DIPLOMA IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY

THEORY OF FLIGHT

TITLE:
AERODYNAMICS OF AIRCRAFT DESIGN, THE APPLICATION AND
EVOLUTION

NAME:
SITI NUR ATIKAH BINTI MOHAMAD ZAMRI (FAV062021-0011)
NURAQILAH HUDA BINTI AHMAD MUHAIMIN (FAV062021-0039)
NUR AIN INSYIRAH BINTI MOHD RAZALI (FAV062021-0020)
NUR FIZRIYANA BINTI ZAMRI (FAV062021-0058)

LECTURER’S NAME: SIR HAIRUDDIN

Table of contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………2-3
Design/Implementation
2.1 Design aerodynamic………………………………………………………………………………4-5
2.2 Implementation…………………………………………………………………………………….6
Finding and Analysis………………………………………….
……………………………………………………...7-9
Conclusion and Future
enhancements………………………………………………………………………………………….10-11
Reference sources………………………………………………...…………………………………..12
ABSTRACT

This report was produced to understand more about aerodynamics and what happens to airflow when
it is present. In order to determine the intended aircraft characteristics that can have a real impact on
the aircraft, aerodynamic design is also discussed. Additionally, the part on aerodynamic
implementation makes reference to how aerodynamics operate. This can provide information on the
airfoil's lift and other properties. The aerodynamics of the wing design of the aircraft can then be found
and analysed. We can contrast two aircraft based on their conception and execution. Finally, we need
to create a reference list to make it simpler to understand more.

PREPARED BY SITI NUR ATIKAH BINTI MOHAMAD ZAMRI

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 1. INTRODUCTION OF AERODYNAMICS

Aerodynamics is the application of classical "fluid mechanics" theories to external flows or fluxes
around bodies. For most aero engineers, the primary application that comes to mind is flowing around
wings. An object whose motion through a gas can provide significant lift, such as a wing, a sail, or the
blades of a propeller, rotor, or turbine.

An aerodynamic force is a force that a body experiences from the air it is immersed in. This force is
brought on by the relative velocity of the body and the gas. The most crucial component of an aircraft is
its wing, without which there would be no lift and no aircraft.

Most individuals have some understanding of how a wing functions, namely that lift is produced by
making the flow over the top of the wing move more quickly than the flow over the bottom. Figure 1.1
below illustrates four forms of aerodynamic force for clarity. The four factors that affect an aircraft in
level, unaccelerated flight are thrust, drag, lift, and weight. They can raise or lower, accelerate, or
decelerate an aircraft.

. Most of These are their definitions: Drag is the force that prevents an aircraft from moving forward.
Thrust is the force that propels an aircraft ahead. It is produced by a rocket, jet engine, or propeller. Air
is drawn in and then pushed out in the opposite direction. A domestic fan is one illustration. Whereas
lift is the upward force that maintains an aircraft in the airthe lift used by aircraft is produced by their
wings. Weight is the force that an aircraft experiences because of gravity.

Figure 1.1

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As a result, the aero engineer must understand how to form the wing to provide the ideal balance of lift,
drag, and pitching moment for a certain airplane mission. Additionally, he or she must comprehend
how the aerodynamics of the vehicle interact with another feature.

The aerodynamic control surface of the aircraft, commonly known as flight control, is additionally
separated into main flight control and secondary or auxiliary flight control. To move the aircraft about
the pitch, roll, and yaw axes, pilots use the major flight controls. Rudders, elevators, and ailerons are
all part of it. Slats, spoilers, spoiler edges, leading edge flaps, and tabs are examples of secondary
flying controls.

PREPARED BY SITI NUR ATIKAH BINTI MOHAMAD ZAMRI

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 2. DESIGN OR IMPLEMENTATION

2.1 DESIGN
Wings come in a variety of sizes and shapes. To give specific desirable flight characteristics, the
design can be changed. As the shape of the wing is changed, so do control at various operating
speeds, the amount of lift produced, balance, and stability. Either the wing's leading and following
edges are straight or curved, or one edge is straight while the other is curved. To make the wing
smaller at the tip than at the base, where it joins the fuselage, one or both edges may be tapered. Wing
tips can be pointy, rounded, or even square.
Although aluminium is typically used to make wings, wood coated in fabric can also be used for very
light aircraft. Some aeroplane wings are constructed from composite materials, such as carbon. The
usage of stronger and lighter materials increases with the sophistication of the aircraft. Modern aircraft
with wings are illustrated in Figure 2.1.1

Figure 2.1.1

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 Figure 2.1.2

The following figure 2.1.2 describes the physical properties of lift, which are necessary for heavy-than-
air flight. According to Fundamental Bernoulli's Principle, the upper wing surface is constructed with a
larger area than the lower one to produce lift.

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2.2 IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2 above shows an aerofoil shape.

Air moves more quickly upward than
downward due to the shape of an airfoil. The
air pressure around us drops as it moves
quickly. An airfoil experiences lift because
there is more air pressure below it than
above it.

The plane falls when gravity and drag outweigh lift and thrust. In response to wind movement, lift
pushes something upward, just as drag pulls something back. A wing lifts when the air pressure above
it is reduced. This is because the air pressure is higher on a wing's bottom side, pushing the wing
upward.

Is frequently asserted that this occurs because the airflow passing over the upper, curved surface must
move more quickly in order to cover the same distance in the same amount of time as the air passing
along the lower, flat surface. The lift will grow as airspeed does. The lift will increase as the camber is
increased. The lift will be produced by a flat plate at an angle of attack or even a symmetric airfoil.

PREPARED BY: NURAQILAH HUDA AHMAD MUHAIMIN

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 3. FINDING AND ANALYSIS

FIGURE 3.1: WING AIRCRAFT MILITARY

This is trapezoidal design from fighter jet who offers outstanding performance. This type design of wing
commonly at USA. This type is fixed-wing military aircraft designed primarily air-to-air combat. But
airliners is type aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo.
Wing fighter jet is design is thinner to be able move more quickly than aircraft passengers. One of
advantage of fighter jet did not have much stability wings like airliners.
The key performance features of a fighter include not only its firepower but also its high speed
and manueverability relative to the target aircraft.
Soon after the first flight of the Wright Flyer, several militaries became interested in powered aircraft. In
1909 the US Army purchased the Wright Military Flyer, a two-seat observation aircraft, for
the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps. And the aircraft passenger the Wright brothers' flights in
1903 with their Flyer I are recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), the
standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics.

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Military jets typically fly higher than commercial and business jets travel to avoid traffic and weather.
They tend to cruise between 45,000 to 51,000 feet, and have powerful engines that allow them to climb
to those altitudes quickly , they flying higher because to avoid air traffic . But the aircraft passengers is
fly below than military jets.

In military, they have aircraft for non-combat for search and rescue, reconnaissance,
observation/surveillance, Airborne Early Warning and Control, transport, training, and aerial refueling.
This is example for an aircraft military non-combat:

FIGURE 3.2: Airbus A400M Atlas

In Wikipedia, this aircraft was design by Airbus Military or Airbus Defence and Surface now as tactical
airlifter with strategic capabilities to replace older transport aircraft, such as the Transall C-160 and the
Lockheed C-130 Hercules. This aircraft has four engine to produce a large lift than usual aircraft.

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 FIGURE 3.3: BLENDED WING BODY

A blended wing body (BWB), also known as blended body or hybrid wing body (HWB), is a fixed-wing
aircraft having no clear dividing line between the wings and the main body of the craft. The aircraft has
distinct wing and body structures, which are smoothly blended together with no clear dividing line. This
contrasts with a flying wing, which has no distinct fuselage, and a lifting body, which has no distinct
wings. A BWB design may or may not be tailless.
This aircraft advantage is advantage of the BWB is to reduce wetted area and the accompanying form
drag associated with a conventional wing-body junction. It may also be given a wide airfoil-shaped
body, allowing the entire craft to generate lift and thus reducing the size and drag of the wings. This
aircraft figuration is used for both aircraft and underwater gliders. But this aircraft did not have much
advantage like has been suggested that passengers at the edges of the cabin may feel uncomfortable
during wing roll. However, passengers in large conventional aircraft like the 777 are equally susceptible
to dutch roll and a centre wingbox needs to be tall to be used as a passenger cabin, requiring a larger
wing span to balance out.

PREPARED BY: NUR AIN INSYIRAH MOHD RAZALI

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 4. CONCLUSIONS / FUTURE ENCHANCEMENTS

In conclusion, Aerodynamics of aircraft design, the applications and evolution is an airfoil is a form with
a flat bottom and a curved top that is utilised for aircraft wings. It is designed to maximise lift generation
by changing the speed at which air travels over the top part and travelling more slowly under the
bottom portion. Aerodynamics can be summed up as the study of objects moving through a fluid.
Aerodynamic design boosts lift output by changing the speed at which air passes across the wing.

The force that keeps an aircraft from moving forward is called drag. The force that moves an aircraft
forward is called thrust. A rocket, jet engine, or propeller is used to create it. After being sucked in, air
is subsequently forced out in the other direction. One example is a domestic fan. In contrast, lift is the
upward force that keeps an aircraft aloft. The wings of aircraft create the majority of the lift that they
need. Weight is the force that gravity exerts on an aircraft.

Future enchancements aircraft aerodynamics will be able to leverage micro actuator technology for
future improvements in aerodynamics due to developments in actuator mechanics. It will be able to
alter the flow's characteristics at the microscopic level, and it will be achievable thanks to the
application of NANO sensors on surfaces.

FIGURE 4.1

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Using suction and blowing devices that are installed on surfaces is another simple like in figure 4.2 but
efficient method of controlling the flow. Although this method is still in use today, it can still be
improved. The advantage of this future enchancement is reduced weight and fewer control surfaces
result in lower failure risks.

FIGURE 4.2

PREPARED BY: NUR FIZRIYANA BINTI ZAMRI

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