MODULE 1

DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL

PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND IDENTITY

LESSON I
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

Explain the importance of oneself

Describe and discuss the unique notions of the self from the different
philosophical views and;
Relate the philosophical views of self to his own personal perspective.

INTRODUCTION

Among the many things we were taught as a kid is to learn how to

speak and write our names. As we grow up, we were told to refer back to this
name when talking about ourselves. Our parents carefully thought about our
names. Should we be name after a respected politician or historical
personality, a famous celebrity? Or even a saint? Our names represent who
we are. It has not been a custom to just randomly pick combinations of letters
and numbers to denote our being. Rather, human beings attached names that
are meaningful to birthed progenies because names are supposed to
designate us to the world. Thus, some people get baptized with names like
Mayumi, Marikit, and Lovely. Our names create sweet sound to our ears.
Moreover, we were taught to respond our parents when they call our names
because it represents who we are. As a student we were told to always write
our names on our papers, projects or any output for that matter. Our names
signify us. Even death cannot stop this bond between the person and the
name. Names are inscribed even into one’s gravestone. But names are only
signifier. No matter how much the person is tied by its name, but it is not the
person himself. Rather it is just a designation to identify the person. A person
who was named after a saint may not probably become an actual saint. He
may not even turn out to be saintly. The self is thought to be something else

1
than the name. The self is a being that one continuously
co forms temper, and
develop. The self is not a static thing that one is simply born with like a mole
on one’s face or is just assigned by one’s parents just like a name. We are
tasked to discover our self. Have you truly discovered yours? (Atala et.al.,
2018).

ACTIVITY 1: SPEECH WRITING

Compose a 150-word
word speech about yourself describing the importance of
your personal identity, “who you are?” You can choose to share a personal
story or an interesting experience. You will be evaluated using the rubric
below.

Cox, J. (2020, FEBRUARY 19). ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/essay

https://www.thoughtco.com/essay-rubric-
2081367:www.thoughtco.com

NOTE PRESENTATION
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

2
 ANALYSIS

Where you able to write a speech? Did you find it easy or difficult? State your
reasons below.

WHY?
EASY

DIFFICULT

ABSTRACTION
Based from the activity and analysis above one can say
that self can be define according to the different view of
a philosopher. The philosophical views are discussed below:

Socrates (469-399 B.C.). Socrates’s main

philosophical interest is in epistemology and
ethics and also the correlation between knowledge
and virtue referred to as rationalistic moral
philosophy. Supported the rationalistic moral
philosophy,, reason or rationality is that
the principal
ipal component in shaping moral
comportment. He contemplated the self as not just
https://tinyurl.com/y4menmz9 a mind-body
body aggregate but also an
ethical being. That’s why his philosophy chiefly centered on the moral aspect
of man, on how man should live a morally good life or happiness. He opined
that happiness without morality is impossible. Man must live an ethical life to
be happy. Since the mind stems from the realm of reason, man becomes

3
rational and his function, therefor is to live rationally. How, then, the self is
often able live morally good life? First, the self must specialize or focus
on improving the standard of the soul or moral life rather than indulging within
the chase of earthly things, fame and prestige. Second, the development of
the soul may be achieved through the search for wisdom and truth. That’s the
reason Socrates believed that knowledge equals virtue. Wrongdoings,
consequently, occur because of the failure in achieving the knowledge
of what's dedicated for one’s life. Third, life must be ceaselessly examined for
it to be worth living. By examining life, the self is able to know his/her true
nature, what's dedicated for him/her, and what really matters in life that begets
happiness. If life isn't worth living from now on, happiness can hardly be
attainable. True happiness springs from goodness or living out a morally good
life (Castell & Borchert, 1988). The key of self-discovery is meditation, “know
thy self”. The self is the one that thinks, reflects, and acts on what's right.
Only within the pursuit of goodness can the self finds happiness (Degho et.al.,
2018).

Plato (427-3447 B.C.) Plato’s dualistic, idealistic and

abstract view of reality shaped his nation of the self.
According to Plato, the self, is a rational substance
consisting of body and soul. The soul obtains from the
world of ideas, while the body, from the world of matter.
Since everything in the world of matter merely contains
the outline of the real and perfect realm of reality in the
world of ideas, he deduces that man is essentially a https://tinyurl.com/y2lejc48

soul imprisoned in a body. The ideal self does not exist in the world of matter
because what we see in this world is an imperfect copy of the original self in
the perfect realm of reality or world of ideas. The individual self that exist in
this world is not real since the self exists in space and time, passes in and out
of existence. The self who exist in this world is mortal. Although the self is
created, the self is distinctive from other created beings because the self
possesses a soul which is part of divine reason that passes in into the body.
As a result, the self is rational animal capable of knowing the reality of the
universe. Like Socrates, Plato postulated that living a morally good life is
important to a person to achieved happiness. Unlike Socrates, he believed
that living a morally good life consist of not only knowing or having knowledge
but includes maintaining the harmony or balance between the rational element
(head) and irrational ones (heart and stomach). To attain happiness, the self,
therefor, must be intellectually, emotionally, biologically balanced (Degho
et.al., 2018)

4
 St. Augustine (345-430430 AD)
AD St. Augustine
works to some extent were influenced by Plato’s
philosophy. He combined Christianity with the
philosophy of Plato, particularly on the dualistic view
of the reality and the self as evident in his work. The
City of God. In this book, he classified
sified human race
into those who love God and belonged to the City of
God and those in the city of the world who do not
love God. Yet he attempted to develop a more
https://tinyurl.com/y44r4oe3 unified perspective on the body-soul
soul relation. Going
beyond the body-soul soul dualism, St. Augustine, along with St. Thomas Aquinas,
observed that the self is a tripartite being. The self is comprisedcomprise of the body,
soul and spirit. The body is the exterior of the self through which the self can
come in contact with ith the world. The inner part of the self is called the soul,
which is comprise of the mind, the emotions and the will. The innermost part
of the self or the core self is called the spirit. It is through the spirit that the self
can commune with God (Joven, (Joven, 2006). St. Augustine asserted that God
created man, body and soul of which the soul is spiritual, perpetual, and
superior of the body. The soul is created by God to administer the body. The
body is subject to morality. Though there is an asymmetry between betwee the two,
the body is united with the soul so that the self maybe complete. The self is
great mystery. St. Augustine interpret the human condition by claiming that
the self is gifted with freedom by God, and the abuse of this freedom leads to
misery in the e life of the self. All the human souls are proliferated from Adam’s
soul. Hence, since Adam’s sin is hereditary, our sinfulness is inherent. God
reformed this innate flaw God’s grace or salvation. The faith lights the mind of
the self and enables reason to to understand the essential truths about reality
(Pave, 2012; Degho, et al., 2018).

Rene Descartes (1596-1650).1650). Descartes, the

French rationalist, presented an extreme
dualistic separation of mind and body. His idea
of the self is centered on the concept of
substance. Substance refers to anything that
exists in itself. These are two styles of
substances:s: infinite and finite, Infinite, abstract
substance refers to the innate idea of God while
https://tinyurl.com/y3e69jhc man may be a finite substance composed of two
independent substances called “Cartesian
dualism”. Body and mind. The body is independent of the soul since the mind
isn't
sn't the body’s provider of life. The body material, mortal, non-thinking
non
substance is governed by completely mechanical laws. The mind is immortal,
nonmaterial, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of the
universe. The mind isn't the principle
principle of life because its primary function is to

5
think. Thinking is an activity which is primarily spiritual and doesn't require the
body because the medium for the activity of thinking. The self, therefore, is
construed as a mental and thinking substance, “I think, therefore, I Am.”
therefore the self is nothing else but a thinking thing or a machine that thinks
(Degho et.al., 2018).

According to David Hume, he

hypothesized that the idea of self should be
based on sense impressions, so as to be
intelligible and meaningful,” To understand
Hume’s idea the self, we should first organize
his ideas of concepts and impressions.
Impressions are the experience of sense such
as pain, cold, pleasure, heat etc., which are
“lively” and “vivid”. Ideas refer to the recalled
/biography/David-Hume
https://tinyurl.com/y5tvvxoo
copies of the impressions. We see, feel, smell,
taste things, then we remember what we have seen, felt, melt and tasted, since
all sense impressions are separate, distinct and transient, the self is nothing
but a collection of different perceptions that flourish each with other with
rapidity and are in permanent flux and movement. Because we do not have
any actual knowledge of the physical substance, like the self, but only of the
qualities of the substance, there is no such thing as the self. It is simply a
bundle of constant flux of impressions out of which we form the idea of who the
self is. How do we certainly know that a particular collection of different
impressions belongs to a particular person? How do we know that self is a
man, a boxer, or a father? Hume explains that we have two faculties, memory
and imagination. Our impressions with exactness can be retained through
memory. Imagination makes it possible for us to formulate, arrange ideas and
order. The method of formulating, ordering, and formulating ideas is regulated
by three general principles of association. We tend to associate our ideas with
one another when there are resemblances in them, once they are contiguous
in time or space and related in terms of cause and effect. We see men from
different countries with different looks and clothes, yet they resemble each
other, so we associate them with each other. We see a trophy, a basketball
and a group of tall men, contiguous in place and time. So we associate these
with basketball tournament. Memory and imagination join up with experiences
that are similar and closely connected. We join together all the experiences
we've had and form a notion of someone or self (Degho et.al., 2018).

6
 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
(1724 Kant
reconciled the conflicting philosophies of
rationalism of the 17th century and empiricism
of the 18th century. In his theory of data,
Kant said that human knowledge consists of
sensory component and rational component.
Knowledge has, indeed,ed, the sensory elements,
but these sensory impressions are
meaningless unless the rational element or the
mind actively interprets and provides
https://tinyurl.com/y6yh8a9t intending to these sensory impressions. This
rational component, which Kant called a priori
pr
comes from the mind itself and is independent of sensation. The
human mind isn't an empty cabinet since it's equipped with a build-in
build structure
or some organizing principles called categories,
categori s, which actively prepared,
organize, relate, and synthesize the gathering of sense data or sense organs
soak up (Lavine, 1989). Kant conceptualized two styles of the self: the
transcendental self and therefore the empirical self. The empirical self
pertains to particular aspects of the self that make the self unique, like
physical aspects, memories, personalities, history, and culture. The empirical
self, rather like the rest within the world, is thought through experience. As a
transcendental self, the self is an activity or organizing principle that actively
interprets, constructs,
constructs, and offers aspiring to the collections of sensory data.
Since the mind is that the source of ideas and sensory impressions are just
elements in producing the ideas, the self is that the
the product of the mind. The
self constructs itself. Kant believed that whatever is experienced or known is
because of our minds. The self isn't an object, but a topic, an organizing
principle that actively interprets, constructs, and offers assuming to sensory
experience (Degho et.al., 2018)

Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976).

Gilbert Ryle, A British philosopher, tackles the
mind-body
body division that has been running for a long
time in the history of thought by out rightly denying
the concept of an inner, non-physical
physical self. For Ryle,
what really matters are the behavior that an
individual show in his day-to-day day life. For Ryle.
Seeking out for and trying to understand a self as it
truly exists is like going by your friend’s university
https://tinyurl.com/y54n5x65
and looking for the “university”. One can meander
around the campus, visit the football field and the library. And meet faculty
and the administrators still end up not finding the “university”. Typically, since
the campus, the individuals, the systems systems and the territory all form the
university. Ryle recommend that the “self” is not an entity or a substance one

7
can find and analyze but simple the convenient name that people use to refer
to all the behaviors that an individual make (Atala et.al., 2018).

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961). One of the

most lasting and puzzling problems in the
philosophy of human person is the body-mind
relationship. Is the self a body or soul? “If the self
is both, soul and body, then how is the body
connected to the soul? The western philosophical
tradition generally does not view the human body
as a subject. It simply considers the body as an
object. Taking the study of perception or the
phenomenology of perception as his point of
departure, Merleau-Ponty took a significant turn by https://tinyurl.com/y42ms2g6
asserting that one’s body is neither a thing nor an object of study. When we
say I have my body, it implies that there is a dichotomy between the self and
the body. In this sense, the body is merely an object or possession being
possessed by the self. Contrary to this notion, Merleau-Ponty said that there
is an intimate and inseparable unity between the self and the body. The self is
the body and the body is the self itself. We can say that the self is the body
itself. The self lives in a body; hence, without the body the self cannot exist.
The self for him is an embodied subjectivity or the body-subject. In other
words, the body cannot be reduced to an object or a body object because the
oneness between the self and the body (Priest, 2003). In his notion of the
body-subject Merleau-Ponty claimed that the body plays a vital role in
perception, knowledge, and meaning. The body is our general medium for
knowing the world and giving meaning to it. In the subject-body, there is
motility or the capacity to train our “projectors” in all direction to situate and
orient the body in the world and by doing so, the body gives meaning to the
world of human experience (Primozic, 2001). So, the body-subject is the giver
of meaning that we experience in life. We are our body and without the body
we would be impossible. Our consciousness, experience, and identity are
found in and through our body. Without our body we would cease to be and
so, too, would cease human experience, life knowledge and meaning (Degho
et.al., 2018).

APPLICATION

Explain the statements from the following philosophers. Write

your answer on the space provided.

1. “I think therefore I am” -Rene Descartes.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

8
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. “The unexamined life is not worth living” -Socrates.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________

3. “He who is not a good servant will not be a good master”-Plato.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

REFLECTION

Choose one philosopher whose concept of the self is

closely related to your own notion or life experience.
Explain the reasons of your choice. The essay should not be less than 100
words. You will be evaluated using this rubric:

Content 10 points
Coherence 10 points
Grammar and neatness 10 points

9
REFERENCES

Alata, E.J., Caslib, B.N., Serafica, J.P., & Pawilen, R. (2018).

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF. Quezon City: Rex Book Store.
Cartwright, M. (2013, April 30). Plato. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved
from https://www.ancient.eu/image/1165/
Cox, J. (2020, FEBRUARY 19). ThoughtCo. Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/ essay-rubric-2081367:www.thoughtco.com

Degho, S. E., Sagun, D. G., De Claro, L. J., & Lejano, J. B. (2018).

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House Inc.
Hatfield, Gary, "René Descartes", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/descartes/
Mark, J. J. (2009, September 02). Socrates. Ancient History Encyclopedia.
Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/socrates/
Mark, J. J. (2012, January 18). St. Augustine: from The Literal Meaning of
Genesis. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
https://www.ancient.eu/article/91/
Sorens, J. (2017, February 2). Immanuel Kant: Philosopher of Freedom.
Learn Liberty. Retrived from https://www.learnliberty.org/blog/immanuel-kant-
philosopher-of-freedom/
Tim, "Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology: A summary, April 9, 2020, "
in Philosophy & Philosophers, April 9, 2020, https://www.the-
philosophy.com/merleau-ponty-phenomenology.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020, August 15) Gilbert Ryle.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020, August 21) David Hume.

Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Hume

10
 MODULE 1
DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL
PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND IDENTITY

LESSON II
The Self, Society and Culture

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

Describe oneself based from the elementary, high school and college
pictures by listing important characteristics per stages
Compare and contrast how the self can be influenced by the
movement of people in the society and;
Write an essay on how culture has shaped self-concept.

INTRODUCTION
The self has been debated, discussed and conceptualized
by different thinkers in philosophy. Since the sixth century B.C.,
thinkers eventually got tired of focusing on a longstanding debate and put a
halt about the correlation between the body and soul that eventually renamed
as the body and the mind however, these two components of human person
is less important than the fact that there is a self (Atala et.al., 2018).
Throughout social sciences, “Identity” was a term used to describe a
person’s conception and expression of individuality also it is a complex
multidimensional concept with several components. Self and identity remain
topics of high interest not only for philosophers but for those across the
social sciences – psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists. Further,
self and identity are sometimes used interchangeably and other times used to
refer to different things. (Sharma, 2014)

11
 ACTIVITY I’M GROWING UP!!!

Paste a picture of you when you were in elementary, in high school and
now that you are in college with yourself, parents and friends. Below the
picture list down the important characteristics that you remember.

My Elementary Self My High School My College Self

Self

My self

With parents

With friends

ANALYSIS

After you have examined your “self” in its different stages, fill
out the table below:

Similarities in all Differences in my “self” Possible reasons

stages of my across the three for the differences
“self”. stages of my life in me
My self

With friends

With parents

12
 ABSTRACTION

What is the Self?

Self, is commonly defined by the following characteristics: “separate,
self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary and private” (Stevens 1996).
Separate defines that the self is unique from other selves. The self is always
distinct and has its own identity. Second, self-contained and independent, it
can exist in itself. Its uniqueness allows it to be self-contained with its own
thoughts, characteristics and volition. It does not need any other self for it to
exist. Self means unitary, it is the center of all experiences and thoughts that
run through a certain individual. Finally, the self is private. Each person
figures out information, emotions and feelings, and thought processes within
the self. The entire process is never accessible to anyone but the self.
In contemporary literature, the self is commonly defined by the
following characteristics: “self-contained, separate, consistent, unitary,
independent, and private” (Stevens 1996). By separate, it means that the self
is unique from other selves. One cannot be another person that the self is
always unique and has its own identity and even the twins are distinct from
each other. Next, self is also self-contained and independent because in itself
it can exist that it does not need or require any other self for it to exist. Its
uniqueness allows it to be self-contained with its own thoughts, volitions, and
characteristics. Also, self is consistent because it has a personality that is
enduring and therefore can be expected to continue for quite some time that
its consistency allows it to be described, studied, and measured or its
particular self’s traits, tendencies, potentials, and characteristics are more or
less the same. Self is unitary, it is like the chief command post in an individual
where all emotions, processes, and thoughts converge. Lastly, the self is
private wherein each person figures out emotions, feelings, information, and
thoughts processes within the self and that this whole process is never
accessible to anyone but the self (Atala et.al., 2018).
Different conceptualization about the “self” had been offered by various
psychological perspectives. Whenever we talk about the “self” it always
pertains to one’s physical appearance, one’s personality and attributes, on
how we see one’s self (self-concept), or how we would like to see ourselves
among many others. The concept of “self” has been studied by different
person/people, thinkers, or disciplines in the social sciences and some other
related fields. (Degho et.al., 2018)

13
The Self and Culture
Marcell Mauss a French Anthropologist explained that every self has
two faces: personne and moi. Personne, is composed of the social concepts
of what it means to be who he is. This face has much to do much with what it
means to live in a particular family, religion, nationality, institution, and how to
behave given expectations and influences from others. Moi, on the other hand
is a person’s basic identity. It refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his
body, and his basic identity and his biological givenness. This capacity and
dynamics for different personne can be illustrated better cross-culturally.
Example, an OFW adjusting to life in another country. Many people in the
Philippines unabashedly violate rules and the most common is jaywalking. A
common Filipino treats road as basically his and just merely crosses
whenever and wherever he likes. The self simply morphed according to the
circumstances and context example, men easily transform into sweet, docile
guy when trying to woe and court a particular woman and suddenly change
rapidly after hearing/receiving a sweet “yes”. Another example of a Filipino
attitude is that they tend to consider their territory as part of who they are, this
includes considering their immediate surroundings as a part of them (Atala
et.al., 2018).

The Self and the development of the social world

Most often, we think the human persons are just passive actors in the
whole process of shaping of selves. So how do people actively produce their
social world? How can a boy turn out to simply be like an ape? And how do
twins coming out from the same mother turn out to be terribly different when
given up for adoption? More than this his givenness (tendencies, personality,
and propensities, among others). One is believed to be in active participation
in the shaping of the self. Men and women are born with particularities that
they can no longer change. However, a recent study indicates that men and
women in their growth and development engage actively in the shaping of the
self. The unending terrain of transformation of the self is mediated by
language (Atala et.al., 2018).

https://tinyurl.com/y49z4shx https://tinyurl.com/y5lgc87b

14
 “The similarities between G.H Mead’s and L.S. Vygotsky’s theories are
an interesting aspect of the history of social sciences” – Glock 1986, Vari-
Szilagi 1989. Mead remained under the influence of pragmatism while
Vygotsky, Marxism was the main source of inspiration. However, they
suggested identical or similar solutions to many fundamental problems in the
methodology of the social sciences (KOCZANOWICZ, July 17, 2020).
For Vygotsky and Mead, the way that we process information is
normally a form of an internal dialogue in our head while in human persons
develop is with the use of language acquisition and interaction with other
people. Those who deliberate about moral quandary undergo this internal
dialog. “Should I do this or that?” “But if I am going to do this, it will be like
this. “I do not want the other option?” So cognitive and emotional development
of a child is always an imitation of how it is done in the social world, in the
external reality where he is in Also, they both treat the human mind as
something that is made, constituted through language as experienced in the
external world and as encountered in dialogs with others. As a young child
internalizes values, practices, norms, and social beliefs and more through
exposure to these dialogs that will eventually become part of his individual
world. For mead, child assumes the “other” through language and role-play
and a child will conceptualize his notion of “self” through this. How little
children are fond of playing role-play with their toys? How they make scripts
and dialogs for their toys as they play with them? Because it is through this
that a child delineates the “I” from the rest. While to Lev Vygotsky, a child
internalizes real-life dialogs that he has had with other people, with family,
caregiver, or his playmates. Did you observed how children eventually
become what they watch? How can a child easily adapt ways of cartoon
characters they are exposed with? They apply this to their mental and
practical problems along with the social and cultural infusions brought about
the said dialogs (Atala et.al., 2018).

Self in Families
The kind of family that we are born in, the resources available (spiritual,
human, economic) and the kind of development that we will have, will
certainly affect us as we go through life. Human persons are one of those
beings whose importance of family cannot be denied. Learning therefore is
critical in our capacity to actualize our potential of becoming humans. In trying
to achieve the goal of becoming a fully realized human, a child enters a
system of relationships. Most important of which is the family. Without a
family, biologically and sociologically, a person may not even survive or
become a human person. For instance, the survival of Tarzan in the midst of
the forest is already a miracle. Getting reared by different families gives an
obvious manifestation of the point being made in this section. One is who he
is because of his family for the most part (Atala et.al., 2018).

15
Gender and the Self
Another important aspect of the self is gender. Gender is one of those
core of the self that is subject to alteration. Change and development. We
have seen in the past years how people fought hard for the right to validate,
express, and assert their gender expression. Many conservatives may frown
upon this and insist on the biological. However, from the point of view of the
social sciences and the self, it is important to give one the freedom to find
express, and live his identity. This forms part of selfhood that one cannot just
dismiss. One maneuvers into the society and identifies himself as who he is
by also taking note of gender identifies. Our gender partly determines how we
see ourselves in the world. Many times, society forces a particular identity
unto us depending on our sex, and/or gender. In the Philippines husband for
the most part are expected to provide for the family. The eldest son in a family
is expected to head the family and hold it in. Slight modifications have been
on the way due to feminism and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
(LGBT) activism but for the most part, patriarchy has remained to be at work.
Within a particular context of time and space, gendered self is then shaped.
The sense of self that is being taught makes sure that an individual fits in a
particular environment and this is detrimental and dangerous in the goal of
truly finding one’s self, self-determination, and growth of the self. Gender has
personally discovered and asserted and not dictated by culture and the
society (Atala et.al., 2018).

APPLICATION

Answer the following questions honestly and write your answers

in the space provided.

. Explain top (5) words that best describe your personality. (10 points)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
2. Elaborate influences of your family to your development as an individual.
(10 point)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
16
3. Enumerate social pressures that help shape one self. (10 points)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________

4. Justify whether there is an aspect of oneself you would like to change. (10
points)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________

REFLECTION PHOTO ESSAY

Choose one of your favorite individual or family photo. Based on the picture,
write an essay on how culture has shaped your self-concept. The essay
should not be less than 100 words. You will be evaluated using this rubric.
Content ______ / 10 points
Coherence ______ / 10 points
Grammar and neatness ______ / 10 points

17
 MODULE 1
DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL
PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND IDENTITY

LESSON III
The Self as Cognitive Construct

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

Recognize the different ideas about “self” in psychology.

Defines and elaborates one’s self during this pandemic time and its
effect on the information processing and the diversity of the social
groups.
Generate own definition of the “self” based on the definitions you have
learned in psychology.

INTRODUCTION
This lesson, we will discuss the “self” in a larger context,
nature vs. nurture and culture/society vs. individual and brain in a
larger context that need to relate to each of the individual person
as well we will discuss here Psychology on the cognitive functions and how it
affects the individuals and these includes other factors as well. We will be
discussing here the “self”, “self - concept” and “identity.”

18
 ACTIVITY
Let us look at this picture and read this passage before we go at
the activity.

By Li/lydeangeles,2018
“You” Through Other’s Eyes. Let us try to read this lines first.
Through Others’ Eyes, (By Li, 2018)

One of them had thought it through already.

‘I know,’ he said.
How, smart arse? I asked.
He came close enough to my face to have kissed me. As if he’d been game.
‘Because I see myself through seeing you see me,’ he said softly.

There it is. How do we truly know each other without meeting? Body speaks
to body and has done for billions of years.

Let’s not lose that in a mere twenty…

Part 1 Activity: How we look at ourselves.

List ten qualities that define or represent yourself in this pandemic time; on how we
see ourselves, for example your quality traits or things that will define you as a
person.

1. ______________________________ 6. ______________________________
2. ______________________________ 7. ______________________________
3. ______________________________ 8. ______________________________
4. ______________________________ 9. ______________________________
5. ______________________________ 10. ______________________________

19
Part 2 Activity: How do you look at me? Or “YOU” Through Other’s Eyes
Indicate your name on the sheet of paper. I am _______________________________.
Send it to your neighbors, and or relatives and ask them to fill up the sheet about 2 to
3 minutes. Who do you think I am? Based on what you see, do, hear and say about
me.
Submit it to your Instructor directly after filling up. Don’t ask your copy. The
respondent will not write your name on the sheet of paper. Please do not use or write
bad words.

Comparing on what you have written on yourself and written by others of your
family, relatives, friends and neighbors about you? Check the similarities that are true
to you and are aspects that are presumed or true to you. What features that you think
are part of your personality. Indicate your answers below.

20
 ABSTRACTION

We usually say “I am who I am.” Then who are you that makes you who you
are?” Definitions of the “self” are simply described as the “sense of personal
identification of who you are as a person (Jhangiani et. al, 2018).”
Psychologist William James (1980)
(1980 discussed and imagines the self as
having two aspects:
1. The “I” refers to the thinking, feeling, and acting self (Gleitman et.
al, 2011;Hogg et.al, 2018)
2. The “Me” describe the physical characteristics and psychological
potentials of who you are an individual (Gleitman et. al, 2011;Hogg
et.al, 2010)
Carl Rogers’s (1959), in his theory of personality uses the term:
a. “I”, narrate that it is the one who acts and determines andw
b. “Me” is the one feeling and thinking about oneself as an object
(Gleitman, et al. 2011).

Another abstraction of self are elaborated

namely identity and self - concept. Identity as
personal qualities, responsibilities, social
character and attachments or affiliations that
defines you as the individual and self - concept
is what the products
ucts of the mind when being
BY:: Barrirret/Via Getti Images, 2020
asked about yourself, (Oyersman, et al. 2012).
Self, identity and self - concept are not firm in a certain period
example a grade 12 student last year, a college student now and tomorrow
may be a soldier or an executive businessman
businessman in the future. May not be a
constant for a lifetime or always changing every in every season. Just take a
look at a diamond stone can be cut and change into fine jewelries,
jewelries or think
river that follows the natural flow of the nature and end up in theth ocean or
lake.
Carl Rogers, introduced the idea of the of self - schema referring to the
orderly structure or a collection of knowledge about us as an individual
(Gleitman et. al, 2011; Jhangiani et al. 2014).

21
 Hobbies

Family SELF Religion

Nationality

This schema may also includes one’s interests, work, course, age
name, physical traits and others, for as we age and need to adjust and adapt
to our environment changes also occur for this deliberately shape and affect
us as an individual how we think, feel and see about the things in our
environment (Gleitman et. al, 2011; Jhangiani et al, 2014).

For instance, when a person is talking I a dialect or language familiar to

you, it may get your attention, or if you are a plant lover it may hook you to a
certain group page in this time of pandemic. Self and identity are mental
constructs that are designed and redesigned in our memory (Oyserman et al.
2012). Frontal lobe responsibility includes self - management and decision
making (Medicalnewstoday, 2017). Neurologist and Psychoanalyst Sigmud
Freud illustrate the self as the result’s of the interactivity of the id, ego and
superego its mental processes and one’s behavior which is the three aspects
of personality.
G.H. Mead (1934), claimed that self is designed through human
interaction (Hogg et al, 2010). The self and identity are social products having
three reasons, (Oyserman et al. 2012)
1. We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Society has influence on
who we become, how we make most of our choices in life, as we live in the
historical and social conditions of our life. Transferring from one culture to
another is part of our life here that affects you and learning to adapt to a new
social conditions of who you are and the society that has affected you and
where you belong.
2. Needing to affirm and reinforce by others of who we think we are as
a reference point of our identity. A good example is the social media

22
affirmation consciously and unconsciously collecting more “positive reactions”
will likely to strengthen one’s self concept that resulting to a clash of more
views, more friends and trending topics is somehow overwhelming.
3. Thinking what is important may on the other hand affect by what
is important in our historical or social circumstances. Moreover, education is
important in our self - concept for it salient in our family that valued education.
Being in a medical field is very necessary for it is very in demand course in
your generation as it is part of your self-schema as well.
Two vital factors that creates our self - concept are social interaction
and group
Affiliations that provide our social identity and the membership that we belong
are our support of who we are (Jhangiani and Tarry 2014). Social identities
can overlap one another that instinctively play our role and how we interact
with our groups you as a college student belonging to a definite group of
friends but having a role of being a student that needs to do requirements with
the group and the study patters changes when with them rather than be
alone.

Self - awareness is awareness of one’s self - concept and it has two

types. Carver and Scheier (1981) (1) the private self is referring to the
personal thoughts and feelings or your private guidelines and (2) public self or
your general image projecting a good presentation of yourself to others (Hogg
and Vaughn 2010).
Three self - schema of the self - awareness: actual, ideal, and ought
self (Higgins, 1997, Hogg et.al, 2010). A good example in actual self is, you
as a student excelling in your academic performance and yet interested to be
the campus supreme government leader. What makes your ideal self is that
you will strive hard to be the best supreme government president by serving
your fellow students and the institution at the same time maintaining your
academic performance as an accountable student leader. Ideal self refers be
a good student leader but ought to maintain academic performance by
maintain top academic grades by finding answers to such distress, anxiety
and rejection. Ideal self will be in terms of studying more to excel in class
while at the same time maintaining to be a good student leader. Depending
on the situations arises, self-awareness may come in a positive and negative
conditions either can keep one person doing not good or harm; a good
example is being a student studying is part of life but when cousins are
around you may be tempted to play mobile games with them. Self-awareness
may lead to too much awareness of the things we do, for afraid of being
censure by others is a result of self - consciousness (Jhangiani and Tarry
2014). In some cases deindividuation occurs or “the losing of oneself-
awareness and individual liability groups” (Festinger et. al, 1952; Zimbardo
1969 in Jhangiani and Tarry 2014). A kind of behavior that occurs likely in a
huge crowd that provides insignificant feeling that lessen self - control and

23
acts in ways that we don’t usually do. A good example is a concert behavior
or watching a boxing live.
Ackerman, (2020) describe the four (4) benefits of self - awareness in
his book positive psychology
Now, let’s shift our attention to research on the outcomes of being self-aware:

• It makes the person energetic, boost one’s acceptance, and motivates

positive self - development (Sutton, 2016)
• It allows us individuals to see things from different perspectives and
able to practice self - control, more productive, creative and skilful, as
well as
• Self-awareness allows us to see things from the perspective of others,
practice self-control, work creatively and productively, and experience
pride in ourselves and our work as well as general self-esteem (Silvia &
O’Brien, 2004).
• It leads to better decision-making (Ridley, Schutz, Glanz, & Weinstein,
1992).
• It can make us better at our jobs, better communicators in the
workplace, and enhance our self-confidence and job-related wellbeing
(Sutton, Williams, & Allinson, 2015).

Usual notion associated with the self is group identity and self-
awareness has impact in one’s self-esteem. The positive or the negative
understanding or evaluations of oneself (Jhangiani et al; Gleitman et. al. in
Alabata, 2018). This self - esteem is affected by what we called social
comparison where we compare ourselves with the others. As defined by
Jhangiani et al in Alabata (2018), an individual learn the propriety of their
behavior by comparing it to much worse behavior than themselves, a
downward social comparison occurs. An upward social comparison happens
when a person comparing oneself with those who are better of than him/her
(Jhangiani et al. 2014). Having an upward comparison is a form of motivation
while those who highlights their weakness or impartiality may feel a low self -
esteem. Self - esteem may amplify the individual and it may occurs not only
among individuals but groups as well.

Self - evaluation necessitates maintenance

theory that describes how we can sense
threatened when a person out performs him/her
especially by the one that is closed to them (i.e.
relatives, friends and or family) (Tesser, 1988 in
Alabata 2018). This will comes with reactions in
three particular ways. First, distancing ourselves
from that person close to us or re-examine the
By: Macshhour,n.d.
closeness of relationship to that person
(Jhangiani & Tarry, 2014). Secondly, reassessing the facets of expertise

24
which you had gained disadvantage (Jhangiani et al. 2014). A good example
is when you failed in essay writing then you will find means and ways how to
excel in other areas to maintain one’s self-esteem. Lastly, we may find ways
to nourish that part of our selves that needs refinement of our skills.
(Jhangiani & Tarry 2014; Alabata 2018). On the other hand, rather than
accepting defeat in the weaknesses you find strength by reading more English
novels and until it enhances your skills in essay writing. Until you find yourself
slowly intensifying skills in writing that enhance your self - esteem.
Nevertheless, aiming to enhance self - esteem one may become
narcissistic a trait an attribute that can be characterized by an inflated
attention of one’s self and admiration (Mayoclinicfoundation, 2020). An
excessively high self - admiration, self - centeredness and self - esteem will
result to narcissistic attitude (Jhangianni a& Tarry 2014; Alabata 2018). An
individual’s having high self - esteem are outlined as outgoing, venturesome
and flexible in all situations resulting to commence activities and establish
relationship with other individuals that easily. Furthermore, they may be able
to dismiss a relationship that will not suit their self - concept or uplift their self -
esteem (Jhangianni & Tarry 2014; Alabata 2018).
According to Audrey Sherman, (2020) she described positive self-
esteem of an individual may own the following traits;

1. Assumed a set of firmness in values and principles that can argued

or assert
oneself in others beliefs where learning something new
characteristics are easy for them to adapt and the old values will be
disregarded and altering beliefs is not an issue of change.
2. A person that can to decide his/her choices and decisions, believing
one’s
judgement, and not having a guilt free feelings if someone disagree.

3. Living in the present is what is important and less worrying about

everything.

4. Learning to modify frustrations, resolve complications and seeking

reinforcement is believing in one’s self capacity.
5. Joining and engaging in various joyful activities and recreation is
good.
6. Trusting oneself that you are worth a treasure and others are
enjoying your company.
7. Withstanding manipulations by people.
8. Considerations to the feelings and needs of individuals; as well as
observing the social norms always.
9. Regardless of individual’s financial and personal success always
bear in mind one’s self - worth is same as others regardless of their
differences.

25
 Having a low self-esteem distinguished the following:

1. Persistent self - criticism on oneself as a disappointment and

magnifying the misdoings of behaviors and self-forgiveness is very
difficult to acknowledge.
2. Hyperdelicate to the criticisms of others and not open constructive
criticisms.
3. Unable to decide for fear of wrong decisions.
4. The fear of dissatisfying a friend or a person.
5. Being perfectionist will lead to exasperation or frustrations when the
expected output is not achieved.
6. Getting easily irritated over minor things will lead to being hostile and
irritated.
7. Insignificant feelings.
8. Negativity’s point of view on one’s life and for failure to enjoy life’s
activities.

APPLICATION
A. List Down Ten (10) things that boost your Self - Esteem in
this pandemic time that improves your self - concept.

No. List 10 Things Boost your Self - Explain

Esteem

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

26
 B. Write down activities that you do at least five (5) in this pandemic time
and relate this to one self that helps you as an individual in this
pandemic time.
Activities Describe the activities. Recognized Activities
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

C. Make a definition of Self as what you have learned in this lesson.

Definition of Self:

27
 Rubric for Explanation
Criteria Outstanding - 4 Proficient - Basic - 2 Below
3 Expectations - 1
Critical Rich in content; Substantial Information is Rudimentary
Thinking insightful information; thin and and superficial;
analysis, evidence of common little analysis,
synthesis and analysis, place; synthesis or
evaluation, clear synthesis and attempts, evaluation; little
connection is evaluation: made at or no
made to real; - life general analysis, connections with
situations or to connections synthesis and any other
previous content. are made, but evaluation; material or are
are connections off topic.
sometimes are limited,
too obvious vague
or not clear. generalities
are posted
Personal Entries are high Connects Little evidence Clack of
Reflection quality consisting ideas and of personal connection to
of personal thoughts to connections personal life.
reflections that personal life; need further
connect between Evidence of explanation or
real - life, personal justification.
learning, and connection to
reading. earning,
community.
Surface An occasional Few Obvious Obvious
Features grammatical or grammatical grammatical grammatical or
stylistic error. or stylistic or stylistic stylistic errors;
errors. errors; errors errors make
interfere with content very
content. difficult to read.
by:albany.edu/images

28
 LEARNING JOURNAL

29
References:

• Alata, E.P. (2018), Understanding of the Self. Rex Book Store.

• https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03kV2gwj98U4Xr1-
TqZ2qvVE4-
Raw:1594608133759&source=univ&tbm=isch&q=drawing+human+body+dr
awing&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijkfmamsnqAhXnyIsBHV0MCh0Q7Al6BAgJE
Cs&biw=1707&bih=781#imgrc=66eeuzfa70msjM
• https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol9/iss2/5/
• https://prezi.com/p/nnk7mcdfrh6a/the-self-as-the-cognitive-construct/
• https://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/the-cognitive-self-the-self-
concept/#:~:text=The%20self%2Dconcept%20is%20a%20schema%20that%2
0contains%20knowledge%20about,is%20related%20to%20it%20well.
• https://www.lydeangeles.com/looking-through-others-eyes/
• https://www.lydeangeles.com/looking-through-others-eyes/
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318139#:~:text=Functions%20of
%20the%20frontal%20lobe,decisions%20based%20on%20this%20input.
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcissistic-personality-
disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-
20366662#:~:text=Overview,lack%20of%20empathy%20for%20others.
• https://psychskills.com/characteristics-of-high-and-low-self-esteem/
• https://steemit.com/steem/@machhour/understanding-the-self-esteem-and-
lack-of-self-confidence
• https://positivepsychology.com/self-awareness-matters-how-you-can-be-more-
self-aware/
• https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/love-yourself-self-
love_ca_5e430d74c5b60cb88a60ac0b

30 | P a g e
 MODULE 1
DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL
PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND IDENTITY

LESSON IV
The Self in the Western and Eastern Thoughts

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

Distinguish the concept of self - as described to Western thought in

contrast to the Eastern/Oriental perspective.
Describe the concept of self as establish in Asian Thoughts;
Able to portray a Filipino self in this time of pandemic.

INTRODUCTION

We are staying in an environment with different culture that

we tend to generate our own perceptions of the “self” and one of
this is between the Eastern vs. Western Cultures dichotomy where the
Eastern is referring to Asia and the Western I referring to North America. This
distinction of the countries comprises was politically tint at the time the
foregoing ideas were tackled in the social sciences subjects. Moreover,
countries that are near and regionally near are having resemblances in a lot of
factors like Philippines having a similar or varying perceptions.

31 | P a g e
 ACTIVITY Same Planets Having Two Sides Activities

List down 10 differences between Western and Eastern society, culture, and
individuals in terms of their practices, beliefs and cultures. Write it on the table
below.
WESTERN EASTERN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Activity 2 Draw & Describe being a Filipino.

Draw a thing here that will describe yourself that will represent you as a
Filipino in this time of pandemic and explain why?

32 | P a g e
 ANALYSIS

1. Are you agreeable with the distinction between the Western and
Eastern World? Explain.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________

2. What place in the Philippines you find this distinction or differences?

Can you list at least five (5) of this places.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________

3. Identify this components or factors that makes the Philippines similar

with it’s neighbouring Asian Countries?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________

4. Compare how the covid19 pandemic was being dealt by different Asian
and Western Countries?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________

5. When you were drawing yourself as a Filipino in this time of pandemic

what did you feel? Describe here.

33 | P a g e
 ABSTRACTION

Hand in hand, need to analyse the outlook of each country and culture
about one’s idea of “self”. By this seeing it in their literature how they portray
the hero or the villain in their novels. How they exhibit the relationship in their
social organizations ns between the boss and subordinates, their art designs,
their clothing’s and even their foods may reveal more of about their “self.”
We will tackle about religious belief, and political philosophies that
significantly changed the mindset of one’s cultureculture or nation. For this the
summit our topic is the Eastern Culture.
Confucianism can be distinguished as code of ethical conduct of how
an individual appropriately act as expected in line with other individual’s that is
having a pleasant life (Ho, 1995 and and Alabata 2018).Moreover, identity and self
- concept are usually intertwine with the community where he/she belongs of
his identity and status sharing its fulfilment and frustrations (Ho, 1995 and
Alabata 2018). Self - cultivation is very essential and considered at the
furthest basis of life having the chun - tzu traits, with a righteous character
immerse in his social relationship as a person (Ho, 1995 and Alabata 2018).
We also have Confucianism civilized self as described as “ subdued self”
where the distinctive needs are being oppressed (subdued), for the good of
all, this makes Confucian society a hierarchical with the reason of sustaining
balance and structure in the society (Ho 1995 and Alata 2018).
Second philosophy is referring to Taoism, describing
describing the way of life of
the Tao or the universe. In Taoism, it does not accepts one definition of what
the Tao is, somehow they will only describe a clue as adopting a enthusiastic,
relative and specific and having a paradoxical views of almost anything.anything It
does not accepts hierarchy or ranking as well as harshness, simple way of life
and it’s teachings is what they adopt and focusing on how to attain that way of
life (Ho 1995 and Alata 2018).
The self is a part of the community or the family; part of the
t universe as
one form and expression of the Tao (Ho 1995 and Alata 2018). For them, For
the Tao, selflessness is the ideal self and it does not mean to forgetting about
the self somehow it describe as living with the balanced life with society and
nature,e, being open and embracing changes in life, not thinking of harm or any
prejudices and self - centered ideas, always having in minds about impartiality
or fairness as well as practicing harmony with all human beings (Ho, 1995 and
Alata 2018). In this way harmony occurs with everyone and everything.
Lastly, is Buddhism belief where so many groups adopted this one?
The self is seen here as vision born out of ignorance, holding on to and
control things that is human-centered
human centered needs, therefore the source of all
34 | P a g e
sufferings is the self ((Ho, 1995 and Alata 2018). Thus once search of
forgetting about self, cravings and interrupting the attachment on one’s self
that we have with the world and renouncing the self for all sufferings and in
doing so is way of attaining nirvana (Ho 1995 an d Alata 2018).
The above mentioned self is not focus on Asian or the Eastern beliefs
or philosophies unlike Confucianism and Taoism establishes in oneself. One
self must be beneficial to his community as well as sequence and harmony
with everyone else therefore will not create a self above others or with nature
to become better individual. The self in Buddhism is taking out the pictures of
selfishness from the whole picture.
The western culture, how it regards and focuses on towards the self in
order to be better by generating an association with a group for one’s self -
esteem by placing a priority in developing it. In the western thoughts one
person is distinct from one another where the creator is distinguished and
appreciated from the object he designed (Wolter 2012 and Alata 2018). On
the other hand the individual is part and interconnected with such specific
roles where the other person is a part of yourself (Wolter 2012 and Alata
2018). This explains that the western world is more of an individualistic
culture for the center is on the person as compared to the Asian culture is a
collectivist as they believe in the importance of group and social relations
rather than individual needs and wants.
Valuing individualism some westerners may loose alliance or such
loyalty to a group. For them competition is always the name of the business,
straightforward and forceful in communications and decision makings is
tough. In the eastern culture or the oriental worlds look at the well - being of
one another and values cooperation tends to compromise and going around
the bush in describing things, hoping that the other will “feel” what the other
one is trying say (Qingxue 2003 and Alata, 2018).
Westerners value equality because you as a person can be competitive
and design a “just” competition and safeguard he individuals. Example the
immediate supervisors or boss, parents or any seniors can be address by
their first name. For the Asian, having a collectivist culture, very respectful
and employees would not dare to contradict the high ranking officials
(Quingxue 2003 and Alata 2018). Asian is otherwise know as the Oriental
culture and western as the Occidental cultures.

35 | P a g e
 APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT

Create a diagram or the concept of the SELF according to a Filipino Culture

and explain. Below is a sample.

APPLICATION and ASSESSMENT

APPLICATION
Concept Mapping

https://abss.instructure.com/courses/41426/files/497327

36 | P a g e
Rubrics for Explanation
Criteria Outstanding - 4 Proficient - 3 Basic - 2 Below
Expectations - 1
Critical Rich in content; Substantial Information Rudimentary
Thinking insightful information; is thin and and superficial;
analysis, evidence of common little analysis,
synthesis and analysis, place; synthesis or
evaluation, clear synthesis and attempts, evaluation; little
connection is evaluation: made at or no
made to real; - general analysis, connections with
life situations or connections synthesis any other
to previous are made, but and material or are
content. are evaluation; off topic.
sometimes connection
too obvious s are
or not clear. limited,
vague
generalitie
s are
posted
Personal Entries are high Connects Little Clack of
Reflection quality ideas and evidence connection to
consisting of thoughts to of personal personal life.
personal personal life; connection
reflections that Evidence of s need
connect personal further
between real - connection to explanatio
life, learning, earning, n or
and reading. community. justification
.
Surface An occasional Few Obvious Obvious
Features grammatical or grammatical grammatic grammatical or
stylistic error. or stylistic al or stylistic errors;
errors. stylistic errors make
errors; content very
errors difficult to read.
interfere
with
content.
by:albany.edu/images

37 | P a g e
 LEARNING JOURNAL

38 | P a g e
References

• https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03kV2gwj98U4Xr1-TqZ2qvVE4-
Raw:1594608133759&source=univ&tbm=isch&q=drawing+human+body+drawing&s
a=X&ved=2ahUKEwijkfmamsnqAhXnyIsBHV0MCh0Q7Al6BAgJECs&biw=1707&bih=7
81#imgrc=66eeuzfa70msjM
• https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/ethnolinguistic
• https://knilt.arcc.albany.edu/images/f/f6/Scan0004.jpeg
• Alata, E.P. (2018), Understanding of the Self. Rex Book Store.

39 | P a g e
 CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

TEST 1. MULTIPLE CHOICE

DIRECTION: Circle the letter
letter that corresponds to the question.

1. Believes
elieves that the physical body is radically different from and inferior to
its inhabitant the immortal soul
A. St. Augustine
B. Sense experience
C. Spirit or passion
D. Philosophy

2. This philosopher suggested that it is an actively engaged intelligence in

man that synthesizes all knowledge and experience

A. Immanuel Kant
B. Gilbert Ryle
C. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Merleau
D. Socrates

3. The self as thinking entity or soul

A. Unconscious self
B. Non material, immortal, conscious being, independent of the
laws of the universe
C. Gilbert Ryle
D. Vegetative Soul

4.”The self is an entity that doubts questions and reasons."

A. World of forms
B. Rene Descartes
C. Sentient Soul
D. St. Augustine

5. Everything inside of our awareness

A. Unconscious Mind
B. Conscious Mind
C. Body and Soul
D. Cogito

6. Information and feelings are within the self. Never accessible

A. Private
B. Unitary
C. Language
D. Separate

40 | P a g e
 7. Has to be unceasing flux and malleable in its dealings with society.
A. Private
B. Mead
C. Moi
D. Self

8. It is expected not to change easily

A. Self-contained and independent
B. Separate
C. Consistent
D. Unitary

9. Distinct form the other self

A. Consistent
B. Separate
C. Unitary
D. Language
10. What it means to be who he is / influenced by the society or other
A. Personne
B. Gender
C. Family
D. For Vygotsky

Test II Write “T” if the Statement is True and give the correct answers if
the statement is false on the space provided for.
__________________1. “Me” refers to the physical traits the psychological
potentials of who we are as an individual (Gleitman et. al, 2011).
__________________2. “Ideal” is who you are at the moment (Hogg and
Vaughn 2010).
__________________3. “Making you aware from doing all the dangerous
things, helps you achieved goals is “Self - Awareness”
__________________4. “Unable to decide for fear of wrong decision
making is “High Self - Esteem.”
__________________5. The products of the mind that refers to what is
being asked about oneself (Oysterman, et. al 2012) is the “self - concept.”

Test III Multiple Choice. Write your answer on the space provided for
before each number.

___________________1. The code of ethical conduct, of how one should act

accordingly in their relationship with another individual (Ho, 1995).
a. Self - cultivation
b. Taoism
c. Confucianism
d. Buddhism

41 | P a g e
___________________2. It is living the Way of life that rejects hierarchy.
a. Taoism
b. Confucianism
c. Buddhism
d. Western Culture
___________________3. Emphasizes equality, create a fair competition and
protects the individuals.
a. Western Culture
b. Chinese Culture
c. Eastern Culture
d. European Culture
___________________ 4. Oriental culture is somewhat known as
a. Eastern Culture
b. Chinese Culture
c. Western Culture
d. European Culture
___________________ 5. Addressing the elders as “Manong, Manang, Kuya,
Ate and others is a sample of
a. Eastern Culture
b. Chinese Culture
c. Western Culture
d. European Culture

42 | P a g e