m ng ) - Being searched by customs officers is not pleasant ( Bj nhn vjn hi wan khm xt l iu ko th v cht no ) +) Hnh thc w kh ca to be + past participle l to have been + past participle ( perfect to-inf) Eg, Id like this rubbish to have been cleared away when I get back ( Ti mun ng rc ny c dn xong trc khj ti tr v ) +) Hnh thc w kh ca being + past participle l having been + past participle ( perfect gerund) Eg, Im annoyed at having been made fun of ( Ti bc mnh v vjc mnh bj tru chc ) Unit4: Volunteer work 1, Gerund: Danh ng t (xem li unit 3) 2, Present participle (Hjn ti pn t hoc pn t ch ng) Hjn ti pn t c hnh thc ng t v tjp v ng -ing ( verb-ing ) ging nh hnh thc ca gerund (danh ng t). N c th xut hjn cc vj tr sau y: a) Thnh lp cc th tip din Eg, U have been dreaming b) Participle clauses ( mnh pn t ) +) Mnh pn t c th ch l pn t

Eg, Everyone just stood there talking +) C th l tn ng hoc cm ph t Eg, We saw a policeman running after the thief

+) Phn t c i khj c ch ng Eg, The lights having gone out, we couldnt see anything\

# Nhng nu ko c ch ng, n c hju ngm ging nh trong mnh chnh # Eg, The men sat round the table playing cards (= The men were playing cards) As we were walking across the field, we saw a plane fly past Walking across the field, we saw a plane fly past +) Nu 2 ch ng ca 2 mnh khc nhau, ta ko th dng mnh pn t, v cu s ko r ngha v d gy ra s hju lm Ta ko dng: Walking across the field, a plane flew past c) Participle + noun as adj ( Trc danh t mang chc nng ca tnh t ) +) Ta c th dng hjn ti pn t trc danh t Eg, Boiling water turns to steam (=When water boils, it turns to steam) +) C 1 s tnh t c ngun gc t present participle: exciting, interesting, embrrassing, worrying, terrifying, amusing, tiring, boring, frightening, +) C th t trng t trc pn t Eg, Its a very interesting film d) Verb + participle +) Ta c th dng hjn ti pn t sau cc ng t nh: stand, sit, lie, go, run, v be busy Eg, Karen sat at the table reading a newpaper +) Ta c th dng go (come) + hjn ti pn t nh: go shopping, go swimming, come cycling, go jogging, go riding, ni v nhng hot ng xa nh, c bjt l cc hot ng gii tr Eg, She goes jogging every morning # Lu : Chng ta cng c th dng do the + danh ng t (gerund) cho 1 s loi cng vjc, nht l cng vjc nh # Eg, I usually do the washing at the weekend e) Verb + obj + participle +) Ta c th dng tn ng + hjn ti pn t sau cc ng t ch s nhn thc, gic wan nh: see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, feel, smell, Eg, I saw 2 men cutting down a tree +) Tuy nhjn ta cng c th dng bare inf sau ng t ch s nhn thc + tn ng Eg, I saw 2 men cut down a tree +) Bare inf mang ngha hnh ng hon thnh, hjn ti pn t mang ngha hnh ng trong 1 giai on, chng ta c th thy hoc ko thy ton b hnh ng. i khj ko c s khc bjt gia 2 cu trc f) Participle clauses of time, reason +) Phn t ch thi gian - So snh cc cu sau: After he had left the building, the man took a taxi (Cu c 1 mnh chnh v 1 mnh ph trng ng ch thi gian. Cu ny thng c s dng nhju nht) After leaving the building, the man took a taxi ( Hi hnh thc) After having left the building, the man took a taxi (t c s dng hn v t after r ngha ri, ko cn dng having na ) Having left the building, the man took a taxi ( Mang tnh vn chng ) Leaving the building, the man took a taxi ( Cng mang tnh vn chng, v 2 hnh ng rt gn nhau v thi gjan) +) Pn t ch l do: Mnh pn t c th din t l do Eg, Crowds were waiting at the airport, hoping to see Madonna arrive (=because they hoped to see Madonna arrive) Not feeling very well, James decide to lie down. (Because he didnt feel very well,) 3, Perfect gerund and perfect participle

Hnh thc w kh ca danh ng t (perfect gerund) v ca hin ti pn t (perfect participle) l: Having + participle Eg, -He was accused of having deserted his ship (perfect gerund) -Having tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the windown (perfect participle) Unit 5:Illiteracy Reported speech with infinives (li ni gin tip vi ng t nguyn mu) Li ni gin tip l cu tng thut li ni trc tip bao gm 1 s thay i v ngi th, th ca ng t, tnh t v trng t ch ni chn v thi gian. C 3 loi cu cn ch khi i sang li ni gin tip: statements (cu trn thut), commands (cu mnh lnh), v questions (cu hi). Trong phm vj bi ny ch cp n dng cu mnh lnh hoc cc dng cu c hnh thc ging nh mnh lnh. i vi dng cu ny, ta lu cc thay i v ngi th v cc trng, tnh t ch thi gian v ni chn. ng t trong li tng thut dng to-infinitive i vi th xc jnh v not + to-infinitive i vi th ph nh. 1) Thay i v ngi th: Thay i i t nhn xng, tnh t s hu v i t s hu sao cho thch hp. Thng thng ngi th nht i cng ngi vi ch t ca ng t trong mnh chnh, ngi th 2 cng ngi vi tc t, ngi th 3 ko thay i Eg, He said I like your handbag, Mary He told Mary that he liked her handbag +) I: ngi th 1 cng ngi vi ch t l he +) Your: ngi th 2 cng ngi vi tc t Mary, i thnh her 2) Thay i cc tnh, trng t ch ni chn v thi gian, cc tnh t hoc i t ch nh +) Cc t ch ni chn v thi gian c thay i nh sau: - This that - Yesterday the day before/ the previous day - These those - Last year the year before/ the previous year - Here there - Tomorrow the following day/ the next day - Now then - Next month the following month/ the next - Ago before month - Today that day - This week that week Eg, He said I have lived here for 2 years He said that he had lived there for 2 years #Ch # Ko dng du ngoc kp, du chm py, du chm than, du hai chm v du py trong li tng thut +) ng t c chuyn sang dng verb + (obj) + to infinitive - S + v + (not) + to-inf Cc ng t thng c dng dng cu ny l: Promise: ha Offer: ngh, t ng Want: mun Agree: ng Eg, Ill buy you a new bicycle, my father said My father promised to buy me a new bicycle All right, Ill waiting for you she said to her boyfriend She agreed to wait for him - S + v + obj + (not) + to-inf Cc ng t thng c dng dng cu ny l: Tell: bo khch, ng vjn Advise: khuyn Want: mun Ask: yu cu Remind: nhc nh Encourage: khuyn Warn: cnh bo Eg, Would you like to have drink with me? he said He invited me to have a drink with him Remember to do your homework carefully the teacher told his students Invite: mi Urge: thuyt phc, ni n Beg: cu xjn

 The teacher reminded his students to do their homework carefully +) th ph nh, ta dng not trc to-inf Eg, Dont wear shose in the house! she said She asked us not to wear shoes in the house Unit 6: Competitions Reported speech with gerund (Li ni gin tip vi danh ng t) phn ng php bi 5, ta lm quen vi dng cu tng thut j vi to-inf. Trong phn bi 6 ta s lm quen vi dng cu tng thut i vi gerund (verb-ing)Ta cng thc hjn cc thay i c bn nh ngi th, tnh t, trng t ch ni chn v thi gian nh pn tng thut i vi to-inf. Cc ng t thng c tng thut dng ny bao gm: 1) Thank sb for (doing) st: cm n aj v vjc j Eg, It was nice of you to invite me to the dinner. Thank you Miss An said to Bi Miss An thanked Bi for invitingher to the dinner 2) Congratulate sb on (doing) st: chc mng aj v ju j Eg, Im happy you have passed the final exams. Congratulations! Bill said to me Bill congratulated me on passing the final exams 3) Apologize to sb for (doing) st: xjn li aj v vjc j Eg, Im sorry Im late He said He appologized for (his) being late 4) Insist on (doing) st: khng khng i, c ni Eg, Bill: Let me pay for myself Tom: Certainly not! Ill pay Tom insisted on paying 5) Accuse sb of (doing) st: t co, kt ti aj v vjc j Eg, You took the money, he said He accused me of taking the money 6) Deny (doing) st: chi, ph nhn Eg, I didnt steal it He answered He denied stealing it 7) Admit (doing) st: tha nhn, th ti Eg, I stole it He answered He admitted stealing it 8) Dream of (doing) st: c m v Eg, I have always wanted to be a pilot Paul said to me Paul has always dreamed of being a pilot 9) Warn sb against (doing) st: cnh co aj v vjc j Eg, Dont stay at the hotel near the airport the manager said to the visitors The manager warned the visitors against staying at the hotel near the airport 10) Prevent sb from (doing) st: ngn chn ko cho aj lm j Eg, Stay here! I cant let you go out tonight her mother said to her Her mother prevented her from going out at night 11) Suggest (doing) st: ngh Eg, He said Lets stop now and finish it later He suggested stopping then and finishing it later 12) Stop sb from (doing) st: ngn ko cho ai lm j Eg, Stay here! You mustnt leave the shop! the policeman said The policeman stopped the man from leaving the shop 13) Look forward to (doing) st: mong i Eg, I am excited about meeting my new friends Mary said Mary looked forward to meeting her new friends 14) Think of (doing) st: ngh v Eg, The house is very nice! Ill certainly buy it John said John thought of buying the house Unit 7:World population I) Conditional sentences Cu iu kin c 2 mnh : Mnh iu kin v mnh chnh. Mnh iu kin c m u

bng If hoc Unless c th ng u hoc cui cu. C 3 loi cu iu kin. + Cu iu kin loi 1 din t iu kin c th xy ra trong hin ti hoc trong tng lai. + Cu iu kin loi 2 din t k ko c tht trong hin ti. + Cu iu kin loi 3 din t k ko c tht trong qu kh. Loi 1 - ng t trong mnh If thng th hin ti n. Nhng n cng c dng th hin ti hon thnh din t s hon tt ca hnh ng. - Cc ng t trong mnh chnh c th nhiu th, dng mng ngha khc nhau. + Simple future: din t 1 kt qu s xy ra, mt nh lm j Eg) If I am free next Sunday, Ill visit you + Can: din t kh nng, nng lc c th lm (ability) Eg) If you work harder, you can get success + May (Might): din t 1 kh nng c th xy ra (possibility), 1 s cho pp hoc xin pp (permission) Eg) If you dont feel well, you may go home now + Must: din t s bt buc hay cn thit c tnh ch wan (do cm ngh ca ngi ni) Eg) If you want to pass the final exam, you must study harder + Have to: din t s bt buc hay cn thit c tnh khch quan (do yu t bn ngoi) Eg) If you want to cross the river, you have to take the ferry + Should: din t li khuyn Eg) If you want to lose weight, you should go on a diet + Imperative (Th mnh lnh) Eg) If he comes, ask him to wait! Loi 2 & loi 3 - i vs ng t be trong mnh iu kin loi 2, ta chia were cho tt c cc ngi Eg) If I were the Prime Minister, I would spend more money on Education and Health - Ta c th dng ln ln loi 2 v loi 3 Eg) If you hadnt woken me up in the middle of the night, I wouldnt feel so tired now (Nu nh bn ng nh thc t dy lc na m, th gi t ko cm thy mt) Nhng s tht l bn nh thc lc na m (tnh hung qu kh -loi 3), nn by gi t cm thy mt (tnh hung hin ti-loi 2) - Ta c th dng Unless + ng t khng nh thay th cho if + ng t ph nh Eg) If the driver hadnt been careless, the accident wouldnt have happened => Unless the driver had been careless, the accident wouldnt have happened - Ta c th dng but for + phrase = if it were not for/ if it hadnt been for Eg) My father pays my fees. But for that, I wouldnt be here The ground was very soft. But for that, my horse would have won - Ta c th dng provided (that), providing (that) thay th cho if Eg) You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess - Ta c th dng Otherwise mang ngha If it doesnt happen/ didnt happen/ hadnt happen Eg) We must be back before midnight, otherwise well be locked out (= If we are not back by midnight, well be locked out) Her father pays her fees, otherwise she wouldnt be here ( = If her father didnt pay her fees, she wouldnt be here) - If + should c th c dng trong loi 1 ch hnh ng mc d c th ko chc lm. N thng kt hp vs 1 mnh th mnh lnh v ch yu dng trong cc pn hng dn bng ch Eg) If you should have any difficulty in getting spare parts, ring this number If these biscuits should arrive in a damaged condition please inform the factory at once - Ta c th b If v em ng t ln trc ch t Eg) If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something => Had I been hungry, I would have eaten something I would have stopped if I had seen the red traffic lights => I would have stopped had I seen the red traffic lights If you should have any difficulty in getting spare parts, ring this number => Should you have any difficulty in getting spare parts ring this number II) Conditional sentences in reported speech (Cu iu kin dng tng thut) - Khi tng tht cu iu kin loi 1, ta thay i th ca ng t bng cch lui v qu kh. Khng thay i

th i vi cu iu kin loi 2 v loi 3 Eg) Loi 1: He said: If I catch the plane, Ill be home by five => He said that if he caught the plane, he would be home by five Loi 2: If I had a permit, I could get a job, he said => He said that if he had a permit, he could get a job Loi 3: If she had loved Tom, she wouldnt have left him, he said => He said that if she had loved Tom, she wouldnt have left him - If clause + mnh , yu cu, ngh: dng tell, ask sb to do stchuyn mnh If v cui cu Eg) If you have time, wash the floor, he said Hoc: If you have time, would you wash the floor?, he said => He told (asked) me to wash the floor if I had time - If clause + li khuyn: Dng advise sb to do st, chuyn mnh if v cui cu Eg) If you fell ill, why dont you go to bed, she said Hoc: If you fell ill, youd better go to bed, she said => She advise me to go to bed if I felt ill - If clause + cu hi: Chuyn mnh if v cui cu Eg) If the baby is a girl, what will they call her? he wondered => He wondered what they would call the baby if it was a girl Unit8: Celebrations Pronouns: one(s), someone, anyone, no one, everyone (i t one(s), someone, anyone, no one, everyone) 1) One and Ones - Use/ meaning + The number 1 (mt) Eg) Just wait one moment + Dng vi of Eg) Would you like one of these cakes? + Thay cho danh t Eg) A whisky, plz, a large one + Thay cho a/an + N Eg) Ive baked these cakes. Would you like one? + Bt c ai, ngi ta Eg) One shouldnt criticize - i khi chng ta dng one/ ones thay th cho danh t Eg) I felt I could afford a bigger car, and the one Id got was on its last legs, really (the one = the car) And what other stamps do you like besides Polish ones? English ones. Weve got a lot of those. (Polish ones = Polish stamps, English ones = English stamps) - One l s t v ones l s nhiu. Chng ta dng one/ ones trnh nhc li 1 danh t - Chng ta ko dng one/ ones thay cho danh t ko m c, nhng chng ta c th b danh t Eg) This is plain paper. I wanted lined (= I wanted lined paper) - Cc trng hp c th b one/ ones + Sau i t ch nh Eg) These pictures are nice. I like this (one) + Sau each, any, another, either, v neither Eg) The building had six windows. Each (one) had been broken + Sau which Eg) There are lots of seats still available. Which (ones) would you like? + Sau tnh t dng so snh hn, nht Eg) These stamps are the nicest (ones) - Cc trng hp bt buc dng one/ ones + Sau tnh t Eg) Id like an orange juice, a large one, plz. I didnt buy a calculator. They only had expensive ones + Sau mo t the Eg) This television is better that the one we had before + Sau every Eg) The building had lots of windows. Every one had been broken

- Ko dng one/ ones sau a. Trong trng hp ny chng ta b a Eg) I dont know anything about weddings. I havent been to one lately (one = a wedding) 2) Someone (1 ai ), anyone (bt k ai), no one (ko ai c), everyone (Mi ngi) - Cc i t bt nh trn c dng vi ng t ngi th 3, s t. Someone v everyone c dng trong cu khng nh,anyone dng trong cu hi v ph nh, sau no one ta thng dng ng t th khng nh Eg) Someone wants to speak to you on the phone No one has ever given me a free ticket for anything Would anyone like a drink? - Cc i t bt nh trn c th c dng vi s hu cch Eg) Someones passport has been stolen I dont want to waste anyones time - Cc i t bt nh trn mang ngha s t v cng c dng vi ng t s t. V vy ta cng dng i t nhn xng, tnh t s hu cng s t. Tuy nhin, trong ting anh thng tc, ta dng i t, tnh th s hu s nhiu Eg) Has anyone left their luggage on the train? No one saw Tom go out, did they? - Chng ta c th dng tnh t, cm t, hoc mt mnh sau everyone Eg) We need someone strong to help move the piano (Ko dng strong someone) Have you got anything cheaper ? (Ko dng cheaper anything) Nobody in our groups is interested in sightseeing Ive told you everything I know - Chng ta cng c th dng else sau cc i t bt nh trn Eg) A: Im afraid I cant help you. Youll have to ask someone else B: There isnt anyone else to ask / Theres no one else to ask - Someone/ anyone/ no one + else c th c dng trong s hu cch Eg) I took someone elses coat - Every one vit tch ri ra c th din t vt ln ngi Eg) The comedian told several jokes. Everyone laughed loudly (Everyone = mi ngi. Trng m nhn trn every) The comedian told several jokes. Every one I had heard before. (Every one = every joke. Trng m nhn trn one) Unit 9: The post office 1. Defining Relative clause (Mnh gii hn) - L mnh cn phi c xc nh ngha ca danh t ng trc n, l b phn quan trng ca cu. Nu b i, mnh chnh s ko c ngha r rng Eg) A doctor is a person who has been trained in medical science (Trong cu ny, mnh quan h gii hn who has been trained in medical science th cn thit v ko th b. Ta cng c th gi n l mnh xc nh) - Trong defning relative clause, khi i t quan h lm tn ng (tc t), ta c th b Eg) The man whom/ who/ that I saw told me to come back today Cc i t quan h whom, who, that u l tn ng, nn ta c th b -> The man I saw told me to come back today - Cc i t quan h dng trong mnh quan h gii hn Danh t ng trc_____Ch ng_____Tn ng_____S hu Ngi_____who/that_____who/whom/that_____whose Vt_____which/that_____which/ that_____whose/ of which 2. Non-defining relative clauses (Mnh ko gii hn) Dng b ngha cho danh t ng trc, l phn gii thch thm. N ch b tc thm ngha cho danh t ng trc n v nu c b i th mnh chnh vn r ngha Eg) This woman, who lives next door, is a doctor. My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor. (Trong cc cu trn, nu ta b mnh who lives next door & who is fifty years old th cu vn r ngha, ko nh hng n ngha ca cu v This woman & My father r ngha ri) a) They have 2 children who are still at school (Defining) b) They have 2 children, who are still at school (Non-defining)

(Vic b du phy sau t children trong cu a ch rng h cn c 2 a con khc ngoi 2 a ang i hc Trong cu b th tri li, ch rng h ch c 2 a con, c 2 ang i hc) *Lu * + Trc (v sau) loi mnh ny c du phy + Ta ko dng that thay th cho who, whom, which v ko c b i t quan h trong loi mnh ny Eg) Peter, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent (ko th b whom) - Cc i t quan h dng trong mnh quan h ko gii hn Danh t ng trc_____Ch ng_____Tn ng_____S hu Ngi_____who_____who/whom_____whose Vt_____which_____which_____whose/ of which - Cc trng hp phi v ko c dng that a) Cc trng hp phi dng i t quan h that + Sau 1 tin hnh t (danh t ng trc) hn hp (mixed antecedent), tc l va ch ngi, va ch vt hoc vt Eg) We can see a lot of people and cattle that are going to the field (Tin hnh t trong cu ny l: a lot of people and cattle (nhiu ngi v gia sc) i t quan h l that, ko c dng who hoc which) + Sau so snh nht ca tnh t v s th t (the first, the second, the last, the only) Eg) Paris is the finest city that I have ever seen + Sau cc i t bt nh nh every (one, body, thing), any (one, body, thing), no (one, body, thing, ), all Eg) Answer all the questions that I asked + Sau It is/ It was Eg) It was he that killed the lion b) Cc trng hp ko dng i t quan h that + Trong non-defining relative clauses hay extra information clauses (mnh thng tin ph), loi mnh ny c m u (kt thc) bng du phy. Nh vy i t quan h that ko ng sau du phy Eg) My brother, Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor (Ko dng that trong mnh ny) + That v who ko theo sau gii t. Gii t c th ng trc whom, which Eg) Peter, who/ whom I played tennis with on Sundays, was fitter than me Or: Peter, with whom I played tennis on Sundays, was fitter than me But not: Peter, with who I played tennis with on Sundays, was fitter than me