USING MOLES

6.1 The mole

What is a mole?
As you saw on page 70, the masses of atoms are found by comparing
carbon-12 magnesium
them with the carbon-12 atom:

This is an atom of carbon-12. This is a magnesium atom. … 24 g of magnesium contains the

It is chosen as the standard atom. It is twice as heavy as a same number of atoms as 12 g of
Its Ar is taken as 12. Then other carbon-12 atom, so its Ar is 24. carbon-12. 24 g of magnesium is
atoms are compared with it. So it follows that … called a mole of magnesium atoms.

A mole of a substance is the amount that contains the same number

of units as the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
These units can be atoms, or molecules, or ions, as you will see.

The Avogadro constant

Thanks to the work of the Italian scientist Avogadro, we know that 12 g of
carbon-12 contains 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 carbon atoms!
This huge number is called the Avogadro constant.
It is written in a short way as 6.02 ! 1023. (The 1023 tells you to move the
decimal point 23 places to the right, to get the full number.)
So 1 mole of magnesium atoms contains 6.02 ! 1023 magnesium atoms.

More examples of moles

Sodium is made of Iodine is made of Water is made of

single sodium atoms. Na iodine molecules. water molecules.
Its symbol is Na. Its formula is I2. Its formula is H2O.
Its Ar is 23. Its Mr is 254. Its Mr is 18.

This is 23 grams of sodium. This is 254 grams of iodine. The beaker contains 18 grams
It contains 6.02 ! 1023 sodium It contains 6.02 ! 1023 iodine of water, or 6.02 ! 1023 water
atoms, or 1 mole of sodium molecules, or 1 mole of iodine molecules, or 1 mole of water
atoms. molecules. molecules.

So you can see that:

One mole of a substance is obtained by weighing out the Ar or Mr of
the substance, in grams.

76
What is mole

used to find mass number of particles in an atom

Mass Relative Atomic mass

number of particles Avogadro constant 6.02 1023

I male of anyatom will always have 6.02 10 atoms

Na 23 mass mole 23 1 one sodium atom

per

Na in number of particles Avogadro

constant

1 6.02 1023 6.02 1023 atoms

Is
mass I 127
Is 127 127
254
number of particles

number
of mole X Avogadro
constant

Is is still one mole

X 6.02 1023

6.02 1023 molecules

Na Iz

atoms
Qf
molecule

I bagof a particle has 4 atoms

I bag of Na has 4 Na atoms

I bag of Ia has 4 Is molecules

 H2O water molecules H is an atom

mass O is an atom
2
1 16 18 Combine atom
two or
more atom molecules

number Avogadro constant t in calculating mass

it is molecules

I 6.02 1023

6.02 1023 molecules

6 02 x 1023 set of H2O

Number
of mole Constant
mass

mass'FÉ number a ma numbed

particles
Éativeatmmass
Fuxi
 mole constant

I pack of pens 3pens inside number

20 grams
Lass

Gograms 60 grams total mass

20 grams
perpack Milton
3 packs moles

18 pens equivalent to how many packs

18
constant I
6 packs
male

Mass

6 pack x
20g 120g
 NOmales

D
Atomic relative
mass mole
D
mass per

0.5 moles x
8,0 40g

Br

D
y

0.5 160 80

32 32 64
2moles
365 2 moles
I I
 step
total

8 2
Water 2 18
MgO 140 40
36 180
102 5 67
2504 3.22 161
42504

Nitricand
NaOH
Ca Nos
NH4NO

Mg Or Ca Nos
x
x
MgO
Ca Nos
 step
muss'dtheelement number of mole number of
particles
Éativeatmmass
mdentor step

total mass is given

hve to find number ofparticles
you

step I Find out how

many
moles
of Nacl

total mass
Relate mdemlar
number
of males
mass
permole

58.5 male
23 35.5 58.5

Step2 Sodium ions number Constant xno.clnote

I mde x constant to getthe numbers
I x 6.02 1077 of ions molecules

6.02 x 1073 atoms

Sodium chloride molecules number

I 6.02 1023

6.02 1023

Inde d Nad

Example

is
 USING MOLES

6.2 Calculations from equations, using the mole

What an equation tells you
When carbon burns in oxygen, the reaction can be shown as:

! O O O O
1 atom of 1 molecule of 1 molecule of
carbon oxygen carbon dioxide

or in a short way, using the symbol equation:

C (s) " O2 ( g) CO2 ( g)
This equation tells you that:

1 carbon atom reacts with 1 molecule of oxygen to give 1 molecule of carbon dioxide

Now suppose there is 1 mole of carbon atoms. Then we can say that:

1 mole of 1 mole of 1 mole of

reacts with to give
carbon atoms oxygen molecules carbon dioxide molecules

So from the equation, we can tell how many moles react.

But moles can be changed to grams, using Ar and Mr.
The Ar values are: C # 12, O # 16.
So the Mr values are: O2 # 32, CO2 # (12 " 32) # 44, and we can write:

12 g of carbon reacts with 32 g of oxygen to give 44 g of carbon dioxide

Since substances always react in the same ratio, this also means that:

6 g of carbon reacts with 16 g of oxygen to give 22 g of carbon dioxide

and so on.
So we have gained a great deal of information from the equation.
In fact you can obtain the same information from any equation.
From the equation for a reaction you can tell:
 how many moles of each substance take part
 how many grams of each substance take part.

Reminder: the total mass does not change

Look what happens to the total mass, during the reaction above:
mass of carbon and oxygen at the start: 12 g " 32 g # 44 g
mass of carbon dioxide at the end: 44 g
The total mass has not changed, during the reaction. This is because
no atoms have disappeared. They have just been rearranged.
That is one of the two laws of chemistry that you met on page 72:  Iron and sulfur reacting: the total
The total mass does not change, during a chemical reaction. mass is the same before and after.

78
 Calculations
on equation from moles
Carbon dioxide

IC 102 CO2

I mole of carbon reacts with 1 mole of oxygen

and produce mole

of Carbon dioxide

Ht 02

Ha Q H2O
Balance the equation

Zha t 02 214.0

41 t 2116 44 2116

ratio retable 49 32 36
t t 8 9
2 4
Meuse
Given number
lg
must be the ending number