09/03/2011

Lecture 6: Dimensional Analysis

HusnaTakaijudin CivilEngineeringDepartment g g p Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

LECTURE 5: LEARNING OUTCOMES

CLO6:Createdimensionlessparametersby applyingthedimensionalanalysis techniques.

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Objectives
Attheendofthecourse,studentsareableto: 1. Describedimensions,units,anddimensional homogeneity.(K) 2. Identify the benefitsofdimensionalanalysis. y y (C) 3. Analyzenondimensionalparametersusing MethodofRepeatingVariables.(An) 4. Discovertheconceptofsimilarityandapply ittoexperimentalmodeling.(Ap)
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Dimensions and Units

Review
Dimension: Measureofaphysicalquantity,e.g.,length, time,mass Units: Assignmentofanumbertoadimension,e.g.,(m), (sec),(kg) 7P i 7PrimaryDimensions: Di i
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Mass Length Time Temperature Current AmountofLight Amountofmatter m L t T I C N (kg) (m) (sec) (K) (A) (cd) (mol)

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Dimensions and Units

Review,continued
Allnonprimarydimensionscanbeformedbya combinationofthe7primarydimensions Examples
{Velocity} {Length/Time} {L/t} {Velocity} ={Length/Time}={L/t} {Force}={MassLength/Time}={mL/t2}

Dimensional Homogeneity
Lawofdimensionalhomogeneity(DH):everyadditivetermin anequationmusthavethesamedimensions Example:Bernoulliequation

{p}={force/area}={massxlength/timex1/length2}={m/(t2L)} {1/2V2}={mass/length3 x(length/time)2}={m/(t2L)} {gz}={mass/length3 xlength/time2xlength}={m/(t2L)}

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09/03/2011

Nondimensionalization of Equations
GiventhelawofDH,ifwedivideeachtermin theequationbyacollectionofvariablesand constantsthathavethesamedimensions,the equationisrenderednondimensional equation is rendered nondimensional Intheprocessofnondimensionalizingan equation,nondimensionalparametersoften appear,e.g.,ReynoldsnumberandFroude number
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Nondimensionalization of Equations
Tonondimensionalize,forexample,theBernoulli equation,thefirststepistolistprimarydimensions ofalldimensionalvariablesandconstants

{p}={m/(t2L)} {g}={L/t2}

{}={m/L3} {z}={L}

{V}={L/t}

Next,weneedtoselectScalingParameters. Forthis example,selectL,U0,0

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Nondimensionalization of Equations
Byinspection,nondimensionalizeallvariableswith scalingparameters

Nondimensionalization of Equations
Divideby0U02 andset* =1(incompressibleflow)

Sinceg*=1/Fr2,where Backsubstitutep,,V,g,z intodimensional equation

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Nondimensionalization of Equations
Notethatconventionoftendictatesmanyofthe nondimensionalparameters,e.g.,1/20U02 istypicallyusedto nondimensionalizepressure.

Nondimensionalization of Equations
Advantagesofnondimensionalization
Increasesinsightaboutkeyparameters Decreasesnumberofparametersintheproblem
Easier communication Easiercommunication Fewerexperiments Fewersimulations

Thisresultsinaslightlydifferentformofthenondimensional equation

Extrapolationofresultstountestedconditions
BECAREFUL!Alwaysdoublecheckdefinitions.
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09/03/2011

Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

Nondimensionalizationofanequationisusefulonly whentheequationisknown! Inmanyrealworldflows,theequationsareeither unknownortoodifficulttosolve.
Experimentation istheonlymethodofobtainingreliable p y g information Inmostexperiments,geometricallyscaledmodelsare used(timeandmoney). Experimentalconditionsandresultsmustbeproperly scaledsothatresultsaremeaningfulforthefullscale prototype. DimensionalAnalysis
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Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

Primarypurposesofdimensionalanalysis
Togeneratenondimensionalparametersthathelp inthedesignofexperiments(physicaland/or numerical)andinreportingofresults ) p g Toobtainscalinglawssothatprototype performancecanbepredictedfrommodel performance. Topredicttrendsintherelationshipbetween parameters.
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Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

GeometricSimilarity themodelmustbethesame shapeastheprototype.Eachdimensionmustbe scaledbythesamefactor. KinematicSimilarity velocityasanypointinthe modelmustbeproportional DynamicSimilarity allforces inthemodelflow scalebyaconstantfactortocorrespondingforcesin theprototypeflow. CompleteSimilarity isachievedonlyifall3 conditionsaremet.Thisisnotalwayspossible,e.g., riverhydraulicsmodels.
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Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

Completesimilarityisensuredifallindependent groupsarethesamebetweenmodelandprototype. Whatis?
WeletuppercaseGreekletter denoteanondimensional parameter,e.g.,ReynoldsnumberRe,FroudenumberFr, Dragcoefficient,C etc Drag coefficient CD,etc.
Considerautomobileexperiment DragforceisF=f(V,, ,L) Throughdimensionalanalysis,wecanreducethe problemto

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Method of Repeating Variables

Nondimensionalparameters canbegeneratedbyseveral methods. WewillusetheMethodofRepeatingVariables Sixsteps
1. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Listtheparametersintheproblemandcounttheirtotalnumbern. Li t th t i th bl d t th i t t l b Listtheprimarydimensionsofeachofthenparameters Setthereductionj asthenumberofprimarydimensions.Calculate k,theexpectednumberof's,k=n j. Choosej repeatingparameters. Constructthek 's,andmanipulateasnecessary. Writethefinalfunctionalrelationshipandcheckalgebra.

Example
BallFallinginaVacuum Step1:Listrelevantparameters. z=f(t,w0,z0,g) n=5 Step2:Primarydimensionsof eachparameter

Step3:Asafirstguess,reduction j issetto2whichisthenumber ofprimarydimensions(L andt). Numberofexpected'sisk=n j=52=3 Step4:Chooserepeating variablesw0 andz0

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09/03/2011

Guidelines for choosing Repeating parameters 1. Neverpickthedependentvariable.Otherwise,itmayappearinallthe

2.

Example, continued
Step5:Combinerepeatingparametersintoproductswith eachoftheremainingparameters,oneatatime,tocreate thes. 1=zw0a1z0b1
a1 andb1 areconstantexponentswhichmustbedetermined. Use the primary dimensions identified in Step 2 and solve for a1 and UsetheprimarydimensionsidentifiedinStep2andsolvefora1 and b1. Timeequation: Lengthequation:

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

's. Chosenrepeatingparametersmustnotbythemselves beabletoforma dimensionlessgroup.Otherwise,itwouldbeimpossibletogeneratethe restofthe's. Chosenrepeatingparametersmustrepresentall theprimarydimensions. Neverpickparametersthatarealreadydimensionless. i k h l d di i l Neverpicktwoparameterswiththesamedimensionsorwithdimensions thatdifferbyonlyanexponent. Choosedimensionalconstantsoverdimensionalvariablessothatonly one containsthedimensionalvariable. Pickcommonparameterssincetheymayappearineachofthe's. Picksimpleparametersovercomplexparameters.
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Thisresultsin
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Example, continued
Step5:continued
Repeatprocessfor2 bycombiningrepeatingparameterswitht 2=tw0a2z0b2

Example, continued
Step5:continued
Repeatprocessfor3 bycombiningrepeatingparameterswithg 3=gw0a3z0b3

Time equation: Timeequation: Timeequation: Lengthequation: Lengthequation: Thisresultsin Thisresultsin

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Example, continued
Step6:
Doublecheckthatthe'saredimensionless. Writethefunctionalrelationshipbetween's

Experimental Testing and Incomplete Similarity Oneofthemostusefulapplicationsofdimensionalanalysisis

indesigningphysicaland/ornumericalexperiments,andin reportingtheresults. Setupofanexperimentandcorrelationofdata.

Consideraproblemwith5parameters:one dependentand4independent. Fulltestmatrixwith5datapointsforeach independentparameterwouldrequire 54=625experiments!! Ifwecanreduceto2's,thenumberof independentparametersisreducedfrom4 to1,whichresultsin51=5experimentsvs. 625!!
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Or in terms of nondimensional variables Or,intermsofnondimensionalvariables

Overallconclusion:Methodofrepeatingvariablesproperly predictsthefunctionalrelationshipbetweendimensionless groups. However,themethodcannotpredicttheexactmathematical formoftheequation.

SourcebyPatersonE.G.,2005,PowerPointPresentation,FluidMechanicsFundamentalandApplication,McGraw Hill

09/03/2011

WanapumDamonColumbiaRiver

Experimental Testing and Incomplete Similarity

Flowswithfreesurfacespresentunique challengesinachievingcompletedynamic similarity. Forhydraulicsapplications,depthisvery smallincomparisontohorizontal dimensions.Ifgeometricsimilarityis used,themodeldepthwouldbesosmall used the model depth would be so small thatotherissueswouldarise
Surfacetensioneffects(Webernumber) wouldbecomeimportant. Datacollectionbecomesdifficult.

DDG51Destroyer

Experimental Testing and Incomplete Similarity

Forshiphydrodynamics,Frsimilarityis maintainedwhileReisallowedtobe different. Why?Lookatcompletesimilarity:

PhysicalModelat IowaInstituteofHydraulicResearch

1/20thscalemodel

TomatchbothReandFr,viscosityinthe modeltestisafunctionofscaleratio!Thisis notfeasible.

Distortedmodelsarethereforeemployed, whichrequiresempirical corrections/correlationstoextrapolate modeldatatofullscale.

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EXAMPLE-SIMILARITY
Amodelofaproposeddamspillwaywas constructedtoascaleof1:25.Thedesignflood dischargeoverthespillwayis1000m3/s.What dischargeshouldbeprovidedinthemodel?What isthevelocityintheprototypecorresponding i h l i i h di withavelocityof1.5m/sinthemodelatthe correspondingpoint?

EXAMPLE-REPEATING VARIABLES
Obtain an expression for the pressure gradient in a circular pipeline of an effective roughness, , conveying an incompressible fluid of density, , dynamic viscosity, at a mean velocity, V, as a viscosity , velocity V function of non-dimensional groups. By comparison with Darcy-Weisbach equation, show that the friction is a function of relative roughness and Reynolds number.
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