English-Yoruba Glossary of HIV, AIDS and Ebola-Related Terms

English-Yorùbá Glossary of
HIV, AIDS and Ebola-Related Terms
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English-Yorùbá Glossary of
HIV, AIDS and Ebola-Related Terms
edited by
Luqman Ayodele Yusuff

Adedotun Adetunji
Clement Odoje
UNIVERSITY PRESS PLC

IBADAN
2017
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University Press PLC
IBADAN ABA ABEOKUTA ABUJA AJAH AJEGUNLE AKURE BENIN IKEJA IKORODU ILORIN IJEBU-ODE
JOS KADUNA KANO MAIDUGURI MAKURDI MINNA ONITSHA OSOGBO OWERRI
PORT HARCOURT WARRI YABA ZARIA
© Luqman A. Yusuff, Adedotun Adetunji, Clement Odoje (eds) 2017
First Published 2017
All Rights Reserved
ISBN: 978 978 940 259 5
Published by University Press PLC

Three Crowns Building, Jericho, P.M.B. 5095, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Introduction
This English-Yorùbá Glossary of HIV, AIDS and Ebola-related terms contains over 1,500 clear and concise entries
covering most aspects of HIV, AIDS and Ebola discourses. Translated by a team of language and medical experts, the
entries are accessible, and complemented by explanations relating to the nature and symptoms of each medical term.
Created especially with both medical practitioners and health care consumers in mind, the bilingual glossary provides
authoritative and lucid definitions for a wide range of terms in the HIV, AIDS and Ebola debate as well as practices and
health conditions related to the epidemics. Entries reflect diseases, signs, symptoms, drugs, drug administration, disease
management and control, techniques and equipment, health service organizations, treatment, tests and screening,
prevention, safe behaviour and procedures.
The main purpose of the glossary is to strengthen communication between the Yoruba-speaking population and the health
workers serving them. In doing this, the aim is to facilitate dialogue by eliminating linguistic and cultural barriers. It is
hoped that the use of appropriate terms in indigenous languages in talking about HIV, AIDS and Ebola will help to reduce
stereotypes and attitudes which continue to stigmatize people living with these conditions.
This glossary is the outcome of a fruitful collaboration between medical experts (medical doctors, nurses, pharmacists and
microbiologists) and language experts. The study was made possible by the generous financial support of the Tertiary
Education Trust Fund (TETFund) through its National Research Fund. We thank the University of Ibadan, Usmanu
DanFodiyo University, Sokoto, Bayero University, Kano, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
University College Hospital, Ibadan, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Murtala Muhammed Specialist
Hospital, Sokoto, Usmanu DanFodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, and Catholic Caritas Foundation of Nigeria
(CCFN), Makurdi for research support and for weeks of research leave.
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We acknowledge the supportive roles of the following members of staff of the University of Ibadan: Prof. Kola Owolabi of
Yoruba Language Centre, Prof. Obododimma Oha of Department of English, Prof. Arinpe Adejumo of Department of
Linguistics, Prof. A.B. Ekanola of Department of Philosophy, Mr A.O. Ojelabi (the former Director of Academic
Planning), Prof. Isaac Adewole (the former Vice Chancellor) and Prof. Idowu Olayinka (the current Vice Chancellor). The
commitment of members of the research team and of both the language and medical experts has been crucial to the
successful completion of this project.
Methodology
From November 23, 2015 to January 23, 2016, we were able to carry out data collection in 10 states of Nigeria, namely
Anambra, Ekiti, Enugu, Imo, Kano, Katsina, Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, and Sokoto. This exercise involved visits to major
hospitals, Ebola management centres, media houses and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (with focus on
HIV/AIDS) to collect terminologies which are regularly used in their daily activities. The glossary also draws terms from
UNAIDS and UNESCO online resources, and from existing medical dictionaries such as Oxford Concise Medical
Dictionary (8th edition), New Concise Medical Dictionary (5th edition), and Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (28th edition).
Additional source materials include newspaper write-ups and articles on Ebola in Nigeria, Liberia, Guinea and Sierra
Leone.
To be able to translate the terms, the research team and experts held a series of workshops. From September 28-30, 2015,
we organized a metalanguage workshop on HIV, AIDS and Ebola vocabulary in Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. The workshop,
which was believed to be the first step towards actualising the goal of this project, was in two parts. The first part of the
workshop, which took place on September 28, was a training workshop. The interactive workshop (involving presentations
and discussions) was aimed at training the participants on lexical modernization, and particularly on how to compile a
metalanguage for HIV, AIDS and Ebola terminology in the three languages. The second part, which was a specialized
workshop, took place on September 29 and 30. Language and medical experts for each language as well as some interested
individuals shared information and made suggestions regarding the compilation of the metalanguage in their own
languages. Many of the terms, which we translated before the workshop, were assessed.
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At the end of the translation of the entries, there were workshops at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka from April 18-21,
2016 (to consider and agree on the translated HIV, AIDS and Ebola terminology in Igbo); at the University of Ibadan from
April 25-28, 2016 (to consider and agree on the translated HIV, AIDS and Ebola terminology in Yoruba); and at the
Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University, Sokoto from July 11-14, 2016 (also to consider and agree on the translated HIV, AIDS
and Ebola terminology in Hausa). Many of the translated terms have been verified with several members of the Network of
People Living With HIV and AIDS in Nigeria (NEPWHAN), Society for Women and AIDS in Africa, Nigeria (SWAN),
and the media in the three languages concerned.
Herbert Igboanusi
Principal Researcher
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Members of the Yoruba medical terminology team
1. Prof. Tope Omoniyi (Roehampton University, UK)
2. Dr Adedotun Adetunji (University College Hospital, Ibadan)
3. Prof. Harrison Adeniyi (Lagos State University)
4. Dr Demola Lewis (University of Ibadan)
5. Mrs Yetunde Afolabi (University College Hospital, Ibadan)
6. Dr Luqman Ayodele Yussuf (University of Lagos)
7. Prof. Oye Taiwo (University of Ibadan)
8. Dr Clement Odoje (University of Ibadan)
9. Mr Oyetayo Babatola (University of Ibadan)
Members of the research team

1. Prof. Herbert Igboanusi (Principal Researcher)
2. Dr Achiaka Irabor (Medical Coordinator)
3. Dr Clement Odoje (Co-researcher)
4. Dr Garba Ibrahim (Co-researcher)
An important abbreviation
* KASA ─ Kὸkὸrὸ Apa Sόjà Ara
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S/N SOURCE DEFINITION YORÙBÁ TRANSLATION
1 Abacavir A popular HIV/AIDS antiretroviral Òògùn KASA Gbajúgbajà òògùn KASA àti
drug. ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
2 Abdominal Area between the chest and the hips Inú Agbègbè láàrin igbá-àyà àti
that contains the stomach, small ìbàrá-ìdí, tí àkójo ̣pò ikùn, ìfun
intestine, large intestine, liver and kékeré, ìfun-nla, ẹ̀dọ̀ àti
gallbladder. òrónro wà.
3 Abdominal pain Pain in the belly. Abdominal pain can Ẹ̀ dùn inú Ẹ̀ dùn inú ikùn. Inú dídùn lè jẹ́
be acute or chronic. ògidì tabi pípẹ́.
4 Abnormal Outside the expected norm, or Àìyẹ Ó yàtọ̀ sí ìhùwàsí tí a ń retí
uncharacteristic of a particular patient. tàbí àbùdà tí o yàtọ̀ sí ti
agbàtọ́jú kan.
5 Abortion The expulsion or removal of all Ìṣẹ́yún Ọ̀nà yíyọ oyún tàbí ọmọ nígbà
embryo or foetus from the uterus at a tí a mọ̀ pé kò lè yè.
state of pregnancy when it is incapable
of independent survival.
6 Abruptio Premature separation of the placenta Àìgbówọ̀ Yíya ibi àti ilé ọmọ saájú ọjọ́
Placentae from the site of implantation on the ìbímọ.
uterus before delivery of the foetus.
7 Absolute contra- When a particular treatment or Èèwọ̀ ìtọ́jú Nígbà tí a bá ní kí á má lo
indication procedure should not be used under ìlànà ìtọ́jú kan lábẹ́ bí ó tilẹ̀
any circumstance because of the severe wù kí ó rí nítorí pé ó lè la ẹ̀mí
and potentially life-threatening risks lọ.
involved.
8 Abstain (V) Restrain oneself from doing or Takété/Séra/ Yíyàn láti ta kété sí ìgbádùn
enjoying something. Yẹra ohun kan.
1
2 ENGLISH-YORÙBÁ GLOSSARY OF HIV, AIDS AND EBOLA-RELATED TERMS
9 Abstinence Be A popular HIV/AIDS prevention Ìṣéra, jíjẹ́ Gbajúgbajà ìmọ̀ràn nípa

Faithful Use message. olótìítọ́, lílo KASA àti ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ
Condoms (ABC) rọ́bà àjẹsára.
ìdáàbòbò
10 Abstinence The practice of restraining oneself Ìséra/Ìyẹra/ Ìwà ìkó ara ẹni ní ìjánu nípa
from indulging in something, typically Ìtakété nǹkan pàápàá jùlọ ọtí mímu
alcohol or sex. àti ìbálòpọ̀.
11 Acanthosis A skin disorder characterized by Àìsàn àwọ̀ ara Àwọ̀ ara tó yàtọ̀ látàrí kí apá
nigricans velvety, light brown-to-black markings kan yàtọ̀ sí àwọn tó kù pàápàá
that develop mainly in the folds of the àwọn ibi ìsẹ́po ara bí i abíyá,
body, such as in the armpits, groin, and abẹ́nú àti kòtò ọrùn. Àìsàn
creases of the neck. Acanthosis àwọ̀ ara yìí lè jẹ́ àjogúnbá,
nigricans can be an inherited condition ajẹmọ́ ẹsẹ́, jẹjẹrẹ, tàbí nípa ìlo
or can occur as the result of an àwọn òògùn kan.
endocrine disorder, cancer, or use of
certain medications.
12 Access to This is the ability of having the Ọ̀nà ìfitónilétí Ọ̀nà láti mọ ohun tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní
information opportunity to know what is going on àyíká wa.
in your environment.
13 Accidental An occupational exposure to HIV that Ìsèèsì kò Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ẹnu iṣẹ́ tí ó máa mú ni
inoculation occurs during the performance of job kokoro wọnu dójú kọ ewu kíkó KASA(Bóyá
duties (by a nurse or doctor, for ara dókítà tàbí nọ́ọ̀sì, bí àpẹẹrẹ). O
example). This includes a needlestick lè jẹ́ láti ara abẹ́rẹ́ aláàílààbò
injury or cut with a sharp object, tàbí ọgbẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ohun mímú,
contact of mucous membranes (mouth, ìfarakan ìwọ̀ aṣekún (ẹnu tàbí
eyes), or contact of skin (especially ojú), tàbí ìfarakan ara (pàápàá
when the exposed skin is chapped, nígbà tí awọ ẹnìkejì bá ti bó,
ENGLISH-YORÙBÁ GLOSSARY OF HIV, AIDS AND EBOLA-RELATED TERMS 3
abraded, or afflicted with dermatitis – dáranjẹ̀ tàbí ní egbò – tí

skin rash – or sores or the contact is ìfarakínra yìí bá pẹ́ tí ó sì ní ṣe
prolonged or involving an extensive pẹ̀lú ẹ̀jẹ̀, oje ara (ìgbẹ́, ìtọ̀, oje
area) with blood, tissues, or other body ojú ara, itọ́) àti àwọn nǹkan
fluids (stool, urine, vaginal secretions, mìíràn tí ó pè fún ìsọra kárí-
saliva, mucus) to which universal ayé.
precautions apply.
14 Acquire To get something. Kó Láti kó nǹkan.
15 Acquired Not inherited, or present at birth Kíkó Kì í se àjogúnbá, tàbí jẹyọ
(congenital), but developing after lásìkò ìbí, sùgbọ́n a máa wáyé
birth. It is obtained by one’s action. lẹ́yìn bíbí. Ó lè jẹ́ nípasẹ̀
àfọwọ́fà.
16 Acquired drug When a drug-resistant strain of HIV Ìjáàgùn kíkó Nígbà tí KASA tí ó ti jáàgùn
resistance emerges while a person is on bá je ̣ yo ̣ nínú ènìyàn nígbà tí
antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the ẹni náà ń lo òògùn KASA
treatment of HIV infection. lọ́wọ́ láti ṣe ìtọ́jú ìkóràn
ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
17 Acquired Immunity that develops during a Àjẹsára kíkó Ajẹsára tí ó ń dàgba nígbà tí
immunity person’s lifetime. There are two types ẹni náà wà làáyè. Irú àjẹsára
of acquired immunity: active immunity kíkó méjì ló wà: àtinúdá àti
and passive immunity. àìtinúdá.
18 Acquired Immune Deficiency of cellular immunity Ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ Ìsọ àjẹsára di ọ̀lẹ nípasẹ̀ ìkóràn
Deficiency induced by infection with the Human àjẹsára kòkòrò asọ-àjẹsára ènìyàn di
Syndrome (AIDS) Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV1). ọ̀lẹ.
19 Action This is a process or state of acting or of Ìsapá Èyí ni ìgbésẹ̀ tàbí ipò ṣíṣe iṣẹ́.
being active.
20 Active immunity Protection from a disease as a result of Àjẹsára Ààbò lọ́wọ́ ààrùn gẹ́gẹ́ bí i èsì
previous exposure to the disease- àtinúdá àbájáde ààrùn ìkóràn tàbí ẹ̀yà
causing infectious agent or part of the asojú àjèjì adára-lóró. Ààbò
infectious agent (antigen). The yìí le jẹ́ èsì níní ààrùn tàbí àti
protection can be a result of having gba òògùn tó ń dẹ́kun kíkó
had the disease or having received a ààrùn.
vaccine to prevent getting the disease.
21 Acute Acute is the description of a disease of Àìsàn ògidì Èyí jẹ́ àlàyé àìsàn ìbẹ̀rẹ̀
rapid onset, severe symptoms, and kánkán, ó ní àpẹẹrẹ àmì tó
brief duration. gboró àti àkókó pérété.
22 Acute care clinics Urgent care is a category of walk-in Ilé ìtọ́jú àìsàn Itọ́jú kánjú ǹkánjú jẹ́ ẹ̀yà ìtọ́jú
clinic focused on the delivery ògidì sárénbájà ní ibi ìwòsàn tó ní
of ambulatory care in a dedicated gbogbo irinṣẹ́ ìtọ́jú nínú yàtọ̀
medical facility outside of a sí yàrá ìtọ́jú pàjáwìrì.
traditional emergency room.
23 Acute HIV It is the primary stage of infection and Ìkóràn Èyí ni ìpìlẹ̀ ìkóràn tí ó sì wà
infection lasts until the body has created KASA alásìkò títí di ìgba tí ara yóó fi pèsè
antibodies against HIV. During this péréte àwọn sójà lòdì sí KASA. Ní
first stage of infection, the virus is àkókò ìpele àkóràn àkọ́kọ́,
replicating at a rapid rate. kòkòrò naa yóó máà ṣe ẹ̀dà ara
rẹ̀ ní yanturu.
24 Acute infection An infection causing disease with a Ògidì ìkóràn Ògidì ìkóràn tó ń fa àìsàn òjijì
sudden onset, severity and (often) tí ríro rẹ̀ kéréjọjọ. Pẹ̀lú
short course. As related to HIV ìfarajọmọ́ ìkóràn KASA:
infection: Once the virus enters the nígbà tí kòkòrò yìí bá wọ ara
body, HIV infects a large number of ọ̀pọ̀ CD4+ hóró T tó yara ní
CD4+ T cells and replicates rapidly. àfijọ. Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀ ìkóràn, ẹ̀jẹ̀
During this acute or primary phase of a máa ní kòkòrò àìfojúrí tó ń
infection, the blood contains many tàn ká gbogbo ara pàápàá jùlọ
viral particles that spread throughout ẹ̀yà àrídìmú omi-ara.
the body, seeding themselves in
various organs, particularly the
lymphoid tissues.
25 Acute Infection A federally funded research Ètò ìwádìí Ètò ìwádìí tí ìjọba àpapọ̀ ń fún
and Early Diseases programme that studies how HIV ògidì àìsàn lówó láti kọ́ bí ènìyàn ṣe máa
Research infects humans and how the disease péréte ń kó ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára àti
Program progresses to AIDS. bí àìsàn yìí ṣe máa ń di KASA.
(AIEDRP)
26 Acute An autoimmune process that is Ògidi àìsàn Ètò àje ̣sára tí ó n fa àárè ̣ is ̣an
Inflammatory characterized by progressive muscle ségesège oríkèé. Ó jẹ́ ààrùn tí ó ń fa
Demyelinating weakness in the limbs and mild ìmọ̀lára àkóba fún ìmọ̀lára.
Polyneuropathy sensory symptoms. It is a disease that
(AIDP) affects the nerves.
27 Acute Retroviral The acute or primary HIV infection (Onírúurú) Ògidì ìkóràn KASA ń wá
Syndrome often passes unrecognized, but may be ìfojúhàn láìfojúhàn, ó lè farahàn bí i
present as a mononucleosis-like ìkóràn kòkòrò àwọn àìsàn àgọ́ oníhórókan
syndrome within three months of the láàárín osù mẹ́ta. Ìdí àìsàn ni a
infection. The diagnosis is made by lè sàfihàn sójà ara KASA fún
demonstrating HIV antigen in the ìyípadà omi ẹ̀jẹ̀.
blood.
28 Acyclovir An antiviral drug used especially in the Òògùn apa- Òògùn apa kòkòrò pàápàá tí a
treatment of herpes and AIDS. kòròrò fí ń tọ́jú herpes àti ààrùn
Herpes ìsọdọ̀lé ajẹsára.
29 Adenopathy Any disease involving or causing the Pẹ́tẹ́lẹ́ Irúfẹ́ ààrùn tí ó ń fa wíwú ẹsẹ́
enlargement of glandular tissues, pàápàá èyí tó ní aṣe-omi-ara.
especially one involving the lymph
nodes.
30 Adenovirus A class of virus that causes Kòkòrò adeno Ẹ̀ yà kòkòrò tí ó má ń fa wíwú
inflammation. ara.
31 Adherence The extent to which a patient continues Ìgbọ́ran Iye ìgbà tí aláàisàn fí ń gbọ́ràn
the agreed-upon treatment as ìgbàtọ́jú sí ìtọ́jú tí a yàn fún un.
prescribed.
32 Adherence Adherence support workers are Àtìlẹ́hìn Alátìlẹhìn ìgbọ́ràn Ìgbàtọ́jú jẹ́
support important members of the ìgbọ́ràn ọ̀kan pàtàkì nínú ẹgbẹ́ aṣètọ́jú
antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinical ìgbàtọ́jú ààrùn ajẹmọ́ ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
team. They help improve patient Wọ́n a máa ṣe ìrànwọ́ láti jẹ́ kí
adherence, knowledge, and aláìsàn gbọ́ràn sí àlàkalẹ̀ ìlò
understanding; provide education and òògùn, ìmọ̀ àti òye rẹ̀ Wọn a
counselling in the patient’s own máa fún aláìsàn ní ẹ̀kọ́ àti
language; and free nurses and doctors ìgbaninímọ̀ràn ní èdè aláìsàn
to focus on other clinical needs. gan-an, èyí sì jẹ́ kí àwọn
dókítà àti nọ́ọ́sì ráyè fún ohun
ajẹmọ́ ìsègùn mìíràn.
33 Adherence to HIV “Treatment adherence” is a phrase Ìgbọ́ràn sí Èyí ni ìlànà lílo òògùn KASA
Treatment that means taking your HIV drugs ìgbàtọ́jú bí ó ṣe tọ́ àti bí ó ṣe yẹ.
when and how you are supposed to. KASA
34 Adjuvant An ingredient − as in a prescription or Aṣèrànwọ́ Èròjà tí a dàpọ̀mọ́ òògùn tàbí
solution − that facilitates or modifies ọ̀nà àbáyọ sí èròjà pátápátá. A
the action of the principal ingredient, lè lò ó fún ìtọ́jú àìlera kòkòrò
may be used in HIV therapies or for àti àjẹsára KASA.
HIV vaccines.
35 Administration of (Route of Administration). A term Ìsàkóso ìlo Èyí ni ọ̀rọ̀ ìperí tí ó túmọ̀ sí
drugs used to refer to how a drug or therapy òògùn ọ̀nà tí òògùn tàbí ìtọ́jú kàn ń
is introduced into the body. Systemic gbà wọnú ara. Ìsàkósò ilo
administration means that the drug òògùn elétò túmọ̀ sí pé òògùn
goes throughout the body (usually yìí sàn ká gbogbo ara (inú ẹ̀jẹ̀
carried in the bloodstream), and ni a ti máa ń gbé e ka), ó lè
includes oral administration (by gba ẹnu tàbí ojú abẹ́rẹ́ wọlé.
mouth) and intravenous administration
(injection into the vein).
36 Adverse Drug Any unintended, undesirable response Àìbáramu Àìnífẹ̀sí èsì lílo òògùn ní
Reaction (ADR) to a drug taken at a normal dose for òògùn àìròtẹ́lẹ̀ nípa bí ó ṣe yẹ kí á lò
normal use. Adverse drug reactions òògùn náà. Àìbáramu òògùn
(ADRs) are classified by onset, ni a lè pín sí ìsọ̀rí ìbẹ̀ẹ̀rẹ̀,
severity, and type. ìdíbàjẹ́ àti ẹ̀yà.
37 Adverse event In a clinical trial, this is an unwanted Ìsẹ̀lẹ̀ àìfẹ́ Ní ti ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú, rírí ipa àìfẹ́
effect detected in participants. The lára àwọn akópa wà. Ọ̀rọ̀ ìperí
term is used whether or not the effect yìí ni à ń lò ìbáà jẹ́ pé ipa náà
can be attributed to the intervention dá lórí ìdásí tí ìwádìí tí ó ń lọ
under study. lọ́wọ́.
38 Aerosolized A form of a drug such as pentamidine, Òògùn ìsọdi- Ọ̀kan lára àwọn òògùn bíi
turned into a fine spray or mist by a àfimúfà pentamidine tí a yí padà sí
nebulizer and inhaled. aṣeéfin tàbí dàpọ̀ mọ́ nebulizer
tí ó ṣe é fi imú fà.
39 Affected This includes HIV-positive people, Àwùjọ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Èyí jẹ́ àwọn tó n gbé pẹ̀lú
community persons living with AIDS and other kàn KASA, àti àwọn tí wọ́n ń gbé
individuals, including their families, pẹ̀lú ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára tí tí
friends and advocates, directly ó fi kan àwọn ènìyàn mìíràn
impacted by HIV infection and its bíi ẹbí, ọ̀rẹ́ àti alágbàwí, àwọn
physical, psychological and tí ọ̀rọ́ ìkóràn KASA kàn gan-
sociological ramifications. an bóyá ti àfojúrí, ìfòyemọ̀
tàbí ìfarakínra.
40 Agammaglobuli- A near total absence of antibodies Àìsí sójà-ara Àìsí sójà ara ní èyí tí ó lè yọrí
nemia (immunoglobulins) resulting in the sí pípàdánù okun láti pèse
loss of ability to produce immune ajẹsára àwọn sójà ara.
antibodies.
41 Agency for Health An agency of the Public Health Àjọ ìṣèwádìí Àjọ ìsèwádìí àti ìlànà ìtọ́jú tí ó
Care Policy and Service that supports activities to àti ìlànà ìtọ́jú pèsè ìrànwọ́ ìlera fún gbogbo
Research enhance health care services and ènìyàn àti ọ̀nà tí wọn yóò gbà
(AHCPR) improve access to them. gba ìtọ́jú náà.
42 AIDS The National Library of Medicine Àkójọ àkọsílẹ̀ Ilé-ìyáwèékàwèé ìsègùn orílẹ̀-
bibliography publishes the monthly AIDS Ìṣọdọ̀lẹ èdè máa ń tẹ àbájáde ìwádìí
Bibliography, which includes all àjẹsára onírúurú tí ó ti inú àká
citations from the AIDSLINE ìsọdọ̀lẹ-àjẹsára ti orí intánẹ́ẹ̀tì
database. jáde lósoosù.
43 AIDS case Diagnostic criteria for AIDS Asàwárí Òsùwọ̀n ìsàwárí fún ààrùn
definition established by the Centers for Disease ààrùn-ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára tí a gbékalẹ̀ láti
Control and Prevention (CDC). To be àjẹsára ọwọ́ ibi-iṣẹ́ fún ìdarí àti ìdẹ́kun
diagnosed with AIDS, a person with ààrùn. Láti sọ pé ẹni kan ni
HIV must have an AIDS-defining KASA, ẹni bẹ́ẹ̀ gbúdọ̀ ni àwọn
condition or have a CD4 count less asàfihàn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára tábí kí
than 200 cells/mm3. òǹkà CD4 dín si hóró
200/mm.
44 AIDS Clinical The ACTG is composed of a number Àjọ ACTG Àjọ ACTG ni àwọn ẹ̀ka tàbí
Trials Group of US medical centres that evaluate ibùdó ìsègùn ní orílẹ̀-èdè
(ACTG) treatment for HIV and HIV-associated Amẹ́ríkà tí ó ń ṣe ìtọ́jú KASA
infections. ACTG studies are àti àwọn ààrùn ìkóràn tí wọ́n

sponsored by the National Institute of fara pẹ́ ẹ. Ìwádìí ACTG ní
Allergy and Infectious Diseases. NIAID maa ń ṣe onígbọ̀wọ́ rẹ̀.
45 AIDS Control Country specific programms set up to Ìsàkóso ètò Àwo ̣n ètò aje ̣mo ̣-orílè ̣-èdè ti a
Programme (ACP) control the spread of HIV infection. ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ dá sílè ̣ láti dènà ìtànká ààrùn
àjẹsára Ìsọdọ̀lẹ Àjẹsára.
46 AIDS defining AIDS defining illnesses are conditions Àìsàn ìsàfihàn Àìsàn ìṣàfihàn ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
illness that, in the setting of a HIV infection, ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára jẹ́ ipò ṣíse ètò fún
confirm the diagnosis of AIDS. àjẹsára ìkóràn KASA àti ìdánilójú
ìdámọ̀ ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
47 AIDS Dementia (HIV-associated dementia or HAD) A Àìsàn ọpọlọ (KASA ajẹmọ́ ààrùn ọpọlọ)
Complex (ADC) degenerative (destructive) neurological ajẹmọ́-ìsọdọ̀lẹ ọ̀kan lára àìsiṣẹ́ dédé ọpọlọ èyí
condition attributed to HIV infection, àjẹsára tí ìkóràn KASA sokùnfà rẹ̀, ó
characterized by a group of clinical sì ní àbùdá ìgbékalẹ̀ iṣẹ́ ìṣègùn
presentations including loss of pẹ̀lú pípàdánù ọ̀nà ìgbẹ́kalẹ̀
coordination, mood swings, loss of nù, ìsesí ìfipamọ́, àdánù
inhibitions, and widespread inability to ìfàséhìn àti àìlè ronú lọ́nà
think. It is the most common central gbòrò. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀nà kan pàtàkì sí
nervous system complication of HIV ètò gbùngbun aṣàkóso ara sí
infection. ìdákún ìkóràn KASA.
48 AIDS Drug Federally funded programmes that Ètò ìṣèrànwọ́ Ètò tí ìjọba àpapọ̀ sagbátẹrù rẹ̀
Assistance provide medications and other HIV- òògùn ààrùn tí ó ń pèsè òògùn àti àwọn
Programs related services to low-income, ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àkànṣe iṣẹ́ ajẹmọ́ KASA fún
(ADAPs) uninsured, and underinsured people àjẹsára àwọn tí wọn kò lówó púpọ̀
with HIV/AIDS. lọ́wọ́.
49 AIDS drugs Any substance, other than food, used Òògùn ààrùn Ohunkóhun tí a lè lò yàtọ̀ sí
in the prevention, diagnosis, ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ouńjẹ fún ìdènà, ìdámọ̀, ìtọ́jú
alleviation, treatment, and cure of àjẹsára àti ìwòsàn ìsọdọ̀lẹ ajẹ́sára.
AIDS disease.
50 AIDS Education The centers train primary caregivers to Ibùdó ẹkọ́ Ibi-iṣẹ́ náà ń pèṣè ẹ̀kọ́ fún
and Training incorporate HIV prevention strategies nípa ìsọdọ̀lẹ àwọn olùtọ́jú láti sánnà ìdènà
Centers (AETC) into their clinical priorities, along with àjẹsára ìtànkálẹ̀ KASA pẹ̀lú ìdámọ̀
diagnosis, counselling and care of àìsàn, ìgbaniníyànjú àti ìtọ́jú
HIV-infected persons and their àwọn tí wọ́n ń gbé pẹ̀lú KASA
families. àti àwọn ẹbí wọn.
51 AIDS knowledge Full-text electronic database on AIDS, Àká ìmọ̀ nípa Àká kíkún adálórí àbájade
base available in print as well as electronic ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ìwádìí ààrùn ìsodọ̀lẹ àjẹsára tí
form, produced and maintained by àjẹsára a tẹ̀ jáde tàbí wà ní inú ohun
physicians and other health care èlò aloná mìíràn tí a pèsè tàbí
professionals. ṣe ìtọ́jú rẹ̀ láti ọwọ́ àwọn
oníṣègùn àti àwọn òsìṣẹ́ elétò
ìlera mìíràn.
52 AIDS Prevention APIN is a leading Nigerian Àjọ APIN Àjọ APIN jé ̣ as ̣aájú nínú ìpèsè
Initiative in organization in the provision of aáyan ìdènà ààrùn ìso ̣dò ̣le ̣
Nigeria (APIN) prevention, care and treatment services àje ̣sára àti ìtó ̣jú àwo ̣n aláàrùn
to patients with HIV/AIDS and other náà pè ̣lú àwo ̣n ààrùn tó gbile ̣
diseases of public health significance. ní àyíká.
53 AIDS Research Board that advises and makes Ìgbìmọ̀- Ìgbìmọ̀-ìgbaninímọ̀ràn tí ó sì ń
Advisory recommendations to the Director, ìgbaninímọ̀- tún dábàá fún olùdarí ti ìbi
Committee National Institute of Allergy and ràn ìṣèwàdìí ìwádìí ààrùn ìkóràn orílẹ̀-èdè
Infectious Diseases, on all aspects of ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ lórí gbogbo ìwàdìí ààrùn
HIV-related research, vaccine àjẹsára ajẹmọ́ KASA, síṣẹ̀dá àjẹsára,
development, pathogenesis and ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àìsàn ara àti ẹ̀kọ́ nípa

epidemiology. ààrùn.
54 AIDS Service A health association, support agency Ẹgbẹ́ ìmòjútó Ẹgbẹ́ ètò ìlera, àjọ àṣèràwọ́
Organization or other service active in the ìtọ́jú ààrùn tàbí ẹka mìíràn tí wọ́n ń sa ipá
(ASO) prevention and treatment of AIDS. ìṣọdọ̀lẹ láti dẹ́kun àti láti se ìtọ́jú ààrùn
àjẹsára ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
55 AIDS vaccine A special preparation of anti-genetic Òògùn Àkànṣe ìpèsè òògùn tó n ru
material that can be used to stimulate àjẹsára ààrùn ìdàgbàsókè sójà ara sókè kí ó
the development of antibodies and thus ìṣọdọ̀lẹ sì fún àjẹsára ní agbára láti
confer active immunity against AIDS. lòdì sí ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
56 AIDS Wasting An AIDS-defining condition that Rírù nípasẹ̀ Ipò àlàyé nípa ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
Syndrome includes at least 10% weight loss in the ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára nípa síṣọ ìwọ̀n ìdá
presence of diarrhea, chronic àjẹsára mẹ́wà nù sí ìgbẹ́ gbuuru, àárẹ̀
weakness, and documented fever for at líle àti ibà fún bíi ọgbọ̀njọ́ tí
least 30 days that is not the result of kìí ṣe àbàjáde ìkóràn ààrùn
another infection or disease. In mìíràn. Ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tí ó
developing countries, it is often called ń ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ ń dìde bọ̀, wọ́n tún máa
"slim disease." ń pè é ní àìsàn gbígbẹ.
57 AIDSline Aidsline is a statewide confidential Ojú òpó Ojú òpó ìgbaninímọ̀ràn,
information, counselling and referral ìgbaninímọ̀- ìfitónilétí àti ètò mímúni lọ sí
service on HIV/AIDS. ràn nípa ibi ìtọ́jú mìíràn lórí KASA/
ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
àjẹsára
58 AIDS-Related Several cancers are more common or Jẹjẹrẹ àjẹmọ́ Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ jẹjẹrẹ ló máa n fara
Cancers more aggressive in persons living with ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ hàn lára ẹni tó n gbé pẹ̀lú
HIV. These malignancies include àjẹsára KASA. Awọn wọ̀yìí ni jẹjẹrẹ
certain types of immune system nínú àjẹsára tí a mọ̀ sí omi-

cancers known as lymphomas, kaposi ara, àti jẹjẹrẹ inú ihò-ìdí tí ó
sarcoma, and anogenital cancers that máa n ṣe àkóbá fún àbáwọlé
primarily affect the anus and the ilé ọmọ.
cervix.
59 AIDS-Related (Early symptomatic HIV infection) A Ìpìlẹ̀ ìfihàn (Ìfihàn ìkóràn KASA)
Complex (ARC) group of common complications found ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ Àkójọpọ̀ ìpìlẹ̀ ìfihàn ààrùn
in early stages of HIV infection. They àjẹsára KASA lójú ọjọ́. Wọ́n jẹ́ àpapọ̀
include progressive generalized aṣẹ́ oje omi ara, àìsàn ọrọọrún,
lymphadenopathy (PGL), recurrent ìwọ̀n jíjá, ìgbẹ́ gbuuru abbl.
fever, unexplained weight loss,
swollen lymph nodes, diarrhoea,
herpes, hairy leukoplakia, fungus
infection of the mouth and throat, and
the presence of HIV antibodies.
60 AIDSTRIALS An online database service Ìjábọ̀ọ́ ìdánwò Àká iṣẹ́ ti orí íntánẹ́ẹ̀tì tí àjọ
administered by the National Library ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ilé-ìyáwèé-kàwé ti ijọba àpapọ̀
of Medicine, with information about àjẹsára ń sagbátẹrù pẹ̀lú ìfitónilétí
clinical trials of agents under nipa ìtọ́jú ajẹmọ́-ìwádìí àti
evaluation against HIV infection, àyèwò àwọn ti wọ́n ni ìkọ́ràn
AIDS and related opportunistic KASA, ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ ajẹ̀sára
infections. àti àwọn àìsàn akófà mìíràn.
61 Airborne disease Diseases or bacteria that are spread Àìsàn abáfẹ́fẹ́- Àìsàn tàbí batéríà tí wọ́n ń tàn
through the air. rìn ká nípa afẹ́fẹ́.
62 Alanine A liver enzyme that plays a role in Oje asàfihàn Ẹ́ ńsáìmù ẹ̀dọ̀ tó n kó ipa pàtàkì
Aminotransferase protein metabolism. Abnormally high ìlera ẹ̀dọ̀ nínú ìyóró purotéènì. Ipò àìyẹ
(ALT) blood levels of ALT are a sign of liver ẹ̀jẹ̀ onípele gíga jẹ́ àmì ẹ̀dọ̀
inflammation or damage from wíwú tàbí bíbàjẹ́ láti inú

infection or drugs. A normal level is ìkóràn tàbí àwọn òògùn. Ìpele
below approximately 50 IU/L. tí ó dára wà ní nǹkan bíi ipele
50 ti IU/L.
63 Albumin A protein made by the liver and found Purotéènì ẹ̀dọ̀ Purotéènì tí ẹ̀dọ̀fóró ń pèsè tí a
in high concentrations in blood. This rí nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀. Ìwọn purotéènì yìí
protein may be measured as part of a ni a fi ṣe òdiwọ̀n bí ẹ̀dọ̀fóró ṣe
liver function test. ń ṣiṣẹ́.
64 Alkaline An enzyme normally present in certain Oje ìsàfihàn Ẹ́ ńsáìmù tí o wà nínú àwọn
phosphatase cells within the liver, bone, kidney, ìlera eegun àti inú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, eegun, kídìrín,
intestine, and placenta. When the cells inú ìfun àti ibi ọmọ. Lẹ́yìn tí a ti
are destroyed in those tissues, more of pa àwọn hónínú ìṣù, àwọn
the enzyme leaks into the blood, and ẹnsaimu yìí wá máa jò sínú
levels rise in proportion to the severity ẹ̀jẹ̀, tí ipò wọn máa wá ga sí i.
of the condition. Measurement of this òsùwọ̀n ẹnsaimu ni a fí n ṣe
enzyme is used as an indication of the ìtọ́kasí ìlera ẹ̀dọ̀.
health of the liver.
65 Aloe vera A juice or jelly substance obtained Alofẹ́rà Èyí ni ohun èròjà tí a n rí lára
from the leaves of an aloe plant used ewé aloe, tí a n lò fún ìtọ́jú ara
as a soothing treatment for the skin and páàpáà ibi tó jóná àti fún
burns as well as in cosmetics; any of ìkunjú. Èyíkéyìí igi tó ní ewé
the succulent plant having spiky leaves sóńsó tí ó sì ní oje yíyọ̀.
which yield the jelly and juice.
66 Alopecia Loss of hair that frequently occurs in Irun ríre Irun ríre jẹ́ èyí tí ó sábà máa ń
patients undergoing treatment for farahàn lára aláìsàn tí ó n gba
cancer or suffering from other ìtọ́jú àìsàn jẹjẹrẹ tàbí irúfẹ́
diseases, such as AIDS, where cell- àìsàn mìíràn bíi ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
killing, or cytotoxic, drugs are used. àjẹsára tàbí níbi tí òògùn tí ó
pa àwọ hóró ti di lílò.
67 Alpha Interferon A protein produced by the immune Purotéènì Purotéènì tí àjẹsára ń pèsè ní
(Interferon Alpha, system in response to infection that Aṣèdáàbòbò ìdáhùn sí ìkóràn tó n ṣe ìrànwọ́
IFN) assists in controlling virus infection. fún dídarí ìkóràn kòkòrò.
68 Alternate test site Alternate site refers to testing blood Orísìí ibi Èyí ni àyẹ̀wò gúlúkóòsì ẹ̀jẹ̀
glucose on parts of the body other than ìsàyẹ̀wò kan nínú ẹ̀yà ara yàtọ̀ sí góńgó orí
the fingertip: most commonly the ìka. A sábà máa n ṣe ní ìṣàlẹ̀
forearm, palm or thigh. apá, àtẹlẹwọ́ tàbí itan.
69 Alternative This refers to any type of medicine that Ìtọ́jú àìlera Ẹ̀ yà ìṣègùn mìíràn tí a lò gẹ́gẹ́
therapy supplements or is used in lieu of mìíràn bí afikún tàbí rọ́pò ìṣègùn
biomedicine ( i.e. conventional òyìnbó. Ní ibi tí ìṣègùn ibílẹ̀ ti
medicine) or allopathic medicine. In gbalẹ̀ ìsègùn òyìnbó náà lè jẹ́
other parts of the world, where ìtọ́jú àìlera mìíràn
traditional medicine predominates, the
term may refer to biomedicine itself.
70 Alternative/ A broad category of treatment systems Ọ̀nà ìṣègùn Ẹka ètò ìwòsàn ńlá (bí àpẹẹrẹ,
Complementary (e.g. chiropractic, herbal medicine, mìíràn àgbo/tewé tegbò, ètò ìtọ́jú
medicine acupuncture, homeopathy, ìbáramu ààrùn, ìtọ́jú tí kò lọ́wọ́
naturopathy, and spiritual devotions) òògùn nínú, ètò àdúrà) tàbí
or culturally based healing traditions ìwòsàn ajẹ́mọ́ àṣà ìbílẹ̀ bíi ti
such as Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Sáníìsì, ìtọ́jú aláìlóògùn àti
Christian science. It shares the sáyẹ́nsì kìrìsìtẹ́nì. Gbogbo
common characteristic of non- wọn ló ni àbùdá aláìṣeégbà
acceptance by the biomedical (i.e. àwọn ìṣègùn òyìnbó.
mainstream Western) establishment.
71 Alum Potassium aluminum sulfate or Aálò ̣mù Onírúurú aálò ̣mù fún fífa èébì
ammonium aluminum sulfate, used àti fún ìdé ̣kun ̣s ̣ísẹ̀ ̣jè ̣sí.
especially as an emetic (i.e. an agent
that induces vomiting), an astringent
(i.e. a substance that contracts tissues)
and styptic (i.e. a substance that tends
to check bleeding by contracting the
tissues or blood vessels).
72 Alveolar Pertaining to the alveoli sac, the site of Àpò ẹ̀dọ̀fóró Ajẹmọ́ àpò ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, àyè
gas exchange in the lungs. ìpààrọ̀ gáásì nínú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
73 Amebiasis An inflammation of the intestines Ààrùn kòkòrò Ìfun wíwú tó wá láti ipaṣè
caused by infection with Entamoeba àmíbà Entamoeba histolytica ẹ̀yà
histolytica (a type of ameba) and àmíbà. Ó máa n fa ìgbẹ́ ẹlẹ́jẹ̀
characterized by frequent, loose stools àti ikun.
flecked with blood and mucus.
74 Amino acids Typically, an amino acid of the general Hóró peptide Hóró peptide jẹ́ ara èròjà àwọn
formular R- CHNH3 +- COO ̅ (i.e. the purotéénì.
amino in the α position); the L forms
of these are the hydrolysis products of
proteins. In rarer usages, this class of
molecules also includes α- amino
phosphoric acids and α- amino-
sulfonic acids.
75 Amniocentesis The surgical insertion of a hollow Ìfamira Iṣẹ́ abẹ fífi abẹ́rẹ́ sí ilé ọmọ
needle through the abdominal wall and aláboyún lọ́nà àti gba oje ara.
into the uterus of a pregnant female to Pàápàá júlọ láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò ìṣe-
obtain amniotic fluid (i.e. the serous ṣégeṣè kírómósónù tí ó ṣe
fluid in which the embryo is pàtàkì tàbí mọ akọnbábo ọmọ

suspended) especially to examine the nínú oyún.
fetal chromosomes for an abnormality
or for the determination of the sex of
the embryo.
76 Amphotericin B This is an antifungal drug often used Òògùn apa Èyí ni òògùn tí a fí n kojú
intravenously for serious systemic kòkòrò ọ̀súnwúúrú, ó jẹ́ òògùn ìtọ́jú tí
fungal infections and it is the only ọ̀súnwúúrú ó tó kojú ìkóràn ọ̀súnwúúrú.
effective treatment for some fungal
infections.
77 Anal A type of sexual intercourse in which a Ìbálòpọ̀ Ìrú ìbálòpọ̀ èyí tí ọkùnrin n ní
intercourse/Anal man inserts his penis in his partner's òmúsu ìbálòpọ̀ lójú ihò-ìdí.
sex anus. Anal sex can be insertive or Oníbàálòpò ̣-ìhò-ìdí lè jẹ́ ẹni tí
receptive. ó gbà á tàbí ẹni tí ó ń tì í bọ̀ ọ́.
78 Anamnestic The heightened immunologic reaction Ìfèèsì Ìṣesí àjẹsára sí ìtànjáde àjèjì
response elicited by a second or subsequent adáralóró adáralóró.
exposure to a particular pathogenic
microorganism or antigen.
79 Anaphylactic A life-threatening allergic reaction Ìfèsì Ìṣesí amẹ́mìí-lọ́wọ́ máa ń mú
shock characterized by a swelling of body adáralóró ìṣù ara àti ọ̀fun wú pẹ̀lú àdínkù
tissues (including the throat) and a amẹ́mìí-lọ́wọ́ ìfúnpá lójijì.
sudden decline in blood pressure.
80 Anemia Any condition in which the number of Àìlẹ́jẹ̀tó Ipò ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní èyí tí iye ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa
red blood cells/mm³, the count of hóró/mm3, ònkà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
hemoglobin in 100 ml of blood, and/ agbẹ̀ẹ̀mí 100ml nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti
or the volume of packed red blood ìwọ̀n gbogbo hóró /100ml kéré
cells/100ml of blood are less than ju ìwọ̀n síṣedéédé wọn lọ.
normal.
81 Anergy The loss or weakening of the body's Rírẹ ìdáhùn Ìpàdánù tàbí rírẹ ajẹsára láti
immunity to an irritating agent, or àjẹsára dojú kọ ajèjì adáralóró.
antigen. Patients may be so Aláìsàn lè sàìní-àjẹsára tó bẹ́ẹ̀
immunodeficient that they are unable ti wọn kò ní lè pèsè ohun èlò
to produce a reaction to an infectious ìdojúkọ àwọn ìkóràn.
agent.
82 Angry Displaying or feeling anger. Ìbínú Ṣíṣàfihàn ìbínú.
83 Angular cheilitis It is characterized by fissuring, Ìbẹ́ ẹnu Ìbẹ́ ẹnu a máa ní àkójọ ẹnu
cracking, burning and dryness at the wíwú, ṣísun àti bíbẹ́ ní apákan
angles of the mouth. Saliva seeps into ẹnu. Itọ́ a máa sun jáde ní ojú
these cracks leading to maceration of ibẹ̀.
skin.
84 Animal products An animal product is any material Àwọn èrè Èyí jẹ́ àwọn èròjà tí a rí láti ara
derived from the body of an animal. ẹranko ẹranko bíi ọ̀rá, ẹran, ẹ̀jẹ̀, wàrà,
Examples are fat, flesh, blood, milk, ẹyun àti àwọn nǹkan mìíràn tó
eggs, and lesser known products, such wúlò bíi ohun amáradàgbà àti
as isinglass and rennet. ohun tí a fí n fún wàrà.
85 Anogenital Related to the anal (rectum) and/or Ajẹmábẹ́ Ajẹmọ́ ojú abẹ́ ara.
genital (sexual) area of the body.
86 Anonymous Without an ability to identify a person. Àìlórúkọ Àìsí ìdámọ̀ fún ènìyàn. Nípa ti
In anonymous testing, patient- àìlórúkọ, ìfitónilétí nípa
identifying information is not linked to aláìsàn ní kìí sábà tọ́kasí irú
testing information, including the ènìyàn bẹ́ ẹ̀, pẹ̀lú ìṣàyẹ̀wò tàbí
request for tests or test results. èsì àyẹ̀wò.
87 Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite that leads Àìrebipa Àìsí tàbí pípàdánù ìfẹ́ àti jẹun
to significant decline in weight. tí ó sì lè ṣe okùnfà rírù.
88 Antelope Any of a number of cud-chewing deer- Ẹtu Ọ̀kan lára eranko igbó tí ó ní
like animals having hollow horns. tẹ̀kòtò ìwo.
89 Antenatal clinic The Antenatal Clinic aims to provide Ilé ìtọ́jú Ilé ìtọ́jú aláboyún ní àfojúsùn
(ANC) increased continuity of pregnancy care. aláboyún àti pèsè ìtọ́jú tó peye fún ìtọ́jú
olóyún.
90 Antepartum The time/period before childbirth. Àsìkò ìrọbí Àsìkò saájú ọmọ bíbí. Àsìkò
Antepartum refers to the mother. ìrọbí ń sọ nípa ìyá.
91 Anthrax Highly infectious, often fatal, bacterial Kòkòrò Ààrùn yìí máa ń ràn gan-an, ó
disease of mammals, especially cattle áńtíráásì sì lágbára. Láti ara àwọn
and sheep, that is transmissible to ẹranko bíi màálù àti àgùntàn
humans and causes skin ulcers ni a ti máa ń kó o wọ ara
cutaneous anthrax or a form of ènìyàn ó sì le fa ọgbẹ́ ààwọ̀,
pneumonia when inhaled pulmonary òmìíràn tún wa ní fífín sí imú
anthrax. tí a fa àńtírásì ọ̀nà ọ̀fun.
92 Anti-HIV Antiretroviral drug. Òògùn KASA Òògùn KASA.
Medication
93 Antibiotic A natural or manufactured substance Òògùn apa Àwọn àkànṣe èròjà tó n dènà
that prevents the growth of bacteria or kòkòrò ìdàgbàsókè batéríà tàbí
fungi. Some antibiotics are used to batéríà ọ̀súnwúúrú. Àwọn òògùn apa
treat infectious diseases. kòkòrò batéríà kan ní a máa
ńlò fún ìtọ́jú ààrùn ìkóràn.
94 Antibodies Substances in the blood or other body Sójà ara Àwọn èròjà inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbí oje ara
fluids that destroy bacteria, viruses, or tó n pa batéríà, kòkòrò àti àjèjì
other harmful agents (antigens). They adáralóró. Wọ́n jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára
are members of a class of proteins purotéénì tí hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun ń
known as immunoglobulins, which are pèsè.
produced by special white blood cells

called B-lymphocytes.
95 Antibody- An immune response in which Sójà Ìdáhùn àjẹsára tí sójà ara sopọ̀
Dependent antibodies bind to target cells, afararúbọ mọ́ hóró àfojúsùn, a ṣe ìdámọ̀
Cell-Mediated identifying them for attack by the wọn fún ìdojúkọ.
Cytotoxicity immune system.
(ADCC)
96 Antibody- Also called humoral immunity. Àjẹsára Èyí ni àjẹsára iṣẹ́ àkànṣe nínú
mediated Immunity that results from the activity alátakò ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti ìṣù omi-ara.
immunity of antibodies in blood and lymphoid kòkòrò inú ẹ̀jẹ̀
tissue.
97 Anticoagulant A drug used to prevent the blood from Òògùn Èyí jẹ́ àkànṣe òògùn tí a n lò
clotting. aláìmẹ́jẹ̀dì láti dènà ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì.
98 Antifolate An agent that inhibits intracellular (i.e. Adójúti hóró Àwọn asojú tí o máa ń dójúti
inside cells) production of folinic acid. hóró inú fún ìpèsè àpò ásìdì.
99 Antifungal A substance that kills or slows the Òògùn Àwọn èròjà kan tó n pa tàbí fi
growth of a fungus. osunwuuru ìdàgbàsókè osunwuuru falẹ̀.
100 Antigen A substance that, when introduced into Àjèjì Èròjà tí a máa n lò sínú ara, a
the body, stimulates production of an adáralóró máa ru ìpèsè sójà ara sókè.
antibody.
101 Antigen- A type of immune cell that enables a T Aṣàfihàn àjèjì Ẹ̀ yà hóró àjẹsára tí ó ń fi àyè
Presenting Cell lymphocyte (T cell) to recognize an adáralóró gba hóró T láti ṣe ìdámọ̀ àjèjì
(APC) antigen and mount an immune adáralóró. Èyí a máa mú kí
response against the antigen. ìdáhùn àjẹsára jẹ gàba lórí
àjèji adáralóró.
102 Antihistamine A drug or other compound that inhibits Òògùn adènà Òògùn tàbí àkójọpọ̀ mìíràn tí ó
the physiological effects of histamine, ìtají ara ń dójúti ìtají ara tí a n lò fun
used especially in the treatment of ìtọ́jú ẹ̀hun.
allergies.
103 Antimicrobial An antimicrobial therapy kills or Òògùn apa Òògùn apa kòkòrò ara máa n
inhibits the growth of microorganisms kòkòrò ara pa tàbí dójúti ìdàgbàsókè
such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Abẹ̀ẹ̀mí-àìfojúrí bíi batéríà,
Therapies that kill microorganisms are osunwuuru àti pùrótósúà.
called microbiocidal therapies and Ìsègùn tí ó ń pa abẹ̀ẹ̀mí-
therapies that only inhibit the growth àìfojúrí ni à ń pè ni ìsègùn
of microorganisms are called micro- micro biocida, èyí ti o si n
biostatic therapies. dènà ìdàgbàsókè abẹ̀ẹ̀mí
àìfojúrí ni a ń pè ní isegun
micro biostatic.
104 Antineoplastic A substance that prevents the Adẹ́kun Èròjà tó n dènà ìdàgbàsókè
development or growth of tumour. ìdàgbàsókè jẹjẹrẹ.
jẹjẹrẹ
105 Antiprotozoal A substance that kills or inhibits Apa Èròjà tó n pa tàbí dènà
the growth of single-celled pùrótósúà ìdàgbàsókè abẹ̀ẹ̀mí àìfojúrí
microorganisms called protozoa, such oníhóró kan tí a mọ̀ sí
as Pneumocystis jiroveci. pùrótósúà.
106 Antiretroviral A substance that suppresses a Adènà KASA Èròjà tó n pa tàbí fòpin sí
retrovirus such as HIV. kòkòrò àìfojúrí bíi KASA.
107 Antiretroviral Substances used against retroviruses Adènà KASA Àwọn èròjà tí a n lò lòdì sí
agents such as HIV. kòkòrò KASA.
108 Antiretroviral Substances used to stop the Òògùn Èròjà tó ń ṣe ìdádúró ìtànkálẹ̀
drugs multiplication of retroviruses such as KASA bíi KASA.
HIV.
109 Antiretroviral The recommended treatment for HIV Itoju fun Ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n fòǹtẹ̀ lù fún títọ́jú
Therapy (ART) infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) ikoran-KASA ìkóràn KASA. Òògùn apa-
involves using a combination of three kòkòrò yìí jẹ́ àkójọpọ̀ òògùn
or more antiretroviral (ARV) drugs apa KASA méjì tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ
from at least two different HIV drug láti dènà ìsẹ̀dà rẹ̀.
classes to prevent HIV from
replicating.
110 Antiretroviral Nerve damage that is due to Ṣégeṣège Ìmọ̀lára to bàjẹ́ nítorí òògùn
Toxic Neuropathy antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. ìmọ̀lára apa KASA.
ajẹmóògùn
KASA
111 Antisense A drug made of short segments of Òògùn Ìpele òògùn tí a pèsè láti ara
Antiviral DNA or RNA that can bind to and ìmàdínkù bá DNA tàbí RNA tí ó lè mú
alter or suppress the function of viral ìgbèrú kòkòrò àtúnṣe bá DNA tàbí RNA
DNA or RNA. Antisense antivirals kòkòrò.
prevent viruses from replicating.
112 Antitoxins Antibodies that recognize and Ẹ̀yà sójà ara Sójà tí ó ń ṣe ìdámọ̀ ohun
inactivate toxins produced by certain olóró latí ara bateria, ohun
bacteria, plants or animals. ọ̀gbìn tàbí àwọn èranko.
113 Antiviral A substance or process that destroys a Agbógunti Èròjà tó n pa kòkòrò àti àwọn
virus or suppresses its replication. kòkòrò ẹ̀dà wọn.
114 Anxious Feeling or showing worry, Àníyàn Ṣíṣàfihàn àníyàn,
nervousness, or unease about àìnífọ̀kànbalẹ̀ tàbí àìní ìrọ̀rùn
something with an uncertain outcome. lóri àbájáde nǹkan.
115 Aorta The main artery in mammals that Òpó ìpínjẹ̀ ńlá Ọ̀gangan òpó ìpínjẹ̀ wẹẹrẹ tó n
carries blood from the left ventricle of gbé ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti inú odò ọkàn sí
the heart to all the branch arteries in gbogbo ẹ̀ka òpó nínú ara yàtò
the body except those in the lungs. sí ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
116 Aphthous ulcer A painful mouth or throat sore of Ọgbẹ́ ẹnu Ọgbẹ́ ẹnu aláìnídì. Ó wọ́po
unknown cause. Aphthous ulcers are lára àwọn tó ń gbé pẹ̀lú
common in persons living with HIV. KASA.
117 Apoptosis A normal type of cell death that Agbẹ̀mí hóró Ẹ̀ yà ikú hóró tí ó ń yọ àwọn
removes unwanted cells during ẹ̀jẹ̀ hóhó àìfẹ́ ní àkókò ìdàgbàsókè
embryological development, regulates ọlẹ̀, a tún máa sòdiwọ̀n iye
the number of cells in tissues, and hóró nínú ìṣù, a sì máa yọ
eliminates many potentially dangerous àwọn hóró tí wọ́n léwu bíi
cells such as cancer cells. hóró jẹjẹrẹ.
118 Approved drugs In the United States, the Food and Òògùn Ní Amẹrika, ìṣàkóso òògùn àti
Drug Administration (FDA) and afòǹtẹ́lù oúnjẹ àti ẹ̀ka ìjọba tí wọ́n jẹ́
similar government departments must ìkannáà gbó ̣dò ̣ fóntẹ̀ lu èròjà
approve a substance as a drug before it òògùn kí ó tó di títá.
can be sold.
119 Apron An apron is an outer protective Àwọ̀lé Àwọ̀lé ni aṣọ tí a n wọ̀ lórí olú
garment that covers primarily the front aṣọ ní àgọ́ọ ara. Ó lè jẹ́ àwọ̀lé
of the body. It may be worn for torí ìmọ̀tótó tàbí bo aṣọ torí kí
hygienic reasons as well as in order to aṣọ gangan ma ba gbó tàbí
protect clothes from wear and tear, or fàya, tàbí fún àmì ìdí kan pàtó.
else due to a symbolic meaning.
120 Area Under the A measure of how much drug reaches Òdiwọ̀n Òdiwọ́n iye òògùn tí ó wọ inú
Curve (AUC) a person’s bloodstream in a given òògùn lára ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní àsìkò ìgbà tí a lo òògùn
period of time after a dose is given. tán. Ìfitónilétí yìí wúlò láti mọ
The information is useful for ìwọ̀n òògùn àti ìmọ̀dájú
determining dosing and for identifying ìbáṣepọ̀ òògùn.
potential drug interactions.
121 ARM A group of participants in a clinical Ọ̀wọ́ akópa Àkójọpọ̀ ọ̀wọ́ akópa nínú
trial, all of whom receive the same ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọjú, tí gbogbo
treatment or placebo. wọn ń gba ìtọ́jú tàbí pìlàsíbò.
122 Armed Forces Specific programmes set up to control Ètò AFPAC Àkàns ̣e ètò ìdènà ìtànkálẹ̀
Programme on the spread of HIV infection among the KASA láàrin àwo ̣n
Aids Control military. jagunjagun.
(AFPAC)
123 Arrhythmia Any irregularity in rhythm or rate of Àìbámu lílù Ìṣe ségesège àti àìbáramu lílù
the heartbeat. ọkàn ọkàn
124 Art initiation/ Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ òògùn Òògùn KASA ní a fòntẹ̀ lù fún
Antiritroviral recommended for all HIV-infected KASA gbogbo àwọn alábàápàdé
initiation individuals to reduce the risk of ìkóràn KASA lọ́nà àti dèna
disease progression. ewu ìgbèrú àrùn yìí.
125 Arteriole A small arterial blood vessel just Òpó ìpínjẹ̀ Òpó ìpínjẹ̀ tínrín tí ó ní ìwọ̀n
proximal to the capillaries containing a tínrín iye iṣan bí ti rẹ̀.
large proportion of smooth muscle
relative to its size.
126 Artery Blood vessel that carries blood away Òpó ìpínjẹ̀ Òpó ìpínjẹ̀ tó n gbé ẹ̀jẹ̀ jáde
from the heart. It is a blood vessel that kékeré láti ọkàn. Òun ni òpó ìpínjẹ̀ tí
transports blood away from heart. All ó ń gbé ẹ̀jẹ̀ jáde láti ọkàn.
arteries except pulmonary artery carry Gbogbo òpó ìpínjẹ̀ ni ó máa ń
blood that has been oxygenated in the gbé ẹ̀jẹ̀ abèémí àyàfi òpó
lungs. ìpíǹjẹ agbẹ́jẹ̀wọlé.
127 Arthralgia A pain in a joint. Oríkèé Ẹ̀dùn inú oríkèé.
128 Arthritis Inflammation of the joints. Làkúrègbè Wíwú oríkèé.
129 Antiretroviral These are treatment cards used to Káádì Káádì ìdánimọ̀ fún ìtọ́jú
card identify HIV/AIDS patients. ìdánimọ̀ ìtọ́jú KASA àti ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
KASA àjẹsára.
130 Antiretroviral An undesirable antiretroviral drug Ìkùnà òògùn Àbájáde ìlò òògùn KASA, tí
failure treatment outcome with evidence of KASA è ̣rí sì tún wà pé kòkòrò rè ̣ n
ongoing viral replication. peléke sí i.
131 Aspartate An enzyme found especially in heart, Oje aṣàfihàn Oje aṣàfihàn ìlera ọkàn,
Aminotransferase muscle, and liver cells. Aspartate ìlera ọkàn páàpáà nínú iṣan, àti hóró è ̣dò ̣.
(AST) aminotransferase may be measured as A lè ṣe òdiwọ̀n rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bi ara
part of a liver function test. iṣẹ́ àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀dọ̀ .
132 Aspergillosis A fungal infection resulting from the Àrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró Ààrùn osunwuuru tí ó wá láti
fungus Aspergillus of the lungs that osunwuuru ipaṣẹ̀ ààrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró
can spread through the blood to other osunwuuru tí ó lè ṣànká inú
organs. Symptoms include fever, ẹ̀jẹ̀ sí gbogbo ara. Àpẹẹrẹ àmì
chills, difficulty in breathing and àìsàn yìí ni: ibà, òtútù, ìnira
coughing up blood. If the infection làti mí dáadáa àti ẹ̀jẹ̀ pípọ̀.
reaches the brain, it may cause Ìkóran yìí máa ń ran ọpọlọ.
dementia.
133 Assay Determining the amount or purity of a Ìtúpalè Mímọ iye èròjà kẹ́míkà ní irin,
chemical substance in alloys, mixtures, àpapọ̀, ìṣù àyè, tàbí àwọn ẹ̀yà
living tissues, or any other system, by ara mìíràn.
means or biological methods.
134 Assembly and Names for a portion of the processes Àpéjọ àti Orúkọ tuntun tí a ń fún KASA
Budding by which new HIV virus is formed in àṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀yọ tí a ṣèdá nínú olùgbàlejò hóró.
infected host cells. Viral core proteins, Purotéènì fún kòkòrò, àti
enzymes and RNA (ribonucleic acid) ẹnsaimu pẹ̀lú RNA kórajọ sínu
gather just inside the cell's membrane, awọ hóró nígbà tí èpoo àwọn
while the viral envelope proteins purotéènì a dàgbà nínú awọ.
aggregate within the membrane.
135 Assisted childbirth An assisted birth is when a baby needs Ìgbẹ̀bí Ìgbẹ̀bí onírànlọ́wọ́ ni nípà tí
help to be born with the aid of special onírànlọ́wọ́ ọmọ kan bá nílò ìrànlọ́wọ́ láti
instruments. bí i pẹ̀lú ìrànlọ́wọ́ àwọn irin-
iṣẹ́ pàtàkì kan.
136 Asthenia Weakness; lack or loss of energy or Àìlókun Àìlera, àìlẹ́mìí tàbí àìní-okun
strength. nínú.
137 Asymptomatic Without symptoms. Usually used in Àìsàn aláìlámì Àìsàn aláìlámì tí a sábà máa ń
AIDS literature to describe a person lò nínú lítírésọ̀ ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
who has a positive reaction to one of àjẹsára láti ṣe àpèjúwe ẹni tí ó
several tests for HIV antibodies, but ní ìṣesí àyẹ̀wò sójà fún KASA,
who shows no clinical symptoms of ṣùgbọ́n tí kò fi àmì ààrùn hàn.
the disease.
138 Asymptomatic Stage of HIV infection during which Ìkóràn KASA Ìpele ìkóràn KASA tí kì í sí
HIV infection there are no symptoms of HIV aláìlámì àmì ìkóràn. Ní àkókò ìkóràn
infection. During this stage of HIV KASA yìí, èyí tí ó ní ìyàtọ̀
infection, which varies in length of àkókò láti ọ̀dọ̀ ẹnìkan sí
time from person to person, HIV òmíràn, KASA máa ń pa
slowly destroys the immune system. àjẹsára.
139 Ataxia There is incoordination of gait and Àìsàn Àìledarí ní ìwọ̀ntunwọ̀nsì tí ó
balance, and this is due to the damage amáragbó wá nípaṣẹ̀ ìsòro
̣ ọpọlọ àti ọpá
of the cerebellum and spinal cord. ẹ̀yìn. Àmupara o ̣tí lè jẹ́
Alcoholism may also result in such okùnfà.
imbalance.
140 Atherosclerosis The gradual build-up of plaque inside Adí òpó ìpínjè ̣ Jíjáde ààrùn nínú odi òpó
of artery walls. (Plaque is made up of ìpínjẹ̀ kékéré. Ààrùn yìí a máa
fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other ní ọ̀rá, kásíọ́mù àti àwọn èròjà
substances found in blood.) Over time, mìíràn inú ẹ̀jẹ̀. Èérí à máa jẹ́ kí
the plaque hardens and narrows the òpójẹ̀ le kí ó sì tín-ín-rín, tí ó
arteries, decreasing the flow of sì mú àdínkù bá ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó ń lọ sí
oxygen-rich blood to organs and other ọkàn àti ẹ̀yà ara yòókù tí ó kún
parts of the body. fún èémí àmísínú.
141 Attenuated Weakened or decreased. For example, Ìdínkù okun Ìsọdọ̀lẹ tàbí ìdínkù. Bí àpẹẹrẹ,
an attenuated virus can no longer kòkòrò ìdínkù okun kò lè pèsè
produce disease but might be used to àìsàn ṣùgbọ́n ó ṣe é lò láti pèsè
produce a vaccine. àjẹsára.
142 Autoantibody An antibody that is active against some Sójà agbógun- Sójà-ara tí ó sẹ tako àwọn ìṣù
of the tissues of the organism that tira-ẹni abẹ̀mí tí ó pèsè wọn.
produced it.
143 Autoimmune A condition that occurs when the Àìsàn Ọsẹ́ tí ó ṣẹ̀ nígbà tí àjẹsára bá
disorder immune system mistakenly attacks and agbógun-tira- ṣèèsì tako àti ba ìmọ̀lára jẹ́.
destroys healthy body tissue. ẹni Ìṣe-ṣégeṣège àìsàn agbógunti-
Autoimmune disorders may be caused ara-ẹnilè wáyé nípa òògùn lílò
by drugs used to treat opportunistic láti dènà ìkóràn awá-àǹfààní.
infections.
144 Autoinoculable Susceptible to being inoculated with Atúnfún- Ó ṣe é ṣe láti ní àjẹsára pẹ̀lú
microorganisms from one's own body. ara-ẹni abẹ̀mí-aláìfojúrí láti ara ẹni.
145 Autologous Pertaining to the same organism or one Látara Ajẹmọ́ ẹya abẹ̀mí tàbí apá kan
of its parts; originating within an ẹnífúnni lára rẹ̀; láti ara abẹ̀mi yẹn gan-
organism itself. an fúnra re.
146 Auxiliary Acting to support or supplement a Aṣèrànwọ́ Ṣe iṣẹ́ láti ran tàbí ikúnwọ́ fún
group of people. àkójọpọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn kan.
147 Avascular Death of bone tissue (osteonecrosis) Ìdíwọ́ ẹ̀jẹ̀ Asọhóró dòkú nítorí àìlẹ́jẹ̀tó.
Necrosis (AVN) due to a lack of blood supply. asọhóró dòkú Ìdíwọ́ ẹ̀jẹ̀ asọ hóró dòkú máa
Avascular necrosis (AVN) most ńṣe àkóbá fún ìbàdí. Àwọn
commonly affects the hip. Symptoms àmì àìsàn yìí ni ìrora ni ojú
include pain in the affected area of the ìpalára, àìlèdúró sinsin, ara
body, limited range of motion, joint gígan àti títiro.
stiffness, muscle spasms, and limping.
148 Azidothymidine One of the first drugs used against HIV Òògùn KASA Ọ̀kan lára òògùn àkọ́kọ́ tí a n
(AZT) infection, AZT is a nucleoside analog lò lòdì sí ìkóràn KASA;
that suppresses replication of HIV. Òògùn Asiti jẹ́ ẹ̀yà èròjà
kòkòrò hóró kinni tí ó ń kiwọ́
ẹ̀dà KASA bolẹ̀.
149 B Cell lymphoma Lymphoma is a form of cancer that Jẹjẹrẹ hóró B Jẹjẹrẹ hóró B jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára
affects the immune system, jẹjẹrẹ tí ó máa ń nípa lórí ètò
specifically involving the white blood ajẹsára, pàápàá ẹ̀yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
cell type called B lymphocytes. funfun B.
150 B Lymphocytes One of the two major classes of Hóró B Ọ̀kan lára ẹ̀yà hóró omi-ara.
(B Cells) lymphocytes. During infections, these Ní àsìkò ìkóràn, àwọn hóró
cells are transformed into plasma cells wọ̀nyìí máa n paradà di hóró
that produce large quantities of oje-ẹ̀jẹ̀ tó n pèsè sójà lọ́pọ̀ sí
antibody directed at specific àwọn àjèjì adáralóró.
pathogens.
151 Bacteria A group of microorganisms all of Batéríà Ọ̀wọ́ àwọn abẹ̀mí-aláìṣeéfojúrí
which lack a distinct nuclear tí kò ní oje-ìsàkóso tí púpọ̀
membrane (and hence are considered wọn sì ní odi hóró ti a pèsè rẹ̀
more primitive than animal and plant pẹ̀lú èròjà ọ̀tọ̀ (ọ̀pọ̀ atako-
cells) and most of which have a cell batéríà máa ń ba odi hóró náà
wall of unique composition (many jẹ́).
antibiotics act by destroying the
bacterial cell wall).
152 Bacterial Of or pertaining to bacteria, as in a Ajẹmọ́ batéríà Ajẹmọ́ bateria bíi ìkóràn ààrùn
bacterial lung infection. ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
153 Bacterial vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis (BV) or very Ìkóràn Èyí ni ààrùn ojú- abẹ́ tí ó wá
uncommonly vaginal bacteriosis is an bateria ojú- nípaṣẹ̀ bateria.
infection of the vagina caused by ara
bacteria.
154 Bactericidal Capable of killing bacteria. Apa batéríà Lagbára láti pa bateria.
155 Bactericide A drug used to kill bacteria. Òògùn apa Òògùn tí à ń lò láti pa bateria.
batéríà
156 Bacteriostat A drug used to prevent the growth of Òògùn adá Òògùn tí a n lò láti dènà
bacteria. Bacteriostats do not kill batéríà dúró ìdàgbàsókè batéríà. Òògùn adá
bacteria. batéríà dúró kìí pa batéríà
157 Bacteriostatic Capable of inhibiting the reproduction Ìdíwọ́ ìgbèrú Tí ó séṣe kí ó ṣe ìdíwọ́ fún
of bacteria. batéríà ìgbèrú batéríà.
158 Baculovirus A virus of insects used in the Kòkòrò èèrùn Kòkòrò èèrùn tí a n lò fún
production of some HIV vaccines. ìgbèrú àwọn àjẹsára KASA.
159 Bartonellosis A group of infections caused by the Àìsàn kòkòrò Àkójọpọ̀ ìkóràn tí ó ń wá
bacteria Bartonella. Examples of the batonẹla nípasẹ̀ kòkòrò batonẹ́là.
various infections include cat scratch Àpẹẹrẹ ìkóràn bẹ́ẹ̀ ni àìsàn
disease, trench fever, bacillary ìhọra músù, iba-iná-orí, abbl.
angiomatosis (BA), and bacillary Èyí máa ń farahàn lára àwọn
peliosis hepatis. BA and bacillary ènìyàn tí àjẹsára wọn ti dọ̀lẹ

peliosis hepatis occur only in people bíi àwọn ènìyàn tí o ń gbe pẹ̀lú
with weakened immune systems, such KASA.
as people with HIV.
160 Baseline (1) Information gathered at the Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀ (1) Ìfitónilétí tí a gbà ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀
beginning of a study from which pẹ̀pẹ̀ ẹ̀kọ́. (2) Ìwọ̀n iye tàbí èyí
variations found in the study are tí ohun àìmọ̀dí ṣe àfiwé
measured. (2) A known value or òdiwọ̀n tí a ṣe.
quantity with which an unknown is
compared when measured or assessed.
161 Basophil It is a type of white blood cells that are Hóró basofi Ẹ̀ yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí ó wà
responsible for the symptoms of fún àmì àìsàn ẹ̀hun.
allergy. The granules stain blue when
exposed to a basic dye for microscopic
examination.
162 Bat A small nocturnal flying mammal with Àdán Èyí ni ẹ̀yà oníwàrà tí ó n fò ní
leathery wings stretching from the àṣálẹ́. Ó ní ẹsẹ̀ ní ẹ̀yìn àti ìrù.
forelimbs to the rear legs and tail. Bats Àdán máa n jẹ èso tàbí
eat fruits or insects, usually hang kòkòrò; a máa dorí kodò nígbà
upside down when resting, and often tó bá n sinmi, a máa lo
use echolocation to detect their prey gbohùngbohùn láti mọ ìkógun
and to navigate. àti tí ó bá n fò.
163 Bedridden Confined to bed by sickness or old Àìsàn Àìsàn adánigúnlẹ̀.
age. adánigúnlẹ̀
164 Bedding The mattress, pillows and coverings Ohun ìbùsùn Ìbùsùn, ìrọ̀rí àti aṣọ ìbora tí a n
such as sheets, quilts, and blankets lò fún ìbùsùn.
used to prepare a bed.
165 Behaviour Change This is an interactive process of any Ìbáraẹni-sọ̀rọ̀ Èyí ni ìgbésẹ̀ ìfarakínra pẹ̀lú
Communication intervention with individuals, fún ìyípadà ẹnikọ̀ọ̀kán, ìletò tàbí ìlú lọ́nà
(BBC) communities and/or societies (as àti àgbédìde ìgbésẹ̀ ìbá-ara-
integrated with an overall programme) ẹni-sọ̀rọ̀ àti láti ṣe ìgbélárugẹ
to develop communication strategies to ìwà títọ́ tí ó sì bójúmu fún irú
promote positive behaviors which are ìgbékalẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀.
appropriate to their settings.
166 Being faithful to This is an act of clinging to one partner Ìjẹ́ olótìítọ́ sí Èyí ni fífi ara mọ́ olùbálòpọ̀
partners and being faithful to one another. olùbálòpọ̀ ẹni àti kí àwọn méjéèjì sì jẹ́
(Ẹni) olótìítọ́ sí ara wọn.
167 Belief system A set of beliefs, especially religious or Ètò ìgbàgbọ́ Àpéjọpọ̀ àwọn ígbàgbọ́,
political beliefs, that form a unified páàpáà ìgbàgbọ́ àwọn
system. olùfọkànsìn àti olóṣèlú tí ó di
ìtẹ́wọ́gbà.
168 Bicuspid valve One of the four valves of the heart. Fáàbú Ọ̀kan nínú fáàbù mé ̣rin tí ó wà
This valve is situated between the left (Oníbejì) inú nínú ò ̣kàn. Fáàbù yìí wà láàrin
atrium and the left ventricle. Ọkàn òpó agbẹ́jẹ̀wọlé àti agbẹ́jẹ̀jáde.
169 Bilirubin (1) A bile pigment whose Òrónrò (1) Òrónrò ìdiwọ̀n ìlera ẹ̀dọ̀ ní
measurement can be used as an ìdiwọ̀n ìlera a n lò fún ìtọ́kasí ẹ̀dọ̀.
indication of the health of the liver. ẹ̀dọ̀ (2) Ohun tí a tu jáde láti ibi
(2) A substance released from old or èròjà àtijọ́ tàbí bíbàjẹ́ àwọn
damaged red blood cells. Small hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa. Òrónrò ìdiwọ̀n
amounts of bilirubin normally enter the ìlera ẹ̀dọ̀ kékeré nígbà tó baá
bloodstream and circulate until they wọnú ẹ̀jẹ̀ lọ tán, a máa ṣànyíká
reach the liver and then into the bowel, títí yóò fi wọnú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró lọ
where bilirubin is further broken down jáasí inú ìfun níbi tí aó ti
and excreted. The normal value is 0.1 yàwọ́n dànù.
to 1.5 milligrams per litre of blood.
170 Binding antibody As related to HIV infection: An Sójà ara Ajẹmọ́ KASA, sójà tí ó somọ́
antibody that attaches to some part of alásomọ́ àwọn kòkòrò KASA kan. Ó ṣe
the HIV virus. Binding antibodies may é ṣe kó ṣe àkóbá tàbí má ṣe
or may not adversely affect the virus. àkóbá fún kòkòrò.
171 Bioavailability A measure of the rate and extent to Òdiwọ̀n Ìwọ̀n iye àti gbèdéke ìgbàwọ-
which a drug is absorbed and becomes òògùn ara òògùn tàbí bí ó ṣe wa sí ni
available at the site of drug action in ọ̀gangan ibi tí ó ti wúlò nínú
the body. ara.
172 Biological Substances, either natural or Ìgbèrú Àwọn èròjà àtọwọ́da tàbí
Response synthesized, that boost, direct or àjẹsára aláìtọwọ́dá tí ó ṣèrànwọ́, darí
Modifiers (BRMs) restore normal immune defences. tàbí dá ajẹsára adààbòbò padà.
BRMs include interferons,
interleukins, thymus hormones and
monoclonal antibodies.
173 Biopsy The surgical removal of a piece of Ìmújáde fún Ìṣẹ́ abẹ mímú ìmọ̀lára kúrò
tissue from a living subject for àyẹ̀wò nínú ohun àlààyè fún àyẹ̀wò
microscopic examination to make a aláìfojúrí fi ṣe ìwádìí láti mọ̀
diagnosis (for example, to determine bóyá hóró aláìyẹ bíi jẹjẹrẹ wà
whether abnormal cells such as cancer níbẹ̀.
cells are present).
174 Biotechnology (1) The use of living organisms or their Ọgbọ́n ìmúṣẹ Lílo ohun abẹ̀mí alààyè tàbí
products to make or modify a ajẹmẹ́ẹ̀mí àwọn èròjà wọn fún ìpèsè
substance. These include recombinant èròjà mìíràn. A máa n lo
DNA techniques (also referred to as àpapọ̀ DNA àti àdàmọ̀dì ìmúṣe
genetic engineering) and hybridoma fún ọgbọ́n ìmúṣẹ ajẹmẹ́ẹ̀mí
technology. (2) The industrial yìí.
application of the results of biological

research, particularly in fields such as
recombinant DNA or gene splicing,
which permits the production of
synthetic hormones or enzymes by
combining genetic material from
different species.
175 Bird flu This is an acute and generally fatal Lùkúlùkú/ Ó jẹ́ ògidì ìkóràn ààrùn tí ó ní
viral infectious disease of chickens and Kọ́ọ́lí agbára, a sì máa mú adìẹ àti
other domestic and wild birds. ohun ọ̀sìn abìyẹ́.
176 Birds A member of the class of animals aves Ẹyẹ Ọ̀kan lára àwọn ẹ̀yà ẹranko.
in the phylum chordate.
177 Bisexual This term is often used to describe Ṣakọsabo A máa n lò fún ènìyàn tí ó ní
people whose sexual objects of choice ìbálòpọ̀ akọ àti abo.
include both men and women.
178 b.i.d (“bis in die”) An abbreviation of a Latin word Ẹ̀ èmejì
̣ Èyí jẹ́ igékúrú ẹ̀ẹ̀méjì lójúmọ́.
meaning “two times a day.” The lójúmọ́
abbreviation is commonly used in drug
dosing instructions.
179 Bitter kola Garcinia kola (bitter kola, a name Orógbó Èyí jẹ́ ọkan lára igi aládòdó
sometimes also used for G. afzelii) is a gbígbìn.
species of flowering plant in the
Clusiaceae or Guttiferae family.
180 Bitter kola tree Garcinia kola or bitter kola is a tree Igi orógbó Igi orógbó jẹ́ igi tí o máa ń
that grows in the rain forests of West dàgbà ní ilẹ̀-igbó ní ìwọ̀-òòrùn
Africa. The fruit, seeds, nuts and bark Afíríkà. Èso, àti ihá rẹ̀ ní à ń lò
of the plant have been used for fún ìtọ́jú àìsàn bíi ikọ́ àti ibà
centuries in folk medicine to treat láti ayébáyé.
ailments from coughs to fever.
181 Bitter leaf Bitter leaf (vernonia amygdalina) is a Ewúro Èwúro jẹ ọ̀gbìn tí o korò, tí
bitter plant whose leaves, extracts, ewé ẹ̀ka tàbí èpo rẹ̀ máa ń jẹ́
stems and barks are used for culinary, lílò fún ìwòṣàn tàbí ìdíwọ́
medical and curative purposes. àìsàn.
182 Black seed Black seed oil is an ancient remedy Èso dúdú Òróró èso dúdú ni à ń lò láti
with modern uses for cancers, heart ayébáyé ṣùgbọ́n lóde oní à ń lò
health, eczema and skin health, ó láti wo jẹjẹrẹ, ìlera ọkan,
autoimmune disease and more. àléfọ́ àti ìlera ààwọ̀, ààrùn
àìtó-àjẹsára àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ.
183 Black stools This is a symptom of internal bleeding Ìgbẹ́ dúdú Èyí ni ìsẹ̀jẹ̀ alátinúwá ní
somewhere higher up along the ibìkan ní òkè ní òpópónà ìfun
intestinal path but which is far enough ṣùgbọ́n tí ó jìnà sí ojú-ìdí, tí ó
away from therectum that it has time to sì ní láti gbẹ.
dry.
184 Blade The end portion of dental instrument Abẹfẹ́lẹ́ Ibi s ̣óns ̣ó irinsẹ́ ̣ tó wà fún gígé,
designed for cutting, probing, or wíwá àti híha, tí ó sì ní èèkù.
scraping, and connected by a shank to
the handle.
185 Bleeding Loss of blood from the body as a result Síṣẹ̀jẹ̀/Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ Pípàdánù ẹ̀jẹ̀ nínú ara látàrí
of illness or injury. gbígbà àìsàn tàbí ọgbẹ́.
186 Bleeding disorder Haemophilia and Christmas disease Àìṣedéédé Àìda ààrùn tí ó wá nípaṣẹ̀
are disorders resulting from ìsẹ̀jẹ̀ ohun àìtó fún dídì tí a mọ̀ sí
deficiencies of two coagulation factors ìfọ́síwẹ́wẹ́ VIII àti IX. Ènìyàn
called factor VIII and factor IX. tí ìrú èyí bá ń ṣe lè máa ṣẹ̀jẹ̀
Individuals with any of these disorders láti inú wá láìní ìtanilólobó.
can bleed internally without warning.
187 Bleeding from Bleeding may occur: Inside the Ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ láti ihò- Ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ lè wáyé: láti inú wá
body openings body when blood leaks from blood ara nígbà tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ bá ń jò láti inú
vessels or organs. Outside the body òpójẹ̀ kékeré tàbí ẹ̀ya ara. Ní
when blood flows through a ìta ara, tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ bá n ṣàn jáde ni
natural opening (such as the vagina, ihò ara (bíi ojú-abẹ́ obìnrin,
mouth, or rectum). Outside the body ẹnu tàbí ihò ìdí) ní ìta ara ẹ̀wẹ̀,
when blood moves through a break in nígba tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ bá gba ibi tí awọ
the skin. ara ti bó jáde.
188 Blinded study A clinical trial in which participants Ìwádìí ìkọ̀kọ̀ Ní ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọjú ni ibi tí
are unaware as to whether or not they àkópa kò ti níran ń kópa nínú
are in the experimental or control arm ìwádìí ọ̀wọ́ afisòdiwọ̀n tàbí
of the study. ọ̀wọ́ aláyẹ̀wò ní iṣẹ́ ìwádìí.
189 Blindness Blindness is the inability to see any- Ìfọ́jú Ìfọ́jú ni àìlágbára láti rí nǹkan,
thing, even light. If you are partially kódà iná Bí ènìyàn bá jẹ́ afọ́jú,
blind, you have limited vision. ìríran rẹ̀ kéré jọjọ.
190 Blip A temporary, detectable increase in the Ìfarahàn Ìfarahàn onígbà péréte, ìsàwárí
amount of HIV in the blood (viral ránpé ̣ ìgbèrú iye KASA nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó
load) that occurs after antiretroviral farahàn lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàtọ́jú pípa
therapy (ART) has effectively KASA ti dín kòkòrò náà kù dé
suppressed the virus to an undetectable ipò aìṣeéfojúrí. Èyí kò sì túmò ̣
level. Isolated blips are not considered sí ìkùnà òògùn KASA.
a sign of virologic failure.
191 Blood The red fluid that is pumped from the Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ Oje pupa tí ó ń tú jáde láti inú
heart and circulates around the bodies ọkàn, tí ó ń ṣànyíká gbogbo
of humans and other vertebrates. ara ènìyàn àti ẹranko.
192 Blood bank A blood bank is a cache or bank Bánkì ẹ̀jẹ̀ Bánkì ẹ̀jẹ̀ ni ibi tí à ń ṣe ẹ̀jẹ̀
of blood or blood components, lọ́jọ̀ sí, pàápàá jùlọ látàrí
gathered as a result of blood ìfẹ̀jẹ̀sílẹ̀, kíkó ẹ̀jẹ̀ jọ, títọ́jú ẹ̀jẹ̀
donation or collection, stored and àti ìfi-ẹ̀jẹ̀-pamọ́ fún lílò nígbà
preserved for later use in blood gbígba ẹ̀jẹ̀.
transfusion.
193 Blood brain The barrier between brain blood Asé ẹ̀jẹ̀ inu Ààlà láàárìn òpó ẹ̀jẹ̀ ọpọlọ àti
barrier vessels and brain tissues whose effect ọpọlọ ìṣù ọpọlọ èyí tí ojúṣe rẹ̀ ní láti
is to restrict what may pass from the dènà ohunkóhun tí ó lè fẹ́ gba
blood into the brain. inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ wọnú ọpọlọ.
194 Blood cell Any of the cells that is present in the Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Hóró tó wà nínú ìlera ẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbí
blood in health or disease. ààrùn.
195 Blood cell count Number of red and white cells in a Ìka hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Iye hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa àti funfun
given blood. nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ kan pàtó.
196 Blood circulation The systemic circulation provides Ìsànyíká ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ètò ìsànyíkà máa ń pèsè ẹ̀jẹ̀
functional blood supply to all body yíka gbogbo ara. Ó máa ń gbé
tissues. It carries oxygen and nutrients èémí-àmísínú àti aṣaralóore lọ
to the cells and picks up carbon bá àwọn hóró tí yóó sì gbé
dioxide and waste products. Systemic èémí-àmísóde àti ẹ̀gbin kúrò.
circulation carries oxygenated blood Ètò ìsànyíká máa ń gbé ẹ̀jẹ̀
from the left ventricle, through the eléèmí-àmísínú láti káà
arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues agbẹ́jẹ̀jáde apá-òsì, a gba òpó-
of the body. ìpínjẹ̀ kékeré sí òpó-ìpínjẹ̀
weẹrẹ nínú isàn ara.
197 Blood clotting Any substance in the blood that is Dídì ẹ̀jẹ̀ Èròjà inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó ṣe kókó fún
factor essential for blood to coagulate. ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì.
198 Blood count The number of red and white blood Ìka hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ìwọ̀n hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa àti funfun
cells and platelets in a given volume of àti hóró amẹ́jẹ̀dì nínú òdiwọ̀n
blood. ẹ̀jẹ̀ kan.
199 Blood culture This is a microbiological culture of Ìwòṣesí ẹ̀jẹ̀ Èyí ni ìwòṣesí ẹ̀jẹ̀. A máa n
blood. It is employed to detect lòó láti mọ ìkóràn tó tànká inú
infections that are spreading through ẹ̀jẹ̀.
the bloodstream.
200 Blood donor Somebody who gives blood for use in Afẹ̀jẹ̀lélẹ̀/ Ènìyàn tí ó n fún ni ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti gbà
transfusions. Afẹ̀jẹ̀sílẹ̀ á.
201 Blood film Blood films are examined in the Àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ jẹ́ ìwádìí àyẹ̀wò
examination investigation of hematological (blood) nípa àìda ẹ̀jẹ̀; èyí ni à ńlò láti
disorders and are routinely employed mọ àwọn ajọ̀fẹ́ nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ bíi ibà
to look for blood parasites, such as àti àwọn filariasis.
those of malaria and filariasis.
202 Blood group A class into which human blood is Ìsọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ọ̀wọ́ tí a pín ẹ̀jẹ̀ ènìyàn sí fún
divided for transfusion purposes gbígba ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní ìbámu sí wíwà
according to the presence or absence tàbí àìsí àjèjì-adáralóró tí ó
of antigens that determine its gùnlé bíbámọ àjẹsára. Ètò
immunological compatibility. ABO ni gbajúgbajà ọ̀wọ́ ẹ̀jẹ̀.
The ABO system is the most
commonly known set of blood groups.
203 Blood group A Blood group A individuals have A Ìṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ A Àwo ̣n ènìyàn oníṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ A ní
antigen on the surface of their red àjèjì adaralóró nínú hóró è ̣jè ̣
blood cells, and their blood contains pupa wo ̣n, tí ó ní sójà tí ó ń
antibodies to antigen B. tako àjèjì adaralóró B nínú.
204 Blood group AB Blood group AB individuals have both Ìṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ AB Àwo ̣n ènìyàn oníṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ AB
A and B antigens on the surface of ní àjèjì adaralóró A àti B nínú
their red blood cells, and their blood hóró è ̣jè ̣ pupa wo ̣n, tí kò ní
does not contain any antibodies to sójà tí ó ń tako àjèjì adaralóró
antigen A or B. A tàbí B nínú.
205 Blood group B Blood group B individuals have B Ìṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ B Àwo ̣n ènìyàn oníṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ B ní
antigen on the surface of their red àjèjì adaralóró B nínú hóró è ̣jè ̣
blood cells, and their blood contains pupa wo ̣n, tí ó ní sójà tí ó ń
antibodies to antigen A. tako àjèjì adaralóró A nínú.
206 Blood group O Blood group O individuals have Ìṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ O Àwo ̣n ènìyàn oníṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ O kò
neither A and B antigens on the ní yálà àjèjì adaralóró A tàbí B
surface of their red blood cells, and nínú hóró è ̣jè ̣ pupa wo ̣n, è ̣jè ̣
their blood contains antibodies to both wọn sì ní sójà tí ó ń tako àjèjì
antigen A and B. adaralóró A àti B nínú.
207 Blood heat Form of transferred energy that arises Ooru ẹ̀jẹ̀/ Ìṣípò okun inú tí ó wá láti
from the random motion of molecules Gbígbóná ẹ̀jẹ̀ ìpinnu àìròtẹ́lẹ̀ mólékù, èyí tí ó
and is felt as temperature, especially as yọrí sí ìwọ̀n ooru/gbígbóná,
warmth or hotness of blood. páàpáà ìgbóná tàbí ẹ̀jẹ̀
gbígbóná.
208 Blood pressure Blood pressure is the pressure of the Ìfúnpá Ipa è ̣jè ̣ nínú òpó ìpínjè ̣
blood against the blood-vessel walls.
209 Blood products A blood product is any component of Èròjà ẹ̀jẹ̀ Èròjà ẹ̀jẹ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀yà apákan ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí a
the blood which is collected from a gbà lọ́wọ́ afẹ̀jẹ́lẹ̀ fún lílònígba
donor for use in a blood transfusion. ẹ̀jẹ̀ gbígbà
210 Blood serum The fluid that separates from clotted Omi ẹ̀jẹ̀ Oje tí ó yapa kúrò lára dídì
blood, similar to plasma but without ẹ̀jẹ̀, tí ó jọ/súnmọ́ oje ẹ̀jẹ̀
clotting agents. ṣùgbọ́n láìsí amẹ́jẹ̀dì.
211 Blood test A scientific analysis of a sample of Àyèwò ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ìsàyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní ìlànà sáyẹ́ńsì
blood.
212 Blood transfusion Blood transfusion is done to Ìgbẹ̀jẹ̀ sára Ìgbẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbí ẹ̀jẹ̀ gbígbà sí ara ní
compensate the loss of blood or to a ṣe fún ènìyàn tí ó pàdánù ẹ̀jẹ̀
correct anaemia. It may also be tàbí ṣe àtúnṣe àìlẹ́jẹ̀tó. A tún lè
required after internal bleeding. nílò rẹ̀ fún ẹni tí ó ní ìsẹ̀jẹ̀
sínú.
213 Blood vessels An artery, vein, or capillary through Ọ̀pá ẹ̀jẹ̀ Òpó ìpínjẹ̀ kékeré, òpójẹ̀
which blood flows. agbẹ́jẹ̀wọlé, òpójẹ̀ wẹẹrẹ ni ẹ̀jẹ̀
ń gbà kọjá.
214 Bloodshot eye This is an inflamed and irritated eye. Ojú pípọ́n Èyí ni ojú wíwú tí ó sì pọ́n.
215 Body ache Overextending the muscles with Ara ríro Àlòpa ìṣan tàbí iṣẹ́ líle òun
physical activity or traumatizing the ìrẹra nípa ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tí ó máa ń mú
muscles due to painful activity such as kí ara ro ènìyàn bíi ìjànbá
a car accident can result in aches all mọ́tò lè fa ara ríro.
over the body.
216 Body fluids Any fluid in the human body, such as Oje ara Oje ara bíi ẹ̀jẹ̀, ìtọ̀, itọ́, kẹ̀lẹ̀bẹ̀,
blood, urine, saliva, sputum (spit), omijé, àtọ̀, omi-ọmú tàbí omi
tears, semen, mother's milk or vaginal ojú nǹkan obìnrin. Ẹ̀ jẹ̀, àtọ̀,
secretions. Only blood, semen, omi-ọmú àti omi ojú ara
mother's milk and vaginal secretions obìnrin nìkan ló rọ̀mọ́ ìkóràn
have been linked directly to the kòkòrò KASA.
transmission of the HIV virus.
217 Body habitus It is a noticeable physical changes in Àyípadà ìrísí Àyípadà ní ara tàbí ìrísí. Nínú
changes body shape or appearance. In people ara oníKASA, àyípadà yìí lè
with HIV, these changes may be due to wáyé látàrí ìkórisin KASA,
HIV infection, opportunistic àwọn àìsàn ajìfà tàbí òògùn

infections, or antiretroviral (ARV) apa KASA.
drugs.
218 Body piercing This is a form of body modification. It Ara lílu Èyí ni ìyípadà tí ó dé bá ara
is the practice of puncturing or cutting nípa lílu tàbí gígé ara ènìyàn,
a part of the human body, creating an dídá ihò sí ara tí wọ́n sì wọ
opening in which jewellery may be ọ̀sọ́ sí i.
worn. The word piercing can refer to
the act or practice of body piercing, or
to an opening in the body created by
this act or practice.
219 Boils A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep Eéwo Ó jẹ́ ààrùn ìsà irùn wíwú. Ó n
folliculitis, an infection of the hair wá láti ipaṣẹ̀ ìkóràn ajẹmọ́
follicle. It is most commonly caused batéríà tí ó ń yọrí sí ara wíwú
by infection by the bacterium aureus, tí ó sì dun ni jọjọ ó kún fún
resulting in a painful swollen area on ọyún àti ìṣù tí ó ti kú.
the skin caused by an accumulation of
pus and dead tissue.
220 Bone marrow The soft connective tissue found Mùndùn- Ìṣù fẹ́lẹ́fẹ́lẹ́ nínú ihò eegun tó
within the inner cavity of certain bones múndùn n pèsè hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa.
that produces red blood cell. eegun
221 Bone marrow The moving of the bone marrow from Ìpàrọ̀ Gbígbé mùdùnmúdùn eegun
transplant one body to another. mùdùnmúdùn láti ara kan sí òmíràn.
eegun
222 Booster A second or later dose of a vaccine Afúnilá-gbára Àjẹsára òògùn kejì tí ó ń ṣe
given to increase the immune response àlékún àjẹsára sí ògidì òògùn.
to the original dose.
223 Boosting The use of an antiretroviral (ARV) Ìfúnnilágbára Lílo àwọn òògùn apa kòkòrò
drug to increase the effectiveness of (ARV) tí ó ń se alékún
another ARV drug. ìṣedéédé òògùn apa kòkòrò
mìíràn
224 Bowel tolerance The amount of oral ascorbic acid Ìfaradà ìfun Ìwọ̀n iye fítámì tí aláìsàn lè
tolerated by a patient without fisí ẹnu láì yọrí sí ìgbẹ́ gbuuru
producing diarrhea increases tí ó lè ṣe àlékún bá wàhálà tàbí
somewhat proportionately to the stress oró ààrùn.
or toxicity of his disease.
225 Boxed warning The strongest form of warning Ìkìlọ̀ alapòòtí Ọ̀kan lára ìkìlọ alágbára tí àjọ
required by the Food and Drug tí ó ń rí sí ìlò òògùn àti ouńjẹ
Administration (FDA) for prescription máa ń là kalẹ̀ fún akọlé òògùn
drug labelling. A boxed warning alerts lílò. Apótí ìkìlọ̀ máa ń ta elétò
health care providers and consumers to ìlera àti oníbàárà ni olobó ewu
increased risk of serious adverse ńlá tí ó rọ̀ mọ́ òògùn kan ní
reactions associated with use of a drug lílò. Àpótí ìkìlọ̀ náà máa ń yà
or to restrictions on use of a drug. The sára òògùn pẹ̀lú àwọ̀ dúdú tàbí
boxed warning is presented in a box ìwé pélébé tí ó máa ń wà nínú
surrounded by a black border and is paálí òògùn náà tàbí ìwé
placed on the drug label and any ìpolowó òògùn ọ̀hún fún ẹni tí
package inserts or promotional ó dàbàá òògùn náà fún lílò àti
materials intended for the prescriber or aláàárẹ̀ láti rí.
patient.
226 Brain The portion of the central nervous Ọpọlọ Ìpín gbùngbun ààrin ìmọ̀lára tí
system that is located within the skull. ó wà nínú agbárí. Ó tóbi, tí ó
It is the enlarged and highly developed sì ṣe ìpèsè ìṣù tí ó jẹ́ irisi ìparí-
mass of nervous tissue that forms the òkè gbùngbun ààrin ìmọ̀lára.
upper end of the central nervous

system.
227 Branched DNA A sensitive molecular technique to Àyẹ̀wò DNA Irinṣẹ́ tí a fi n wo iye KASA
assay monitor the amount of HIV in a nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ àwọn aláìsàn.
patient's bloodstream (i.e. the viral
burden).
228 Breakthrough An infection caused by the infectious Ìjákulẹ̀ òògùn Ìkóràn tí ó wá láti ara aṣojú
infection agent the vaccine is designed to protect ìwádìí ààrùn tí ó yẹ kó máa dáàbòbò
against that occurs during the course of afàkóràn àjẹsára, èyí tí ó ń wáyé nígbà
a vaccine trial. These infections may ìwádìí àjẹsára. Nígbà tí ìjákulẹ̀
be caused by exposure to the infectious òògùn ìwádìí afàkóràn ba
agent before the vaccine has taken wáyé ní ara ọ̀wọ́ akópa, a máa
effect,or before all doses of the vaccine fún wọn ní pilasíbò.
have been given. Breakthrough
infections also occur in trial
participants receiving placebos.
229 Breast Female breast produces milk for the Ọmú Omú obìnrin máa ń pèsè wàrà
child and has secondary sexual fún ọmọ àti ní ìpele mìíràn fún
characteristic function too. Female ìgbádùn ìbálòpọ̀. Ọmú obìnrin
breast contains 15 to 20 lobes of milk ní 15 sí 20 ojú ihò tí wàrà ti
secreting glands. These have outlet in má ń jáde. Orí góńgó omú sì
nipple. The breast contains no muscle. ni àwọn ihò yìí wà.
230 Breastfeeding Breastfeeding or nursing is the feeding Ìfọ́mọlọ́yàn Fífún ọmọ ní ọyàn ní ọ̀nà kan
of babies and young children with milk tí à ń gbà fọ́mọ lóuńjẹ nípa
from a woman's breast. ọmú tí ó wà ní igbá-àyà
obìnrin.
231 Bronchoscopy A procedure used to look inside the Irinṣẹ́ ìṣàyẹ̀wò Ìgbésẹ̀ wíwo òpópónà-afẹ́fẹ́
airways of the lungs. The procedure is ẹ̀dọ̀fóró ẹ̀dọ̀fóró. Ìgbésẹ̀ náà ni wọ́n
done using a bronchoscope, a flexible máa ń lo irinṣẹ́ ìyẹ̀dọ̀fórówò tí
tube that has a camera on one end of it. wọ́n ń pè ní bronchoscopy.
A bronchoscopy may be used to Wọ́n máa ń lò ó láti ṣe ìdámọ̀
diagnose HIV-related infections or ìkóràn KASA tàbí jẹjẹrẹ.
cancer.
232 Bronchospasm Sudden, involuntary contraction of the Ìfaṣan Ìfaṣan sí ojú ọ̀nà sí ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
muscles of the bronchii (airways in the ẹ̀dọ̀fóró
lungs).
233 Budding This is a form of asexual reproduction Àṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀yọ Ìbísí takọtabo tó mú ẹyawuuru
in which a new organism develops yọ fún ìdí pínpín hóró ní apá
from an outgrowth or bud due to cell ibìkan.
division at one particular site.
234 Bundibugyo Ebola Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) is a close Kòròrò Ebola Kòròrò Ebola Bundibugyo
Virus BDBV relative of the much more commonly Bundibugyo jẹmọ́ àwọn ààrùn ńlá tí ènìyàn
known Ebola virus (EBOV). BDBV ńkó láti ara ẹranko.
causes severe disease in humans and
(experimentally) in non-human
primates, the Ebola haemorrhagic
fever.
235 Burial team The burial teams know this kind of Ikọ̀ ìsìnkú Àwọn ìkọ ìsìnkú mọ ìlànà
safe burial is very difficult for the ìsìnkú aláìléwu tí ó lè nira fún
family and the community and are àwọn ẹbí òkú àti àwùjọ nítorí
trained to show respect to the body and wọ́n ti kọ́ṣẹ́ láti bọ̀wọ̀ fún òkú
the family. àti ẹbí rẹ̀.
236 Burkitt's A lymphatic cancer that involves not Jẹjẹrẹ omi- Jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara tí kìí ṣe omi-ara
lymphoma only the lymphatic and the associated ara níkan ṣùgbọ́n pẹ̀lú àwọn ìṣù
reticuloendothelial system, but also ara mìíràn. Kòkòrò Epstein-

other body tissues. This disease, which Barr ní a mọ̀ tí ó ń fa ààrùn yìí
is most common in Central Africa, is ní ààrin gbùngbùn ilẹ̀-Afíríkà.
thought to be possibly caused by the
Epstein-Barr virus.
237 Bush meat The meat got from wild animals. Ẹran ìgbẹ́ Ẹran tí a rí pa nínú
igbó/aginjù.
238 Buttock The lump or fleshy mass on the Ìdí Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹran jò ̣bò ̣jò ̣bò ̣ ní ó wà ní
posterior aspect of the lower trunk, isàlẹ̀ ẹ̀yìn tí ó wá láti ara isa
formed primarily by the gluteal fífẹ́lẹ́.
muscles.
239 Cachexia General ill health and malnutrition, Ààrẹ̀ Àìsàn ìlera gbogboogbo àti
marked by weakness and emaciation, àìrí òúnjẹ aṣaralóre jẹ, èyí tí ó
usually associated with serious disease. n fa àìlera àti rírù tí ó ń fa
ààrùn tí ó le.
240 Campaign A planned and organized series of Polongo (V), Ètò tí a mọ̀-ọ́n-mọ̀ ṣe láti jèrè
actions intended to achieve a specific Ìpolongo (N) àfojúsùn kan pàápàá láti
goal, especially fighting for or against gbógun ti nǹkan tàbí ta àwọn
something or raising people's ènìyàn lólobó nípa nǹkan.
awareness of something.
241 Campylo- An enteric (intestinal) infection caused Àìsàn ìfun Ààrùn ifun tí ó n fa ìgbẹ́ ẹlẹ́jẹ̀,
bacteriosis by the bacterium Campylobacter. láti ̣o ̣wo ̣ pajápajá àti irora rírù, èébì, ibà
Symptoms of campylobacteriosis, if kòkòrò àti àárẹ̀.
any, include diarrhoea (often bloody), kafilobater
abdominal cramping and pain, nausea
and vomiting, fever, and fatigue. Some
people with campylobacteriosis may
develop Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Certain bacterial enteric infections,
including campylobacteriosis, occur at
a much higher rate in people with HIV
than in the general population.
242 Cancer It arises from the abnormal and Jẹjẹrẹ Ó jáde láti ara èèmọ̀ àti
uncontrolled division of cells that then aìlèdarí ìpín hóró tó gbìyànjú
invade and destroy the surrounding láti pa ìṣù tí ó wà ní agbègbè
tissues. rẹ̀.
243 Cancers These are HIV/AIDS related sickness Jẹjẹrẹ Èyí ni ààrùn ajẹmọ́ KASA àti
Associated with found in multiple sites in the body, oníbàátan ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára tí ó máa
AIDS including the skin, lymph nodes, and ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ń hàn ní ibi púpọ̀ ní ara tí tí ó
organs such as the liver, spleen, lungs, àjẹsára fi mọ́, àwọ̀, àti ẹ̀yà ara bíi ẹ̀dọ̀ ,
and digestive tract. HIV/AIDS-related ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, òpó dídà ouńjẹ.
NHL is the second most common
cancer associated with HIV/AIDS,
after Kaposi’s sarcoma.
244 Candida Yeast-like fungi commonly found in Kòkòrò Ààrùn ọ̀súnwúúrú tí a n rí
the normal flora of the mouth, skin, ìwúkàrà lẹ́nu, ara, inú àti oju ara
intestinal tract and vagina, but can obìnrin ṣùgbọ́n tí ó lè di ààrùn
become clinically infectious in gidi lára àwọn tí àjẹsára wọn ti
immune compromised people. gbàbọ̀dè.
245 Candidiasis An infection with a fungus of the Ààrùn Ààrùn ìkóràn tí ọ̀súnwúúrú
Candida family, generally Candida ìwúkàra ẹ̀yà ìwúkàrà. Ó sábà máa n
albicans; it most commonly involves ṣẹlẹ̀ sí ara.
the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral
mucosa (thrush), respiratory tract
(bronchocandidiasis) and vagina

(vaginitis).
246 Capillaries Minute blood vessel consisting only a Òpójẹ̀ wẹẹrẹ Òpójẹ̀ tínrín tó so ìmọ̀lára ẹ̀jẹ̀
simple squamous epithelium and a kékeré mọ́ awọ, ibùgbé fún
basement membrane, major site for the pàsípàrọ̀ àwọn èròjà láàárìn
exchange of substances between the ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti iṣù.
blood and tissues.
247 Carcinogen Any cancer-producing substance. Afajẹjẹrẹ Àwọn ohun tí ó ṣe é ṣe kí ó fa
jẹjẹrẹ.
248 Cardiomyopathy Disease of the heart muscle. Ààrùn iṣan Ààrùn isan ọkàn. Ààrùn isan
Cardiomyopathy weakens the heart ọkàn ọkàn máa ń dín agbára isan
muscle, making it hard for the heart to ọkàn kù, èyí sì máa mú kí ó
pump blood to the rest of the body. sòro fún un láti tú ẹ̀jẹ̀ jáde sí
HIV infection or use of some gbogbo ara. Ìkóràn KASA tàbí
antiretroviral (ARV) drugs may cause òògùn apa KASA lè fa ààrùn
cardiomyopathy. isan ọkàn.
249 Case-fatality ratio The proportion or percentage of people Òsùnwọ̀n Iye àwọn ènìyàn tí ó se àgbákò
or rate with a disease who die as a result of aṣàgbákò ikú ikú nípa ààrùn.
the disease.
250 Casual sex Sexual activity between people who Ìbálòpọ̀ onífà Síṣe Ìbálòpá pẹ̀lú ẹni tí ènìyàn
are not established sexual partners or kò mọ̀ tàbí tí kòní ìbálòpọ̀ pẹ̀lú
do not know each other well. rí.
251 Catheter A tubular medical device for insertion Kàtẹ́dà Irinṣẹ́ ìṣègùn tí a fi n ṣe ìlà
into canals, vessels, passageways or odò, òpó tínrín, ojú ọ̀nà tàbí
body cavities, usually to permit ihò ara tí ó sábà gba abẹ́rẹ́ láyè
injection (e.g. through an intravenous láti wọ inú ara.
catheter into a vein) or withdrawal of

fluids, or to keep a passage open.
252 CCR5 A protein on the surface of certain Ẹ̀ yà àbáwọlé Purotéénì tí a rí ní pèpele ètò
immune system cells, including CD4 T KASA àjẹsára pẹ̀lú hóró sójà
lymphocytes (CD4 cells). CCR5 can adáàbòbò.
act as a coreceptor (a second receptor
binding site) for HIV when the virus
enters a host cell.
253 CCR5 antagonist Antiretroviral (ARV) HIV drug class. Alátakò Alátakò àbá adena KASA.
CCR5 antagonists block the CCR5 àbáwọlé Alátakò àbáwọlé KASA 2 máa
receptor on the surface of certain KASA 2 n jẹ́ ìdènà fún ibùdó àbáwọlé
immune cells, such as CD4 T KASA 2 ní pèpele àwọn
lymphocytes (CD4 cells). This àjẹsára hóró bí hóró omi-ara.
prevents HIV from entering the cell. Èyí máa n dènà KASA láti
wọnú hóró.
254 CD4 or CD4+ Cluster of differentiation 4, a surface Hóró Alámì Àdìpò ̣ as ̣èyàtò ̣ 4 tí ó jé ̣
Cells protein which is present only on some CD4 purotéènì, tí ó sì wà nínú àwo ̣n
cells important in the immune system. hóró pàtàkì kan nínú ètò
àjẹsára.
255 CD4 count A way to measure how severe an HIV Ònkà sójà Ọ̀nà láti ṣe òdiwọ̀n bí KASA
infection is. The HIV virus infects the ìdáàbòbò se buurú to KASA máa n ran
CD4 cell and eventually kills it. Since alámì CD4 hóró sójà ìdáàbòbò 4, kósì pá.
CD4 cells help fight infection in the Níwọ̀n igbatí sójà ìdáàbòbò 4
body, the lower the count (and more bá ti kojú ìkóràn nínú ara, bẹ́ẹ̀
severe the HIV), the more likely one ni KASA a ṣe burú tó, á wá
will get sick with other diseases. mu kí ó rọrùn láti kó ààrùn.
256 CD4 percentage Percentage of white blood cells that Ìwọ́n ìdá Ìwọ̀n ìdá ọgọ́rùn hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
are CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 cells). ọgọ́rùn sójà funfun nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó jẹ́ sójà
In certain cases, such as during acute ìdáàbòbò adáàbòbò 4. Nínú àwọn ìsẹ̀lẹ̀
HIV infection or HIV infection in alámì CD4 mìíràn bíi ògidi ìkóràn KASA
children younger than 5 years of age, tàbí ìkóràn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára lára
CD4 percentage is used rather than àwọn ọmọdé tí wọ́n dín ní
CD4 count to assess HIV progression ọdún màrùn-ún, ìwọ̀n CD4 ni
or response to antiretroviral therapy wọ́n máa ń lò láti bí òògùn apa
(ART). KASA ṣe siṣẹ́ sí.
257 CD4 receptor A protein found primarily on the Ìgbàwo ̣nú Purotéènì tí a n rí ní pèpéle
surface of CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4 hóró alámì sójà ìdáàbòbò 4 T omi-ara láti
cells). To enter a host cell, HIV binds CD4 wọ inú olùgbàlejò hòrò,
to a CD4 receptor and a coreceptor KASA máa ń se ìgbàwọnú
(either CCR5 or CXCR4) on the host hóró alámì CD4 ati
cell. alágbàwọlé CCR5 tàbí CCR4
lórí olùgbàlejò hóró.
258 CD8 (T8) cells Cluster of differentiation 8, a surface Hóró alámì Purotéénì tí a n rí ní pèpéle
protein which is present only on some CD8 (T8) hóró tó jẹ́ àdínkù hóró omi ẹ̀jẹ̀.
cells important in the immune system.
259 CD8 T lymphocyte A type of lymphocyte. CD8 T Hóró soja Ẹ̀yà hóró omi-ara tí ó n pa
lymphocytes (CD8 cells) recognize ìdáàbòbò ìkóràn bateria tàbí kòkòrò.
and destroy cells infected with alámì CD8
microorganisms, such as bacteria or
viruses.
260 CDC-information A service of the Centers for Disease Ìfitónilétí Ìṣẹ́ CDC ni láti se ìtànká
Control and Prevention (CDC) that CDC ìfitóni létí nípa ètò ìlera ni
disseminates health information on a onírúurú ọna àti dènà àìsan láti
wide variety of disease prevention and ṣe ìgbélárugẹ àkòrí ilera tí o
health promotion topics to the general peye fun àwọn ará ìlú, àwọn
public, health care providers, and apèsè ilera àti alafowosowọpọ
partners worldwide. Information is ni agbaye. Ifitonileti a maa wa
available via the web, phone, e-mail, ni orí intanẹẹti, foonu, ímeèlì
and postal mail. ati ifiwe-ranse.
261 Cell The basic unit of all living organisms, Hóró Àkọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ ẹyọ gbogbo aláàyè
which can produce itself exactly. Each (aláàyé), tí ó lè se àtúndá
cell is bounded by a cell membrane of ararẹ̀. Hóró kọ̀ọ̀kan la dá lọ́wọ́
lipids and protein, which controls the kọ́ sí ìwọ̀ọ hóró ti ìmọ̀lára ọ̀rá
passage of substances into and out of ati purotéènì, tí ó ń darí ìrìn-
the cell. àjò èròjà inú ati ìta hóró.
262 Cell lines Specific cell types artificially Hóró àtọwọ́dá Àkànṣe ẹ̀yà àtọwọ́dá hóró tí a
maintained in the laboratory (i.e. in n lò ní yàrá àyẹ̀wò fún iṣẹ́ ìmọ̀
vitro) for scientific purposes. ìjìnlẹ́.
263 Cell-Mediated The branch of the immune system in Hóró Ẹ̀ yà àjẹsára tó n wò ìṣesí àjèjì
Immunity (CMI) which the reaction to foreign material aṣèdábòbò adáralóró fún nǹkan pàtó.
is performed by specific defence cells
(i.e. killer cells, macrophage and other
white blood cells) rather than
antibodies.
264 Centers for A Public Health Service agency Ibiṣẹ́ CDC Àjọ yìí n ṣe akitiyan fún ìmọ̀
Disease Control responsible (among others) for kíkún nípa àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn
and Prevention assessing the status and characteristics ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára àti ìkóràn
(CDC) of the AIDS epidemic and the KASA.
prevalence of HIV infections. CDC
supports the design, implementation
and evaluation of prevention activities,
and maintains various HIV/AIDS

information services, such as the CDC
National AIDS Clearing house.
265 Centers for A federal agency that administers the Ibiṣẹ́ CMS Ibi iṣẹ́ tí ó ń ṣe àtò àti àmójútó
Medicare and Medicare program and monitors the ètò ìlera ìjọba àpapọ̀ tí ó ń
Medicaid Services Medicaid programs offered by each mójú tó ohun tí àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ ń
(CMS) state, including the Children’s Health ṣe tí tí ó fi dé ètò ìlera
Insurance Programme. adójútòfò àwọn ọmọdé.
266 Central Nervous Composed of the brain, spinal cord and Gbùngbùn Èyí ní ọpọlọ, ọ̀pá ẹ̀yìn àti ààbò
System (CNS) its coverings (meninges). ìṣàkóso ara rẹ̀.
267 Central Nervous (By HIV infection). Although Bíbàjẹ́ Ẹ̀ yà ara tí ó ní KASA, ó máa n
System (CNS) monocytes and macrophages can be gbùngbùn jẹ́ àtakò tó wà fún pípa. Àwọn
Damage infected by HIV, they appear to be aṣàkóso ara hóró yìí máa n lọ kákìri ara
relatively resistant to killing. However, lọ́nà àti gbé KASA nínú àwọn
these cells travel throughout the body ẹ̀yà ara páàpáà sínú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró
and carry HIV to various organs, àti ọpọlọ. Àwọn tí wọn kó
especially the lungs and the brain. KASA máa n ní àìyẹ
People infected with HIV often gbùngbùn ìṣàkóso ara.
experience abnormalities in the central
nervous system. Investigators have
hypothesized that an accumulation of
HIV in the brain and nerve cells or the
inappropriate release of cytokines or
toxic byproducts by these cells may be
to blame for the neurological
manifestations of HIV disease.
268 Cerebral Pertaining to the cerebrum, the main Ajẹmọ́ ọpọlọ Ajẹmọ́ ọpọlọ. Ìpín ọpọlọ
portion of the brain. gangan.
269 Cerebral The loss of blood from a ruptured Ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ Ọpọlọ Pípàdánù ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti inú ìpákè òpó
haemorrhage blood vessel ẹ̀jẹ̀ wẹẹrẹ yálà ní inú tàbí ìta.
270 Cervical cancer A neoplasm of the uterine cervix that Jẹjẹrẹ àbá- Ìmọ̀lára àìbójúmu tí ilé ọmọ tí
can be detected in the early curable wọlé ilé ọmọ a tètè mọ̀ ní àkókò àyẹ̀wò.
stage by the Papanicolaou (Pap) test.
271 Cervical dysplasia A precursor lesion for cervical cancer. Ọgbẹ́ àbáwọlé Ìwádìí fihàn pé ìtànkálẹ̀ ọgbẹ́
Studies indicate an increase in ilé ọmọ àbáwọlé ilé ọmọ wọ́pọ̀ láàárìn
prevalence of cervical dysplasia àwọn ìyá tó n gbé pẹ̀lú KASA.
among HIV-infected women. Òmíràn fi yéwa pé aìsí àjẹsára
Additional studies have documented tó péye ni.
that a higher prevalence is associated
with greater immuno suppression.
272 Cervical Dysplasia of the cervix epithelium, Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọgbẹ́ Ọgbẹ́ àbáwọlé ilé ọmọ máa n
Intraepithelial often pre-malignant (i.e. cancerous), àbáwọlé ilé fa jẹjẹrẹ tó ní àkójọpọ̀ àwọn
Neoplasia (CIN 1, characterized by various degrees of ọmọ ààrùn.
CIN 2, CIN 3) hyperplasia, abnormal keratinization
(forming horny epidermal tissue) and
condylomata. Considerable evidence
implicates human papilloma virus
(HPV) in the development of CIN.
273 Cervix The part of the uterus that protrudes Àbáwọlé Ilé Apákan ilé ọmọ tó n yọ jade ní
into the cavity of the vagina. Ọmọ ojú nǹkan obìnrin.
274 Cesarean section Delivery of a baby by a surgical Ìfabẹgbẹ̀bí Èyí jẹ́ bíbí ọmọ nípa iṣẹ́ abẹ ní
incision through the mother’s inú obìnrin àti ilé ọmọ. Lára
abdominal wall and uterus. In some àwọn olùgbé pẹ̀lú KASA,
pregnant women infected with HIV, a ìfabẹgbẹ̀bí máa n ní ewu

scheduled Caesarean delivery may lọ́pọ̀lọpọ̀ tori ìkóràn ìyá sí
reduce the risk of mother-to-child ọmo.
transmission of HIV.
275 Chagas disease A disease caused by the parasite Àrùn Chagas Àrùn tó n wá nípaṣẹ̀
Trypanosoma cruzi (a type of pùròtósúà. Ó jẹ́ àrùn tó wọ́pọ̀
protozoa). Chagas disease is most nígbà tí ènìyàn máa fara kó
commonly transmitted when people lára ìdun, kòkòrò tó máa n mu
come into contact with the faeces of an ẹ̀jẹ̀ ènìyàn àti ẹranko. Lára
infected reduviid bug, a bloodsucking oníKASA, a máa fa ọpọlọ
insect that feeds on humans and wíwú.
animals. In people with HIV,
reactivation of chronic Chagas disease
infection can cause inflammation of
the brain and meninges
(meningoencephalitis).
276 Challenge In vaccine experiments, the exposure Ìpèníjà Ajẹmọ́ àyẹ̀wò àjẹsára, ìfihàn
of an immunized animal to the àjẹsára ẹranko sí aṣojú ìkóràn.
infectious agent.
277 Chancroid A sexually transmitted infection Rẹ́kórẹ́kó Ààrùn ìbálòṕọ̀ tí Rẹ́kórẹ́kó
caused by the bacterium Hemophilus sokùnfà rẹ̀. Rẹ́kórẹ́kó yìí máa
ducreyi. Chancroid causes genital ń fa ọgbẹ́ tí ó sì máa ń fa
ulcers (sores), which increase the risk ìkóràn KASA.
of HIV transmission.
278 Chemokines Small proteins secreted by cells to Kimokin Purotéènì kékeré tí ó ń sun láti
mobilize and activate infection ṣe ìtají àwọn hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí
fighting white blood cells. Chemokines ó ń dènà ìkóràn.
are involved in many immune and

inflammatory responses.
279 Chemoprevention Use of specific drugs, vitamins, or Ìfòògùn- Lílo òògun kan pàtó, fáítámì,
other substances to reverse, suppress, dẹ́kun àti àwọn ohun mìíràn lati dènà
or prevent a disease. ààrùn.
280 Chemotherapy The treatment, mostly of cancer, by the Ìfòògùndẹ́- Ìtọ́jú jẹjẹrẹ nípa lílo òògùn
use of a series of cytotoxic drugs that kun jẹjẹrẹ olóró. Àbájáde ìlànà yìí ni kíi
attack cancerous cells. This treatment a máa ṣọ àjẹsára nù sọ́wọ́
commonly has adverse side effects that ìkóràn sí àjẹsára, irun ríre àti
may include the temporary loss of the àìsàn nígbà gbogbo.
body's natural immunity to infections,
loss of hair, digestive upset and a
general feeling of illness.
281 Chest The area of the body located between Àyà Agbèègbè tí ò wà láàrin ọrùn
the neck and the abdomen. ati inú.
282 Chest pain Heart or blood vessel problems that Àyà dídùn Ìṣòro ọkàn tàbí òpó ìpínjẹ̀
can cause chest pain, angina or a heart wẹẹrẹ tí ó n fa àyà dídùn.
attack. The most common symptom Gbígbókìtì ọkàn èyí tí ó sábà
is chest pain that may feel like máa n fa àyà dídùn bíi ìfúnpá
tightness, heavy pressure, squeezing, gíga, àárẹ̀ gíga tàbí ìfúnjúpọ̀.
or crushing pain.
283 Chest X-ray Chest X-ray is a projection Fọ́tò àyà Fọ́tò àyà ni a fí ń ṣe ìdámọ́
radiograph of the chest used to ohun tí ó ń ṣe àyà.
diagnose conditions affecting the
chest, its contents, and nearby
structures.
284 Child health Child health is the purview of Ìlera ọmọ Èyí ni ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ìtọ́jú àwọn
paediatrics which became a medical ọmọ ní 19thC. Sáájú àkókò
specialty in the mid-nineteenth yìí, àbójútó àti ìtọ́jú ààrùn
century. Before that time the care and àwọn ọmọ ni ó wà ní àrọ́wọ́tó
treatment of childhood diseases were onímọ̀ ìlera gbogboogbo àti
included within such areas as general agbẹ̀bí.
medicine, obstetrics, and midwifery.
285 Children Affected Children affected by AIDS are not Àwọn ọmọ Àwọn ọmọ tí wó ̣n kó ààrùn
by Aids (CABA) HIV-infected, but are related to oníbàátan ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àje ̣sára kò ní kòkòrò
person(s) living with HIV. ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ KASA. Wón kàn ní ìbátan
àjesára
̣ pè ̣lú àwo ̣n tí w ó n ní kòkòrò
KASA ni.
286 Children living These are the children that are infected Ọmọ oní Èyí ni àwọn ọmọ tó ṣe àgbákò
with HIV with HIV. KASA ìkóràn KASA láti ara ìyá wọn.
287 Child-Turcotte- A classification system used to Òdiwọ̀n iṣẹ́ Ìsọ̀rí tí à ń lò fi ṣe òdiwọ̀n iṣẹ́
Pugh measure liver function, especially in ẹ̀dọ̀ ẹ̀dọ̀ pàápàá fún àwọn tí wọ́n ni
Classification people with chronic liver disease. The ẹ̀dọ̀ tí ó lẹ. À ń lò ó fún
system system may be used to assess liver àgbéyẹ̀wò ìsẹ́ ẹ̀dọ̀ fún àwọn tí
function in people who have HIV/ ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú KASA/ ààrùn
hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ C.
288 Chimpanzee A medium-sized ape with long dark- Ìjímèrè Ọ̀bọ onírun lára yàtọ̀ sí ojú àti
brown hair covering its body except etí rẹ̀.
for its naked face and ears.
289 Chlamydia The agent of a sexually transmitted Aṣojú ààrùn Aṣojú ìtànkálè ̣ ààrùn ìbálòpọ̀.
disease. A genus of Gram-negative ìbálòpọ̀ Ìran bateria ẹlẹ́yọ̀ Gíràmù tó fa
bacteria that are obligate intracellular inú hóró ajọ̀fé ̣ nínú èníyàn àti
parasites in humans and other animals, àwọn ẹranko mìíràn, ní èyí tó

in which they cause disease. n fa ààrùn.
290 Cholangiopathy Bile duct disease. (Bile ducts are tubes Ààrùn òpó Èyí a máa gbé òrónro láti ibi
that carry bile from the gallbladder to òrónro òrónro inú níbi tí a tí nlo láti
the small intestine, where the bile is fọ ọ̀rá. Ààrùn òpó òrónro lè
used to digest fats.) Cholangiopathy jẹyọ nítorí ìsekúse ti ìsọdọ̀lẹ
may occur as a complication of AIDS àjesára tabi àwọn ìkóràn ajìfà
or may be caused by certain mìíràn.
opportunistic infections.
291 Cholera An acute infection of the small Ààrùn Ògidì ìkóràn tí ó wá nípaṣẹ̀
intestine by the bacterium vibrio onígbáméjì bateria ààrùn onígbáméjì ti inú
cholera, which causes severe vomiting kékeré, èyí tí ó n fa èébì àti
and diarrhoea (known as ricewater ìgbẹ́ gbuuru.
stools) leading to dehydration.
292 Cholesterol It is a fat-like material (a sterol) Òrá inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ Nkan ọ̀rá to wúlò (ọ̀rá) tí ó wà
present in the blood and most tissues, nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣù, páàpáà
especially nervous tissues. júlọ ìsù ìmọ̀lára.
293 Choroiditis Inflammation of the choroid Dídùn inú ojú Awọ ọpọlọ ojú wíwú.
membrane of the eye (Pathology).
294 Chromosome A thread-like structure found within a Okùn-ìran Ipa ọ̀nà okùn tín-ín-rín tí a rí
cell. Chromosomes, which are made of nínú hóró. Okùn ìran hóró tí a
DNA coiled around proteins, carry all pèsè pẹ̀lú DNA ó wà ní àyíká
of the genetic information essential to purotéénì, èyí tí ó n gbé ààyè tí
the life of the cell. ó ṣe pàtàkì sínú hóró.
295 Chronic diarrhoea These are frequent loose stools which Ìgbẹ́ gbuuru Ìgbẹ́ gbuuru tí à ń yà ní
are a daily occurrence. There may be ọló ̣jó ̣ pípẹ́ ojoojúmọ́. Nígbà mìíràn, ó kàn
occasional normal stools. Despite the lè ṣà déédé wá, a sì máa mú
need to stay within the reach of a ẹni ó mú máa lọse ìgbọ̀nṣẹ̀, kí

toilet, the person is otherwise well. ara rẹ̀ tó dá.
296 Chronic fatigue Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a Àárẹ̀ ọló ̣jó ̣ Àìsàn àárẹ̀ pípẹ́ ni àìda àárẹ̀
debilitating disorder characterized by pípẹ́ tàbí kí ó máa rẹ ẹni tí kì í lọ
extreme fatigue or tiredness that does nípa orun sísùn. Ìpò tí a kò le
not go away with rest, and cannot be ṣe àlàyé rẹ̀ nípa ìlànà ìṣègùn
explained by an underlying medical nìkan.
condition.
297 Chronic Chronic, spontaneous loss or Àìsàn Àìsàn ségeṣège ìmọ̀lára pípẹ́ jẹ́
Idiopathic destruction of myelin. Myelin is a soft, ségeṣège ohun àdánù tí ó jẹ́ ohun
Demyelinating white, somewhat fatty material that ìmọ̀lára o ̣ló ̣jó ̣ ìmọ̀lára.
Polyneuropathy forms a thick sheath around the pípẹ́
(CIPD) protoplasmic core of myelinated nerve
fibre.
298 Chronic An often fatal cancer in which white Jẹjẹrẹ inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ Èyí ni jẹjẹrẹ tí ó léwu nínú èyí
leukaemia blood cells displace normal blood, ọló ̣jó ̣ pípẹ́ tí àwọn hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun rọ́pò
leading to infection, shortage of red ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó ṣe déédé, èyí tí ó n yọrí
blood cells anemia, bleeding, and other sí ìkóràn. Àìlẹ́jẹ̀ tó hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
disorders. Certain types of childhood funfun, ṣíṣẹ̀jẹ̀ àti àwọn ohun
leukemias respond well to treatment, àìyẹ. Àwọn jẹjẹrẹ inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ ti
which includes drugs chemotherapy ìgbà kékeré máa n gbọ́ ìtọ́jú bí
and radiotherapy. i lílo òògùn jẹjẹrẹ.
299 Chronic ulcers Chronic ulcers may be painful. Most Ọgbẹ́ ọlọ́jọ́ Ọgbẹ́ ọlọ́jọ́ pípẹ́ máa n nira.
patients complain of constant pain at pípẹ́ Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn aláìsàn máa n ké
night and during the day. ìrora inú rírun ní alẹ́ àti ní ojú
ọjọ́.
300 Circulate (V) To move or flow freely in an enclosed Sànyíká Láti sàn káàkiri láì ní ìdíwọ́
space or defined area. láàrin àgbègbè kan.
301 Circulation The continuous movement of blood Ìsànyíká Ìṣànyíká ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní gbogbo ara.
through all parts of the body.
302 Circulatory The system consisting of the heart, Ètò ìsànyíká Ètò tí ó ní ọkàn, òpó ẹ̀jẹ̀, àti
system blood vessels, and lymph vessels that òpó omi-ara tí ó n pọ́mpù ẹ̀jẹ̀
pumps blood and lymph around the àti omi nínú agbèègbè ara.
body.
303 Circumcision This is an act of removal of the Ìdákó Ìlànà dídá okó.
foreskin of the penis.
304 Circumoral Pertaining to the area of the face Ìyíká ẹnu Ajẹmọ́ agbègbè ojú ẹnu
around the mouth.
305 Cirrhosis A chronic progressive disease of the Jẹjẹrẹ ẹ̀dọ̀ Ààrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró tí ó pẹ́ títí èyí tí
liver characterized by the replacement ó wà fún ìpààrọ̀ hóró pẹ̀lú
of healthy cells with scar tissues. àléébù ìmọ̀lára.
306 Civil Society CiSHAN is the national umbrella Àjọ CiSHAN Èyí ni ajọ tí ó kó gbogbo ajọ tí
Network For network of Civil Society Organizations kìí ṣe ti ijọba tí wọ́n sì ń siṣẹ́
HIV/AIDS in (CSOs) working on issues in the láti dènà ìtànkálẹ̀ KASA àti
Nigeria (CiSHAN) prevention and impact mitigation of ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára ní
HIV & AIDS in Nigeria. Nàìjíríà.
307 Clade A group of related HIV variants, Ìṣọ̀rí KASA Ìsọ̀rí KASA, tí a pín bí wọ́n ṣe
classified according to degree of fara jọ ara. Àwọn àsọmọgbè
genetic similarity. HIV-1 group M ni a pín sí ìsọ̀rí KASA A, B,
variants are currently grouped into C, D,F, G, H, J àti K.
clades A, B, C, D, F,G, H, J and K.
308 Class-sparing Class-sparing regimens are used to Ìyọlẹ́gbẹ́ Àwọn òògùn tí à ń lò fún ààbò
regimen save specific ARV drugs for future use òògùn àkànṣe òògùn KASA tí ó yàtọ̀
in case a regimen needs to be changed sí òògùn mìíràn fún ọjọ́ iwájú.

because of toxicity or drug resistance. A ṣe èyí nítorí oró àti àtakò
A class-sparing regimen may also be ọjọ́ iwájú.
used to avoid the adverse effects
associated with a specific drug class.
309 Client intake form These are forms obtained by clients or Ìwé Èyí ni fọ́ọ́mù tí aláìsàn máa ń
patients when they first came to ìforúkọsílẹ̀ gbà nígbà tí wọ́n bá kọ́kọ́ lọ sí
hospital. ilé ìwòsàn.
310 Clinical Pertaining to or founded on Ajẹmọ́tọ̀jú Ajẹmọ́ ítọ́jú tí ó dá lórí àkíyèsí
observation and treatment of patients, àti ìtọ́jú àwọn aláìsàn tí ó yàtọ̀
as distinguished from theoretical or gédégbé sí ìmọ̀dáájú tàbí ìmọ̀-
basic science. ìjìnlẹ̀.
311 Clinical alert A mechanism, adopted by the National Ìtají Ìṣe ètò tí àjọ ìlera orílẹ̀-èdè
Institutes of Health in conjunction with ajẹmọ́tọ́jú máa n lò pẹ̀lú orísìríṣi àwọn
the editors of several biomedical ìwé àtẹ̀jáde nípa ìṣègùn fún iṣẹ́
journals, for urgent cases in which pàjáwìrì, tó ṣéṣe kí ó pa
timely and broad dissemination of ìtànkálẹ̀ èsì ìtaají ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú
results of clinical trials could prevent lè jẹ́ dènà àìsàn àti ikú. Ìtaají
morbidity (sickness) and mortality ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú kòlè jẹ́ ìdènà sí
(death). The Clinical Alert does not àgbéjáde iṣẹ́ ìwádìí.
become a barrier to subsequent
publication of the full research paper.
Clinical Alerts are widely distributed
electronically through the National
Library of Medicine and through
standard mailing.
312 Clinical The first clinical description of Ebola Ajẹmọ́ ìṣègùn Ọdún 1976 ni àpèjúwe aje ̣mó ̣-
characteristics of outbreak in 1976: The illness is Ebola ìtó ̣jú lórí Ebola jade. Lára
Ebola characterized with a high temperature àwo ̣n àmì àáre ̣ yìí ni ara
of about 39°C, hematemesis, diarrhoea gbígbóná, ìgbé ̣ gbuuru
with blood, retrosternal abdominal ẹlé ̣jè ̣,inú dídùn, tí yóó sì jásí
pain, prostration with "heavy" ikú ní nnkan bíi o ̣jó ̣ mé ̣ta.’
articulations, and rapid evolution death
after three days.
313 Clinical endpoint In a clinical trial, an outcome or event Àtúnbọ̀tán Ní ti ajẹmọ́tọjú, àtunbọ̀tán
used to objectively measure the effect ajẹmọ́-ìtọjú ajẹ́mọ́-ìtọ́jú ni èsì tí a fi ń ṣe
of a drug or other intervention being òdiwọ̀n iṣẹ́ òògùn.
studied. Common endpoints include
severe toxicity, disease progression,
and death.
314 Clinical failure A type of HIV treatment failure. The Ìkùnà Ẹ̀ yà ìkùnà ìtọ́jú KASA.
occurrence or recurrence of an HIV- ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú Ìrìnṣẹ́yìn ìsọdọ̀lẹ ajẹsára
related complication, usually an AIDS- pàápàá ìfarahàn KASA lẹ́yìn
defining condition, after 3 months of osù mẹ́tà lílo òògùn apa
antiretroviral therapy (ART) is KASA ni a pè ní ìkùnà ìtọ́jú
considered clinical failure.
315 Clinical latency The state or period of an infectious Ìdíbọ́n àìsàn Ipò asojú ìkóràn bí i kòkòrò
agent, such as a virus or bacterium, tàbí bateria tí ó wà tàbí dàgbà
living or developing in a host without nínú olúborí láì pèsè àwọn
producing clinical symptoms. As àìsàn ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú. Ní ti ajẹmọ́-
related to HIV infection, although ìtọ́jú ìkóràn KASA, àwọn
infected individuals usually exhibit a tíwọ́n kó ààrùn máa n díbọ́n
period of clinical latency with little àìsàn pẹ̀lú ìfihàn ààrùn,
evidence of disease, the virus is never kòkòrò yìí kò ṣe díbọ́n sí.
truly latent. Even early in the disease,

HIV is active within lymphoid organs
where large amounts of virus become
trapped in the FDC network.
316 Clinical practice Standards for physicians to adhere to Òdiwọ̀n ìlànà Ìdiwọ̀n tí àwọn olùtọ́jú gbúdọ̀
guidelines in prescribing care for a given ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú tẹ̀lé láti fi ṣe ìtọ́jú fún ipò kan
condition or illness. tàbí àìsàn.
317 Clinical Advance of disease that can be Ìgbèrú ajẹmọ́- Ìgbèrú ààrùn tí a lè ṣ́ e òdiwọ̀n
progression measured by observable and ìtọ́jú rẹ̀ nípa àkíyèsí àti ìwádìí ààmì
diagnosable signs or symptoms. For àìsàn. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, ìgbèrú
example, HIV progression can be KASA ni a lè wọn nípa kíka
measured by change in CD4 count. CD4.
318 Clinical services Clinical Services are better partnership Ìṣẹ́ ajẹmọ́- Iṣẹ́ ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú dára fún
in service delivery in the hospitals. ìtọ́jú ìbásepọ̀ ìfijíṣẹ́ ní ilé ìwòsàn.
319 Clinical trial A carefully designed and executed Ìwádìí ajẹmọ́- Ìwádìí ìṣègùn tí a fi ara balẹ̀ ṣe
investigation of the effects of a drug ìtọ́jú fún ipa òògùn tàbí àjẹsára, èyí
(or vaccine) administered to human tí a n lò fún ènìyàn. Iṣẹ́ ajẹmọ́-
subjects. The goal is to define the ìtọ́jú ni láti mọ agbára àti ipa
clinical efficacy and pharmacological oró, èsì àti ìbásepọ̀ òògùn nínú
effects (toxicity, side effects, ara.
incompatibilities or interactions) of the
drug.
320 Clitoris It is an erectile organ of the female Idọ Ẹran tí ó yọ síta ní ojú-ara
external genitalia that is homologous obìnrin tí ó wà ní ìbádọ́gba
with the penis in males. It is partly pẹ̀lú okó ọkùnrin.
concealed by the labia minora but free
extremity appears as a round tubercle.
321 Clomiphene Clomifene or Clomiphene is a Òògùn Òògùn Kílómufin ni àpapọ̀

selective estrogen receptor modulator kilomufin orísìírísìí òògùn tí ó ti di
of the triphenylethylene group that has gbájúgbajà òògùn ti wọ́n ń lò
become the most widely prescribed láti jẹ́ kí nǹkan osù wá lati ṣe
drug for ovulation induction to reverse àtúnṣe sí ìsákì nǹkan osù.
anovulation or oligoovulation.
322 Clone A genetically identical replication of a Ẹ̀ dà Àtilébá hóró kan-náà tàbí
living cell that is valuable for the ẹ̀yàwuuru tí ó wá láti ọ̀dọ bàbá
investigation and reproduction of test kan-náà láti ṣe ẹ̀dà bẹ̀ ẹ́.
cultures.
323 Clot of blood/ A mass of thickened liquid, especially Dídì ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àkópọ̀ ìṣọ̀n pàápàá jùlọ ẹ̀jẹ̀.
blood clot blood.
324 Clothing Fabric made by weaving, knitting, or Aṣọ wíwọ̀ Aṣọ tí a fi òwú ṣe ìbáà ṣe
felting thread or fibres. hihun tàbí rírán pẹ̀lú abẹ́rẹ́.
325 Clotting blood A medical condition involving a Àìda ẹ̀jẹ Ipò tí ó ń fa ségesège dídì ẹ̀jẹ̀
disorder disturbance to the usual clotting of nínú ara.
blood.
326 Cluster of This nomenclature was developed to Ìmọ̀yàtọ̀ sójà Èyí ni láti ṣe ìgbéléwọ̀n àti
differentiation standardize and compare monoclonal ìdáàbòbò àfiwé sójà ara àtọwọ́dá lati
nomenclature antibodies from different sources. orísìí ibi. Awọn sójà ara ti iṣe
Antibodies with similar reactivity wọn jọra pẹ̀lú ọ̀wọ́ CD.
patterns are assigned to CD groups
representing "clusters of
differentiation." T lymphocytes are
CD3+ and can be separated into the
CD4+ T helper cells and the CD8+
cytotoxic/suppressor cells. Although
CD4+ cells are predominantly T

lymphocytes, some monocytes are also
CD4+.
327 Coagulopathy A disease or condition that affects the Àìdá èjè
̣ ̣ Ààrùn tàbí ipò tí ó ń ṣe àkóbá
blood’s ability to clot. fún ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì.
328 Coccidioido- An infectious fungal disease caused by Ààrùn Ààrùn osunwuuru tí ó wá láti
mycosis the inhalation of spores of osunwuuru ara ìfínsímú àtakò kòkòrò
Coccidioides immitis, which is carried abáfẹ́fẹ́rìn àìfojúrí tí óhun fa atẹ́gùn tí ó n
on wind-blown dust particles. It is an gbé ìdọ̀tí. Ó jẹ́ ajẹmọ́-ààrùn
opportunistic disease associated with ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
AIDS. Also called desert fever, San
Joaquin fever, valley fever.
329 Cofactors A situation or activity that may Arannílọ́wọ́ Àwọn ohun aranra-ẹni lọ́wọ́ tí
increase a person's susceptibility to ó ń ṣe àlékún kíkó ààrùn
AIDS. Examples of such cofactors are ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára. Àpẹẹrẹ rẹ̀ ni
other infections, drugs and alcohol use, àwọn ìkóràn mìíràn, òògùn àti
poor nutrition, genetic factors and ọtí mímu, àìjẹ oúnjẹ tí ó ní
stress. purotéénì, àti wàhálà.
A contributory cause of a disease.
330 Cognitive Difficulty in thinking, reasoning, or Ònrayè Ònrayè níti èrò àti ìrántí. Ọ̀pọ̀
impairment remembering. Some people with HIV nínú àwọn tí ó n gbé pẹ̀lú
may have cognitive impairment. KASA ni ó máa n ní ònrayè.
331 Cohort In epidemiology, a group of Ẹgbẹ́ Nínú ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ààrùn, ẹgbẹ́
individuals with some characteristics àwọn ènìyàn pẹ̀lú àbùdá ìwà
in common. kan-náà.
332 Co-infection A person who is infected with more Ìkóràn oníbejì Ènìyàn tí ó ní ìkóràn kòkòrò ju
than one virus is said to have a co- méjì lọ ni ó máa n ní ààrùn
infection. oníbejì.
333 Cold extremities Cold extremities occur when blood Mọ́wọ́-mẹsẹ̀ Ìyára tutu wáyé nígbà tí òpó
vessels are constricted or slightly tutu rinrin ẹ̀jẹ̀ bá fún tàbí ní ìdíwọ́ ránpẹ́.
obstructed.
334 Cold sores A small painful blister on or near the Ìsìrun Ìrora ìléròrò lórí ètè, nígbà
lips, or sometimes the nose, caused by mìíràn lórí imú, èyí tí ó jẹ́
the virus Herpes simplex. àmúwá kòkòrò Herpes.
335 Colitis Inflammation of the colon. Àìsàn Àìsàn amúfunwú (A-mú-ìfun-
amúfunwú wú)
336 Collapse (Of a person) Fall down and become Dákú Ènìyàn tí ó s ̣ubú,tí kò sì níyè
unconscious as a result of illness or mó ̣ nítorí àìsàn tàbí o ̣gbé ̣.
injury.
337 Colposcopy This is a procedure to closely examine Ìyabẹ́wò Èyí ni ìlànà tí a n gbà yẹ abẹ́,
the cervix, vagina and vulva for signs òbò àti ojú-òbò wò gẹ́gẹ́ bi
of disease. During colposcopy, your àmì ìṣèdámọ ààrùn.
doctor uses a special instrument called
a colposcope.
338 Commercial sex A sex worker is a person who works in Gbélé pawó Gbélé pawó jẹ́ èni tí ó ń ṣe
worker the sex industry. òwò nàbì.
339 Communicable Any disease that can be transmitted Ààrùn Ìkóràn Ààrùn kí ààrùn tí a lè kó láti
disease from one person to another. ara ẹnìkan sí ẹlòmíìràn.
340 Communication Communication breakdown is the Àìgbọ́raẹniyé Àìgbọ́raẹniyé ni àìlágbára láti
breakdown ability to give or get information. fúnni tàbí gba ìfitónilétí.
341 Communication The method to reach the intended Ọ̀nà ìbáraẹni- Ọ̀nà láti fi ọ̀rọ̀ yé gbogbo
channels audiences. Channels include mass sọ̀rọ̀ olùgbọ́ nípa ìgbóhùn-sáfẹ́fẹ́ àti
media, information and ìfitónilétí àti ọgbọ́n ìmúṣẹ́ṣe,
communication technology (ICT), ìlànà ìfàyègba ara-ìlú àti
participatory communication ìgbaniníyànjú oní-ìdákọ́ńkọ́ àti
engagement approaches, and ìbaraẹni-sọ̀rọ̀ fún àwọn tí ó ń
interpersonal counselling and pèsè ìtọ́jú pẹ̀lú àwọn mìíràn
communication (IPC/C) for service bẹ́ẹ̀.
providers, among others.
342 Communication The guiding design in Ebola Ète ìbáraẹni- Onírúurú ààbò ìdarí ìpolongo
strategy campaigns and interventions. sọ̀rọ̀ àti ìdásí ọ̀rọ̀ ìfitónilétí.
Developing a strategy involves setting
communication objectives, identifying
intended audiences and determining
consistent messages for all materials
and activities.
343 Community health These are workers that are employed Woléwolé Òsìṣẹ́ ìlera tí àwọn àjọ elétò
workers by public health agencies to work in a ìlera gbà láti máa siṣẹ́
community. agbègbè.
344 Community Community Outreach is an activity of Ìpolongo Ìpolongo ni aáyan àwo ̣n e ̣gbé ̣
outreach providing services to any populations agbègbè tó n pèsè ìrànwó ̣ fún àwo ̣n
who might not otherwise have access ènìyàn tí wo ̣n kò ní ànfààní.
to those services. A key component of Ibùgbé àwo ̣n aláìní yìí ni
outreach is that the groups providing àwo ̣n e ̣gbé ̣ náà ti máa n s ̣e
it are not stationary, but mobile; in ìrànwó ̣ náà.
other words they are meeting those in
need of outreach services at the

locations where those in need are.
345 Community A federally sponsored programme that Àjọ CPCRA Àjọ tí ó ń ṣe agbátẹrù fún iṣẹ́
Programs for conducts HIV-related clinical research ìwádìí ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú láti ipasẹ̀
Clinical Research through a national network of ìtàkùn orílẹ̀-èdè fún ìwádìí
on AIDS (CPCRA) community-based research units. agbègbè.
346 Community This is an altruistic activity where an Ọlọ́wẹ̀-ọ̀fẹ́ Ọlọ́wẹ̀ ọ̀fẹ́ agbègbè ni iṣẹ́ tí
volunteer individual or group provides services agbèègbè ènìyàn tàbí ẹgbẹ́ òsìṣẹ́ n pèsè
for no financial gain. láìní èrè aje ̣mówó nínú.
347 Community-Based A clinical trial conducted primarily Ìwádìí ìṣègùn Ajẹmọ́-ìtọ̀jú tí àwọn òsìṣẹ́ ìlera
Clinical Trial through primary-care physicians rather agbèègbè ṣe ju ìwádìí ẹ̀kọ́ lọ.
(CBCT) than academic research facilities.
348 Community-Based A locally based service organization Ìwádìí ìṣègùn Iṣẹ́ àjọ àgbègbè tó n pèsè
Organization that provides social services at the agbèègbè àwọn ìrànwọ́ fún àwọn ènìyàn
(CBO) community level. ní àgbèègbè.
349 Community-level This fact sheet can be used to explain Ìwé àlààyé Ìwé àlààyé ààrùn Ebola ni à ń
Ebola fact sheet Ebola at the community level. ààrùn Ẹbola lò fún àlàyé Ebola agbèègbè.
Information includes description of agbègbè Ìfitónilétí nípa Ebola, àwọn
Ebola, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, ààmì àìsàn, ìwádìí nípa àìsàn,
treatment, transmission and ìtọ́jú, ìtànkálẹ̀ àti dídènà.
prevention.
350 Comorbidity When a person has two or more Ọlọ́pọ̀ ààrùn Nígbà tí ènìyàn kan bá ní ju
diseases or conditions at the same ààrùn méjì tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ ní
time. For example, a person with high èèkan soso. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, ẹnìkan
blood pressure may also have heart ẹlẹ́jẹ̀ ríru tún lè ní àìsàn ọkàn.
disease.
351 Complement A group of proteins in normal blood Àkójọpọ̀ Àkójọpọ̀ àwọn purotéénì nínú
serum and plasma which, in aṣàbọ̀ ìs ̣edéédé omi àti oje- ẹ̀jẹ̀ pẹ̀lú
combination with antibodies, causes sójà èyí tí ó n pa àjèjì
the destruction of antigens, particularly adáralóró pàápàá jùlọ bateria
bacteria and foreign blood corpuscles. àti àjèjì ẹ̀jẹ̀.
352 Complement A precise sequence of events, usually Àkójọpọ̀ Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tẹ̀lẹ́-n-tẹ̀lẹ́ tí ó rú ẹ̀ka
Cascade triggered by an antigen-antibody aṣàbọ̀ àjèjì adáralóró- sójà ara tí
complex, in which each component of onítẹ̀léntẹ̀lé ìkọ̀kan wọn.
the complement system is activated in
turn.
353 Comprehensive A federal programme that provides Àjọ CIPRA Ìrànwọ́ ètò ijọba fún àwọn
International long-term support to developing orílẹ̀-èdè tí ó ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ ń dàgbà láti
Program of countries to conduct HIV/AIDS ṣe ìwádìí lórí KASA àti ààrùn
Research on AIDS research relevant to their populations. ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára ti ó wúlò fún
(CIPRA) àwọn ènìyàn wọn.
354 Comprehensive A blood test that measures several Òṣùwọ̀n ìlera Àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó ń ṣe òdiwọ̀n
Metabolic Panel parameters, including blood sugar gbogbonìṣe ọ̀pọ̀ nǹkan bíi adùn ẹ̀jẹ̀,
(CMP) (glucose), proteins, electrolytes (such purotéènì, sódíọ́mù àti
as sodium and potassium), waste pòtásíọ́mù, ẹ̀gbin inú ara bíi
products (such as blood urea nitrogen ìtọ̀, abbl.
[BUN] and creatinine), and enzymes.
355 Computed (Computed Tomography). Ẹ̀ rọ CT Ẹ̀ rọ tí ó n pín ara sí ìdí
Tomography (CT) Radiography (using X-rays) in which a orísìírísìí ọ̀nà fún àyẹ̀wò
three-dimensional image of a body kíkún.
structure is constructed by computer
from a series of plane cross-sectional
images made along an axis. Also

referred to as CAT scan.
356 Computed Computerized (or computed) Fọ́tò CT Ìpèsè àwòrán nípa ìlo kọ̀mpútà
tomography scans tomography, and often formerly jẹ́ àwòrán ìtàn-àrè ti inú ara àti
referred to as computerized axial bí ara ṣe rí.
tomography (CAT) scan, is an X-ray
procedure that combines many X-ray
images with the aid of a computer to
generate cross-sectional views and, if
needed, three-dimensional images of
the internal organs and structures of
the body.
357 Concomitant Drugs that are taken together. Certain Òògùn àlòpọ̀ Òògùn alálòpọ̀. Ọ̀pọ̀ òògùn
drugs concomitant medications may have àlòpọ̀ ní ó lè ní ìbáṣepọ̀ àìfẹ́.
adverse interactions.
358 Concordant Sexual partners in which both partners Alárùn Ipò kí ọkọ àti aya kó ààrùn
couple are infected with a sexually transmitted kannáà ìbálòpọ̀ kan náà bi i KASA.
infection, such as HIV.
359 Concorde study Joint French/British clinical trial of Àjọ ìṣèwàdìí Iṣẹ́ ìwádìí ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú tí AZT
AZT in asymptomatic HIV-positive konkodi jẹ́ aláìlámì lára ènìyàn tí ó ń
individuals. gbé pẹ̀lú KASA.
360 Concubine This is a condition of having a Àlè Ìlànà níní ọmọbìnrin kan ní
mistress, kept woman; secondary wife ìdákọ́nkọ́ yàtọ̀ sí aya ẹni;
(in cultures which allow more that one pàápàá, níbi tí àṣà wọn ti fi
wife). àyè sílẹ̀ ju ìyàwò kan lọ.
361 Condom A device used during sexual Rọ́bà Rọ́bà tí à ń lò ní àsìkò ìbálòpọ̀
intercourse to prevent exchange of ìdáàbòbò èyí tí ó ń dènà ààtọ̀ àti àwọn
genital secretions and discharges. oje mìíràn.
362 Condom A form for reporting and collecting Fọ́ọ́mù pínpín Fó ̣ò ̣mù fún ètò pínpín àti ìjábò ̣
distribution form condom distribution data. ró ̣bà lórí ìfó ̣nká ró ̣bà ìdáàbòbò.
ìdáàbòbò
363 Condyloma A wart-like excrescence near the anus Ààrùn Jẹjẹrẹ tí ó wà ní ààrin
or the vulva; the flat, moist papule of kondilómà gbùngbùn tí ó so ìmọ̀lára lórí
secondary syphilis. ìwọ̀ àṣekun tàbí ìta ojú ara.
364 Confidentiality The expectation that anything done or Bòńkẹ́lẹ́ Ohun tí a gbé jade pẹ̀lú ìrètí pé
revealed will be kept private. kó ní lu fóró síta.
365 Confirmatory test If tests on the first sample were Àyẹ̀wò Tí àwọn àyẹ̀wò àkọ́kọ́ kòbá ṣe
consistent with HIV infection, it is still adánilójú déédé pẹ̀lú ìkóràn KASA, ó ṣe
essential to test a second, follow-up pàtàkì kí a ṣe àyẹ̀wò kejì
blood sample. nípasè ̣ àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀.
366 Conjunctivitis Inflammation or infection of the Àpólò Ojú wíwú tàbí ìkóràn ti àpólò,
conjunctiva, which is the mucous ó lè wà nínú àwọ̀ inú ojú.
membrane that lines the inner surface Àpólò lè wáyé nípasè ̣ batéríà,
of the eye. Conjunctivitis is commonly kòkòrò akóràn,ìríra tàbí dídí-
caused by a bacterial or viral infection, òpó-omi-ojú (àwo ̣n o ̣mo ̣-ọwó ̣)
an allergic reaction, or a blocked tear
duct (in babies).
367 Consent This is a patient’s agreement with a Ìfọwọ́sí Ìfọwọ́sí àwọn aláìsàn lọ́dọ̀
physician performing an operation or àwọn òsìṣ ̣ẹ́ ìlera kí wọ́n tó ṣe
giving certain drugs or doing certain iṣẹ́ abẹ tàbí ìfúnni ní òògùn
tests. tàbí àwọn àyẹ̀wò kan.
368 Consultation A discussion aimed at ascertaining Ìbẹ̀wò Ọ̀rọ̀ tí à ń sọ láti fi ìdí nǹkan
opinions or reaching an agreement múlẹ̀ tàbí àfe ̣nukò lórí
nǹkankan.
369 Consulting room This is a room in which a doctor sees Yàrá ìbẹ̀wò Yàrá tí dókítà ti ń rí àwọn
patients, mainly in a hospital. aláìsàn nínú ilé ìwòsàn.
370 Contact tracing In epidemiology, contact tracing is Wíwá Nínú è ̣kó ̣ àjàkálè ̣ ààrùn, èyí jé ̣
the identification and diagnosis of àfarakàn ìdámò ̣ àti ìsàyè ̣ ̣wò àwo ̣n tí
people who may have come into wó ̣n ti rìn mó ̣ aláàrùn, bí
contact with an infected person. For àpe ̣e ̣re ̣, ààrùn aje ̣mó ̣-ìbálòpò ̣.
sexually transmitted diseases, this is Ìwò ̣n ìba abáe ̣nilòpò ̣ ni àyè ̣wò
generally limited to sexual partners. yìí máa n tó ̣ sí.
371 Contagious Capable of being transmitted from one Ìkóràn Èyí s ̣eés ̣e kí ó ràn láti ọ̀dọ̀
human to another human via direct or ìfarakó ẹnìkan sí e ̣lòmíràn yálà ní
indirect physical contact. tààrà tabi aláisetààrà ìfara
kanra: tí amọ̀ sí ààrùn ìkóràn.
372 Contract To acquire, incur, or become affected Kíkó Ọ̀nà kíkó ààrùn.
(infection) by a disease.
373 Control arm The control arm is compared to Ọ̀wọ́ akópa Ọ̀wọ́ akópa afiṣòdiwọ̀n ni a fi
the experimental treatment arm to afiṣòdiwọ̀n ń ṣe àkàwé fún ọ̀wọ́ ìtọ́jú
determine whether the experimental aláyẹ̀wò láti mọ̀ bí ìtọ́jú
treatment works. aláyẹ̀wò ṣiṣẹ́ tí.
374 Control disease These are ways of contending or Ìdékun Èyí jẹ́ ìlànà wíwọ ìdìmú tàbí
spread controling the spread of diseases. ìtànkálẹ̀ ṣe ìkápá ìtànkálẹ̀ ààrùn.
ààrùn
375 Control A standard against which experimental Akópa Ìlànà àkíyèsí afisediwọ̀n fún
experimental observations may be evaluated. In afisòdiwọ̀n àkójọpọ̀. Ní ti ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú,
clinical trials, one group of patients is àkójọpọ̀ aláìsàn ní a máa n fún
given an experimental drug, while ní ìfiṣediwọ̀n òògùn, nígbà tí a
another group (i.e. the control group) n fún àwọn míìràn ní ìtọ́jú tó
is given either a standard treatment for káájú ẹ̀ fún ààrùn tàbí pilasíbò.
the disease or a placebo.
376 Controlled trial A type of clinical trial that includes a Ìdánwò Ẹ̀ yà ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú bí i ọ̀wọ́
control arm. The control arm is aníakópa akópa afiṣòdiwọ̀n. A máa ń fi
compared to the experimental afiṣòdiwọ̀n ṣe àkàwé fún ọ̀wọ́ ìtọ́jú
treatment arm to determine whether aláyẹ̀wò láti mọ̀ bóyá ìtọ́jú
the experimental treatment works. aláyẹ̀wò ṣiṣẹ́.
377 Convulsion This is a violent shaking, spasmodic Gìrì Kí ènìyàn máa gbọ̀n kíkan-
muscular contraction; a sudden, kíkan nítorí ìhámọ́ isan ní òjijì,
violent, irregular movement of the ó s ̣eésẹ kí ó ní s ̣e pẹ̀lú
body, caused by involuntary ṣégeṣège ọpọlọ.
contraction of muscles and associated
especially with brain disorders.
378 Core The bullet-shaped centre of HIV. The Gbùngbùn/ Ibùdó KASA. Ààrin gbùngbùn
viral core contains the genetic àárin kòkòrò ní jinni ìfitónilétí oní
information (two single strands of gbùngbùn ipa RNA àti ẹnsáìmù tí a nílò
RNA) and three enzymes needed for fún KASA láti ṣe ẹ̀dà.
HIV to replicate.
379 Core protein As related to HIV: An integral protein Gbùngbùn Èyí jẹ́ gbùngbùn KASA tí ó ní
of the HIV virus composed of three KASA ipa mẹ́ta, p24, p15 àti p18.
units, p24, p15 and p18.
380 Coreceptor A protein on the surface of a cell that Ajọgbàwọlé Purotéénì tó wà ní pèpele hóró
serves as a second binding site for a tó jẹ́ ìdí kejì fún kòkòrò ní ọ̀nà
virus or other molecule. In order to àti wọnú hóró, KASA gbúdọ̀
enter a host cell, HIV must bind to two dí ipò méjì nínú hóró olórí
sites on the cell: the primary CD4 ìgbàwọlé sójà ìdáàbòbò CD4
receptor and either the CCR5 or àti yà CCR5 tàbí CXCR4

CXCR4 coreceptor. ajọgbàwọlé.
381 Correlates of The immune responses that protect an Ìbáratan Èsì àjẹsára tí ó n ṣe ìdáàbòbò
Immunity/ individual from a certain disease. The Àjẹsára fún ènìyàn lọ́wọ́ ààrùn. Ìdámọ̀
Correlates of precise identities of the correlates of kòńgẹ́ tí ó jẹ́ ìbáratan àjẹsára
protection immunity in HIV are unknown. lára oníKASA ni a kò mọ̀.
382 Corrosive A corrosive substance is one that will Bàṣèjẹ́ Bàsèjẹ́ ní máa ń pa tàbí ba
substances destroy and damage other substances èròjà mìíràn tí ó bá pàdé jẹ́.
with which it comes into contact.
383 Co-trimoxazole Co-trimoxazole preventive therapy Òògùn ikọ́fe Òògùn yìí a máa dín ìṣẹ́ tàbí
Preventive (CPT) reduces morbidity and mortality ìlágbára àwọn ààrùn ajìfà kù
Therapy (CPT) due to opportunistic infections in lára àwọn tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú
patients living with HIV. KASA.
384 Cotton wool Also called purified cotton. Bleached Òwú A tún pè é ní òwú amú-nǹkan-
and sterilized cotton from which the mọ́. Lẹ́yìn tí ọmọ/hóró inú rẹ̀
gross impurities, such as the seeds and àti àwọn ìdọ̀tí yòókù bá ti di
waxy matter, have been removed: used yíyọ kúrò, a lè lò ó fún títọ́jú
for surgical dressings, tampons, etc. ojú abẹ àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ
385 Cough A rapid expulsion of air from the Ikọ́ Afẹ́fẹ́ tó yára jáde láti inú
lungs, typically in order to clear the ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, pàápàá kí ò ̣na èèmí le
airways. baa ja gaara.
386 Counselling This is a type of talking therapy that Ìgbaniní- Èyí ni ẹ̀yà ìwòsàn nípa
allows a person to talk about their yànjú ìtàkurọ̀sọ tí ó fàyègba ènìyàn
problems and feelings in a confidential láti sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ìsòro rẹ̀ àti ohun
and dependable environment. tí ó ń là á kọjá ní agbègbè tí ó
fini lókàn balẹ̀ tí kò sì ní tú ni
ní àṣírí.
387 Counteracting This is a situation whereby rumours Ìtakò Àgbọ́sọ Èyí ni ọ́nà ìtakò àhesọ.
rumour are discarded.
388 Creatinine A protein found in muscles and blood, Asòdiwọ̀n Purotéénì tí a rí nínú iṣan àti
and excreted by the kidneys in the ìlera kídìnrín ẹ̀jẹ̀, tí ó jáde láti inú kídìnrín sí
urine. The level of creatinine in the inú ìtọ̀. Ìwọ̀n asòdiwọ̀n ìlera
blood and urine provides a measure of kídìnrín nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti ìtọ̀ pèsè
kidney function. òdinwọ̀n iṣẹ́ kídìnrín.
389 Cross-resistance Resistance to one or more drugs that Ìtakò òògùn Títako òògùn kan tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀
occurs as a result of previous exposure lápapọ̀ lọ látàrí lílo irú òògùn bẹ́ẹ̀
to a similar drug. For example, HIV saájú. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, ìtako òògùn
resistance to one non-nucleoside KASA kan lè mú ìtako irú
reverse transcriptase inhibitor òògùn tí wọ́n jọ wà ní ọ̀wọ́
(NNRTI) drug may produce resistance kan náà dání bí ó ti lẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a
to all drugs in the NNRTI drug class, kì kò ì tíì lo irú òògùn bẹ́ẹ̀ rí.
including drugs never used. Excluding
all drugs in a drug class from an HIV
regimen (drug sparing) is a strategy
used to prevent cross-resistance.
390 Cross sensitivity A sensitivity reaction to a drug that Ìṣesí òògùn Ìsesí òògùn lára ènìyàn kan tí
predisposes a person to react similarly lára lápapọ̀ ó tún jẹ́ kí òògùn mìíràn onírú
to a different, but related, drug. For rẹ̀ ní ìṣesí kan náà. Bí àpẹẹrẹ
example, a person who has an allergic ìṣesí bí pẹlisilíìnì bá sọ́wọ́ òdì
reaction to penicillin may also have an lára ènìyàn kan, amosilíìnì tí
allergic reaction to amoxicillin, a òun náà jẹ́ òògùn apa-batéríà
related antibiotic. náà lè sọ́wọ́ òdì.
391 Cryotherapy A minimally invasive treatment in Ìfi yìnyín Ìtọ́jú tí a máa ń lo láti jẹ́ kí
which liquid nitrogen or argon gas is ṣèréera ààrùn ìmọ̀lára dì tàbí kí a pa á
used to freeze and destroy diseased run.
tissue.
392 Cryptococcal This causes chronic basilar Àìsàn ọpọlọ Èyí n fa àìsàn ọpọlọ
meningitis granulomatous meningitis, small yírùnyírùn yírùnyírùn tí ó lè mú ẹ̀mí dání.
multiple nodules may also form. These
occur in cryptococcal meningitis.
Focal neurological deficits, seizures
and intracranial hypertension are late
findings. There will be elevated
cryptococal antigen titre and positive
fungal culture.
393 Cryptococcosis An infectious disease seen in HIV- Ààrùn ìkóràn Ààrùn ìkóràn tí a n rí lára
infected patients due to the fungus kitokoko aláìsàn KASA sí osunwuuru
Cryptococcus neoformans, which is kitokoko tí a n kó nípasẹ̀
acquired via the respiratory tract. It can ìdádúró èèmí. O lè tàn ká inú
spread from the lungs to the brain, the ẹ̀dọ̀fóró sí ọpọlọ, ààrin
central nervous system, the skin, gbùngbùn ìmọ̀lára, ara, ètò
skeletal system and urinary tract. egungun àti ilé ìtọ̀.
394 Cryptosporidiosis An opportunistic infection caused by Ààrùn Ààrùn ìkóràn tí ó wá láti ipasẹ̀
the protozoan parasite kitopórìdi pòtósúà.
Cryptosporidium parvum.
395 Crystalluria Crystals in the urine. (Crystals are tiny Ìtọ̀ olókúta Òkúta inú ìtọ̀. Òògùn apa-
stones composed of chemicals such as KASA lè fa kí òkútà wà nínú
calcium.) Use of antiretroviral (ARV) ìtọ̀.
drugs may cause crystalluria.
396 Cultural practices Cultural practices are the customary Àsà àti ìṣe Àsà àti ìṣe jẹ́ ìhùwàsí, ṣíṣe
actions, habit of doing things. nkan.
397 Culture The propagation of microoganisms or Ìwo-ìsesí Ìwo abẹ̀ẹ̀mí alàìfojúrí tàbí ìṣù
tissue cultivated artificially in the kòkòrò onírúurú nǹkan ní yàrá àyẹ̀wò.
laboratory.
398 Cup A concave vessel for drinking from Ife/Kọ́ọ́pù Ife tí a fí ń mu omi tí a fi rọ́bà
usually made of opaque material (as ṣe yàtọ̀ sí aláwo.
opposed to a glass).
399 Cure (1) To heal, to make well, to restore to Wòsàn (v) (1) Lati wòsàn, lati mú láradá,
good health. lati mú ìlera padà bọ́ sípò.
(2) To bring an end to an illness, (2) Láti fòpin sí àìsàn,
disorder, or injury by medical ṣégeṣège, tàbí ọgbẹ́ nípasẹ̀
treatment. títọ́jú oníwòsàn.
400 Cutaneous Of, pertaining to or affecting the skin. Ajẹmáwọ̀ Ajẹmọ́ ohun tí ó nípa lórí àwọ̀
ara.
401 CXCR4 A protein on the surface of certain Àbáwọlé Purotéénì tí ó wà ní pèpéle
immune system cells, including CD4 T KASA 1 àwọn ètò àjẹsára hóró kan, bí i
lymphocytes. CXCR4 can act as a sója ìdáàbòbò T4. Abáwọlé
coreceptor (a second receptor binding KASA 1 lè siṣẹ́ ajọgbàwọlé
site) for HIV when the virus enters a fún KASA nígbà tí kòkòrò bá
host cell. wọ inú olú hóró.
402 CYP3A4 An enzyme that plays a key role in the Aṣèrànwọ́ Ẹnsáìmù tí ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ pàtàkì bí
metabolism of approximately half the Ẹnsaimu òògùn ṣe ń wọnú àra.
drugs in use today. CYP3A4 is a CYP3A4
member of the cytochrome P450
family of enzymes.
403 Cytochrome P450 A group of enzymes involved in the Aṣèrànwọ́ Àkójọpọ̀ Ẹnsáìmù tí ó lọ́wọ́
(CYP450) breakdown of drugs in the liver. Many ẹnsaimu P450 nínú ìdẹnukọlẹ̀ òògùn nínú
drugs can inhibit or enhance the ẹ̀dọ̀. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn òògùn yìí
activity of these enzymes, causing lè dójúti tàbí mú iṣẹ́ àwọn
drug levels in the blood to increase or Ẹnsáìmù yìí bọ̀ sípò, kí ó mú
decrease. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) ipò ẹ̀jẹ̀ pọ̀ tàbí kí ó dínkù.
enzymes metabolize all protease
inhibitors (PIs) and non-nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs) and can cause drug
interactions that may result in adverse
effects.
404 Cytokines Immune system proteins involved in Saitokin Purotéénì ètò àjẹsára tí ó wà
the normal regulation of the immune nínú síṣedéédé èsì àjẹsára.
response. They may also help to Wọn a máa ṣe iṣẹ́ ìrànwọ́ fún
activate HIV-2. Proteins used for KASA 2. Purotéénì tí à ń lò
communication by cells of the immune fún ìbáaraẹnisòrò nínú hóró tí
system. Central to the normal ètò àjẹsára. Ó jẹ́ ohun ààrin
regulation of the immune response. gbùngbùn fún síṣedéédé èsì
àjẹsára.
405 Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus. Kòkòrò CMV Kòkòrò CMV.
(CMV)
406 Cytomegalovirus CMV retinitis is an eye disease Ìfọ́jú CMV Ìfọ́jú CMV jẹ́ ààrùn ojú tí ó
(CMV) Retinitis common among people who are wọ́pọ̀ lára àwọn tí ó n gbé pẹ̀lú
infected with HIV. Without treatment, KASA. Ní àìsí ìtọ́jú, àwọn tí
people with CMV retinitis can lose wọ́n ní ìfọ́jú CMV lè sọ ìran
their vision. CMV infection can affect nù. ìkóràn CMV lè ṣe àkóbá
both eyes and is the most common fún ojú méjèjì, ohun ni ó sì
cause of blindness among people with máa n fa ìfọ́jú lààárin àwọn tí
AIDS. ó ní ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
407 Cytomegalovirus This is a common virus that can infect Ìkóràn CMV Gbajúgbajà kòkòrò tí ó lè ran
infection almost anyone. Most people do not gbogbo ènìyàn. ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn ni
know they have CMV because it rarely wọn kò mọ̀ pé wọ́n ní CMV,
causes symptoms. nítorí ki í tètè fa àìsàn.
408 Cytopenia A lower-than-normal number of blood Àdínkù hóró Àdínkù iye ẹ̀jẹ̀ ju bí ó ti yẹ lọ
cells, including red blood cells, whSite ẹ̀jẹ̀ ìbáà jẹ́ hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa tàbí
blood cells, or platelets. funfun.
409 Cytoplasm All of the substance of a cell other than Oje hóró Gbogbo èròjà inú hóró tí ó
the nucleus. yàtọ̀ sí gbungbun.
410 Cytotoxic An agent or process that is toxic to Oró hóró Asojú tàbí ìgbésè tí ó ní oró
cells (i.e. it causes suppression of nínú fun hóró.
function or cell death).
411 Cytotoxic T A lymphocyte that is able to kill Ẹ̀ yà sójà ara Hóró omi-ara tí ó lè pa hóró
Lymphocyte foreign cells that have been marked for àjèjì tí a ti ṣe àmì sí fún ìpa-
(CTL) destruction by the cellular immune ààrùn láti ọwọ́ ètò àjẹsára
system. hóró.
412 Daily activity This is an account of daily activity Ìjáàbọ̀ Èyí ni ìjáàbọ̀ iṣẹ́ ojoojúmọ́.
reporting work. ojoojúmọ́
413 Daily reporting These are forms whereby daily Ìwé ìjáàbọ̀ Èyí ni ìwé ìjábọ̀ iṣẹ́ ojoojúmọ́
form activities of a patient are recorded. ojoojúmọ́ tí àwọn aláìsàn kọ.
414 Dancing This is an act of celebrating through Jíjó Ìgbésè síṣe ayẹyẹ nípa ijó jíjó.
dancing.
415 Data Safety and An independent committee composed Àjọ àmójútó Ìgbìmọ̀ tí óní àwọn as ̣ojú
Monitoring Board of community representatives and agbèègbè àti ìwádìí òye
(DSMB) clinical research experts that review ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú tí ó n ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò
data while a clinical trial is in progress àká nígbà tí ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú bá n
to ensure that participants are not lọ kí àwọn akópa má baà fi ara
exposed to undue risks. A DSMB may pa nípase ̣ ewu àìròtẹ́lẹ̀.
recommend that a trial be stopped if
there are safety concerns or if the trial
objectives have been achieved.
416 Database An organized compilation of Àká dátà Àkójọpọ̀ ìfitónilétí tí a ń lò fi
information, usually maintained in a ṣe ìmúdúró nínú kọ̀mpútà.
computer system.
417 Day care centre A place where HIV care and treatment Ibùdó ìtọ́jú Ibi tí a ti n gba ìtọ́jú pẹ̀lú
is provided through partnership of key ìbáṣepọ̀ àwọn olùranlọ́wọ́ tí
players with a central role for people wọ́n n kó ipa pàtàkì fún àwọn
living with HIV/AIDS and their peer tí óhun gbé pẹ̀lú KASA àti
support. ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára àti
àtìlẹ́yìn ẹgbẹ́.
418 Dead animals These are animals that are no longer Òkú ẹran Èyí ni àwọn ẹranko tí wọ́n ti
living. kú.
419 Deafness Hearing impairment, deafness, or Ìdití Àìpéye gbígbọ́, ìdití tàbí
hearing loss refers to the inability to ìpàdánù gbígbọ́ jẹ́ àilè gbọ́
hear things, either totally or partially. ǹkankan yálà díẹ̀ tàbí pátápátá.
420 Death Death is the termination of all Ìkú Ikú jẹ́ ìfòpìnsí gbogbo iṣẹ́ tí ó
biological functions that sustain a fi ọwọ́ sowọ́pọ̀ fún ohun
living organism. abẹ̀ẹ̀mí.
421 Deficiency Deficiency is a disorder affecting the Aṣọdọ̀lẹ Èyí jẹ́ ohun àìyẹ tí ó n ṣe
nervous system that can have a variety ìdàmú bá àìtò ohun ìmọ̀lára tí
of neurological signs and symptoms. ó ní orísìírísìí àmì àti èso ara.
422 Definitive For certain; without a doubt. An initial Dídánilójú Ní àìsiyèméjì, àyẹ̀wò àkọ́kọ́
positive HIV antibody test must be fún sójà ara KASA ni a gbọdọ̀
confirmed by a positive Western blot mọ̀ dájú kí á tó gba ìtọ́jú ààrùn
test for a person to have a definitive KASA.
diagnosis of HIV infection.
423 Deletion Elimination of a gene (i.e. from a Píparẹ́ Ìmúkúrò ẹ̀yọ́-ìran yálà ní ti
chromosome) either in nature or in the ìṣẹ̀dá tàbí ní yàrá àyẹ̀wò.
laboratory.
424 Dementia Chronic intellectual impairment (i.e. Ààrùn ònrayè Ààrùn ònrayè líle tí ó ń ṣe
loss of mental capacity) with organic àkóbá fún ènìyàn láti siṣẹ́
origins that affects a person's ability to àwùjọ.
function in a social or occupational
setting.
425 Demyelination Destruction, removal or loss of the Ònfà ṣégeṣège Ìmúkórò àpò fẹ́lẹ́fẹ́lẹ́ nínú
myelin sheath of a nerve or nerves. ìmọ̀lára ìmọ̀lára.
426 Dendrite Any of the usual branching Ìṣàkóso ẹka Ìtànká èso hóró tí ó n dá
protoplasmic processes that conduct ìmọ̀lára agbára ìrọ́lù sí ìmọ̀lára hóró
impulses toward the body of a nerve inú ara.
cell.
427 Dendritic cell An experimental vaccine that uses Àjẹsára hóró Àjẹsára afisòdiwọ̀n tí ó ń lo
vaccine dendritic cells to boost the immune ìmọ̀lára hóró ìmọ̀lára láti ru ètò
system. Dendritic cell vaccines are àjẹsára. Ajẹsára hóró ìmọ̀lára
currently being studied as a possible ni ìwádìí ń lọ lọ́wọ́ lórí rẹ̀ fún

way to treat people with HIV. ìtọ́jú àwọn tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú
KSA.
428 Dendritic cells Patrolling immune system cells that Hóró ìmọ̀lára Ìṣànyíká ètò àjẹsára hóró tí ó
may begin the HIV disease process by lè jẹ́ ìgbésè ààrùn KASA nípa
carrying the virus from the site of the gbígbé kòkòrò láti ibi ìkóràn sí
infection to the lymph nodes, where ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara níbi tí àwọn
other immune cells become infected. hóró àjẹsára ti di ìkóràn. Hóró
Dendritic cells travel through the body ìmọ̀lára máa n lọ ká à kiri ara
and bind to foreign invaders such as tí ó jẹ́ èdìdì sí àjèjì ara bí í
HIVespecially in external tissues, such KASA páàpáà ìmọ̀lára ìta bí i
as the skin and the membranes of the ara, àti iwọ́ ìfun ẹran, ẹ̀dọ̀fóró
gut, lungs and reproductive tract. They àti ìbísí.
then ferry the foreign substance to the
lymph nodes to stimulate T cells and
initiate an immune response.
429 Dengue fever This is a debilitating viral disease of Ibà oriìke Èyí ni ààrùn tí ó n dín agbára
the tropics, transmitted by mosquitoes, kù, tí ó n wá láti ara ẹ̀fọn tí ó
and causing sudden fever and acute sí ń fa ibà òjijì pẹ̀lú ògidì
pains in the joints. ìrora.
430 Denial This is a refusal to admit the truth or Ṣíṣẹ́ Kíkọ̀ láti gba òtítọ́ tàbí gba
reality. òkodoro gbọ́.
431 Deoxyribonucleic One of two types of genetic material DNA Ọ̀kan lára àwọn èlò jínńnì tí à
Acid (DNA) found in all living cells and many ń rí nínú gbogbo hóró ààyè àti
viruses. (The other type of genetic ọ̀pọ̀ kòkòrò. DNA máa ń gba
material is RNA.) Deoxyribonucleic ìtànkálẹ̀ ìfitónilétí láti ìran kan
acid (DNA) carries the genetic sí òmíràn.
instructions for the development and

function of an organism. DNA allows
for the transmission of genetic
information from one generation to the
next.
432 Department of The United States Department of Ẹ̀ ka ìlera àti Ẹ̀ ka ìlera àti iṣẹ́ ẹ̀dá ti ìjọba
Health and Health and Human Services (DHHS) iṣẹ́ ẹ̀dà orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà máa ń ṣiṣẹ́
Human Services works closely with state and local pẹ̀lú ìjọba ìpínlẹ̀ àti ọ̀pọ̀ ibi-iṣẹ́
(DHHS) governments and many HHS-funded ẹda mìíràn làtí ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ àti
services are provided at the local level àwọn afúnnilówó aládàáni.
by state or county agencies, or through Ẹ̀ ka mọ́kànlá ibi-iṣẹ́ náà ni
private sector grantees. The agency’s CDC, FDA, NIH wọn sàkóso
eleven operating divisions, including ètò ibi-ise ẹda ti ó to 300.
the Centres for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), and the
National Institutes of Health (NIH),
collectively administer more than 300
HHS programmes.
433 Depression A mood disorder characterized by Ìrẹ̀wẹ̀sì ọkàn Ìsesí àìyẹ tí ó wáyé láti ara
sadness, inactivity, and inability to ìbànújẹ́, àìlègbádùn
take pleasure or interest in usual ohunkóhun. Àìṣe dédé ìwà yìí
activities. The changes in mood can lè nípa lórí ìsẹ̀lẹ̀ ojoojúmọ́.
interfere with daily life and normal Òògùn apa-KASA lè fa
functioning. Use of some antiretroviral ìrẹ̀wẹ̀sì ọkàn.
(ARV) drugs may cause depression.
434 Desensitization Preventing or reducing a hyper- Àlékún Ìdènà tàbí àdínkù sí òògùn
sensitivity reaction to a drug by òdiwọ̀n òògùn nípa ṣíṣe àlékún ìwọ̀n ìlo
gradually increasing the dose of the fún ìwòsàn òògùn.
drug.
435 Diabetes Any disorder of metabolism causing Ìtọ̀ súgà/ Ṣégeṣège àsèe-hóró tí ó n fa
excessive thirst and the production of Àtọ̀gbẹ aìfẹ́ òngbẹ àti ìpèsè ìtọ̀ lọ́pọ̀.
large volumes of urine. Used alone, the Èyí tí a mò sí àtọ̀gbẹ/ìtọ̀ súgà.
term commonly refers to diabetes
mellitus.
436 Diagnosis The identifying of an illness or Ìdámọ̀ àìsàn Síṣe ìdámọ̀ àìsàn tàbí àìyẹ
disorder in a patient through physical nínú aláìsàn nípa ìdánwò ara,
examination, medical tests, or other àyẹ̀wò ìṣègùn, tàbí ìlànà
procedures. mìíràn.
437 Diagnostic services Activities or procedures related to Iṣẹ́ ìdámọ̀ Iṣẹ́ ìdámọ̀ àìsàn ni ó n pèsè
determining the cause of an illness or àìsàn ìtọ́jú ìlera fún àwọn
disorder. akọ́ṣẹ́mọ́ṣẹ́ ìlera lórí ìfitónilétí
nípa wíwà, bí ó ṣe le tó, àti
okùnfà ààrùn lára aláìsàn.
438 Dialysis Mechanical process of removing waste Ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀dọ̀tun Èyí ni ìgbésẹ̀ mímú ìdọ̀tí èròjà
products from blood. nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ kúrò.
439 Diarrhoea It is an increase in liquidity, frequency Ìgbẹ́ gbuuru Àlékún ìgbẹ́ olómi ju bí ó ṣe
or volume of movements as compared yẹ nínú ara ènìyàn. Ògidì ìgbẹ́
to normal for that person. Acute gbuuru máa n wá ní òrèkòorè
diarrhoea develops from time to time fún bí i ọjọ́ méjì sí mẹ́ta láì lo
due to contamination of food or water. òògùn kí i ó tó dá. Ìgbẹ́ gbuuru
Such episode clears within 2 or 3 days pípẹ́ máa n wá láti ipasẹ̀ àrùn,
even without treatment, only from èyí tí ó nílò ìtọ́jú àti ìwádìí.
fluid balance, while chronic diarrhoea

is due to some diseases and requires
treatment and investigations.
440 Didanosine (DDI, Dideoxyinosine (didanosine, Videx), a Òògùn Èyí ni òògùn KASA tí a n lò
Dideoxyinosine) nucleoside analog drug that inhibits the didanosin fún ìtọ́jú KASA àti ààrùn
replication of HIV. ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára pẹ̀lú àwọn
òògùn míìràn gẹ́gẹ́ bi ara
òògùn ìtọ́jú àìlera.
441 Dideoxycytidine Dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine, HIVID), Òògùn DDC Òògùn adójúti ẹ̀dà KASA.
(DDC) a nucleoside analog drug that inhibits
the replication of HIV.
442 Diphtheria A serious and extremely infectious Ààrùn ọ̀fun Ààrùn tí ó léwu èyí tí a kó láti
disease caused by a bacterium called dídùn ara bateria tí ó ní oró nínú, èyí
Corynebacterium diphtheria and its tí ó n kọlu ìdádúró èèmí àti
highly strong toxin (attacks the upper ọ̀fun.
respiratory tract and the throat).
443 Directly Observed A method of drug administration in Ìmójútó Ọ̀nà ìsàkóso òògùn ní èyí tí
Therapy (DOT) which a health care professional òògùn lílò àwọn alábójútó ìlera ṣe ń wo
watches as a person takes each dose of ojoojúmọ́ bí aláìsàn ṣe ń lo òògùn wọn.
a medication. Directly observed
therapy (DOT) is used to ensure the
person receives and takes all
medications as prescribed and to
monitor response to treatment. DOT is
widely used to manage tuberculosis
(TB) disease. In HIV treatment, DOT
is sometimes called directly

administered antiretroviral therapy
(DAART).
444 Directly Observed This is the name given to the Ìṣèdarí àìsàn Èyí ni orúkọ tí a fún ìsàkóso
Treatment Short tuberculosis control strategy Ikọ́-ife tí àjọ World Health
course (DOTS) recommended by the World Health Organization fọwọ́sí.
Organization.
445 Discoloration Cyanosis is a bluish colour to the skin Ìṣáwọ̀ Àwọn àbàwọ́n tí oun ṣe sí ara
(Dark Blue) or mucus membrane that is usually due ràkọ̀ràkọ̀ fún ìdí àìtó atẹ́gùn nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
to a lack of oxygen in the blood.
446 Discordant couple Discordant couples are those where Aláìlárùn Aláìlárùn kannáà ni àwọn tí
one partner is HIV-infected and the kannáà ẹnìkan ní KASA tí ẹnìkejì kò
other is not, where a couple is defined ní; nígbà tí a bá a túnmọ̀
as two persons in an ongoing sexual tọkọtaya sí méjì ní ti
relationship and each of these persons ìbánidọ́rẹ̀, tí a sì mọ àwọn
is referred to as a “partner” in the méjèèjì sí olùrànlọ́wọ́
relationship. alábàṣepọ̀.
447 Discourse A serious and lengthy speech or piece Ọfọ Àkórí ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ tàbí kíkọ tí ó pọ̀
of writing about a topic. tí o si ṣe pàtàkì.
448 Disease A disorder with specific cause (which Ààrùn Àìyẹ tí a mọ ìdí bí ó ṣe wá tàbí
may or may not be known) and a kò mọ̀ tí óhun ṣe ségesège
recognizable signs and symptoms; and nínú ara.
bodily abnormality or failure to
function properly, except that resulting
directly from physical injury (the latter
however may open the way for
disease).
449 Disease spread The routes and agency by which the Ìtànjáde Àwo ̣n ò ̣nà àti akárùn tí àwo ̣n
germs that cause a disease move from ààrùn kòkòrò afàrùn fi n tan ààrùn
one victim to another. ká.
450 Disease Infectious diseases are those that are Ìkóràn ààrùn Ìkóràn ààrùn tí ó n ràn láti ara
transmission transmitted from person to person by ẹnìkan sí e ̣lòmíràn yálà tààrà
direct or indirect contact. Viruses, tàbí è ̣bùrù. Àwọn kòkòrò,
bacteria, parasites, and fungi all cause batéríà, àti osunwuuru ló máa
infectious disease. n fa ìkóràn ààrùn.
In medicine, public health and
biology, transmission is the passing of
a communicable disease from an
infected host individual or group to a
particular individual or group,
regardless of whether the other
individual was previously infected.
451 Disinfectant This is a chemical agent that destroys a Apa kòkòrò Èyí ni àwọn kẹ́míkà tí ó n pa
harmful organism (i.e. bacteria). gbogbo ohun tí ó n ṣe ìpalára
fún ara bí bateria.
452 Disseminated When an infection or disease has Ìfó ̣nká Èyí ni kí ìkóràn tàbí ààrùn
widely dispersed in a tissue, an organ, fọ́nká sínu ìṣù, ara, tàbí
or the entire body. gbogbo àgọ́ ara.
453 District Ebola A local government level coordination Ibùdó ìtọ́jú Ibùdó ìjo ̣ba íbílè ̣ fún ìgbógunti
Response Centre hub for directing responses to the fight Ebola ààrùn Ebola.
(DERC) against the Ebola epidemic.
454 District/ A major healthcare facility which Ilé ìwòsàn Ilé ìwòsàn nlá tí ó n pèsè ìtó ̣jú
Intermediate serves a number of local communities. ìtó ̣jú ò ̣pò ̣ ìletò fún àkójo ̣pò ̣ ìletò.
hospital
455 Division of A federal programme that supports Àjọ ààrùn Àjọ àpapọ̀ tí ó ń pèsè ìrànwọ́
Acquired research on the following: how HIV is ìṣọdọ̀lẹ fún iṣẹ́ ìwádìí adálórí bí
Immunodeficiency transmitted and causes disease; the àjẹsára KASA ṣe ń tàn ká òǹfà ààrùn
Syndrome development of therapies for HIV náà, ìdàgbàsókè àìlera fún
(DAIDS) infection, its complications, and co- ìkóràn KASA, ìnira àti àwọn
infections; and the development of ìsọmọgbè rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìdàgbàsókè
vaccines and other prevention àjẹsára àti àwọn ìlànà ìdènà
strategies. mìíràn.
456 Division of Aids An organization established by the Ìpín DATRI Àjọ tí NIAID sà gbékalẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́
Treatment National Institute of Allergy and bí ìtàkùn àgbáyé orílẹ̀-èdè láti
Research Initiative Infectious Diseases as a national mọ àìlera tuntun fún àwọn tí ó
(DATRI) network to test new therapies for HIV- ń gbé pẹ̀lú KASA. Ówà láti ṣe
infected persons. Its hallmark is the ìwádìí ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú àti àwọn
ability to rapidly conduct clinical trials ìwádìí tí ó tan mọ́, èyí tí ó ṣe
and related research that evaluates new àgbékalẹ̀ àìlera tuntun àti ìtọ́jú
therapies and novel treatment tí ó wà fún ààrùn KASA.
approaches for those with HIV disease.
457 Doctor A physician or doctor is a professional Dókítà/ Oníṣègùn tàbí dókítà jẹ́ ẹni tí ó
who practises medicine, which is Oníṣègùn ní ìwé àṣẹ láti ṣe ìtọ́jú àwọn
concerned with promoting, ènìyàn nípa ìlànà ẹ̀kọ́, ìdámọ̀
maintaining, or restoring human health àìsàn àti ìtọ́jú ààrùn.
through the study, diagnosis and
treatment of disease, injury and other
physical and mental impairments.
458 Domain A region of a gene or gene product. Ṣàkánì Agbèègbè ẹ̀yọ́-ìran tàbí èròjà
ẹ̀yọ́-ìran.
459 Donor The giver of a tissue or an organ, such Olùfúnni Olùfúnni ní ìmọ̀lára tàbí ara
as blood or kidney. bíi ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti kídìrín.
460 Dormancy This is a period in an organism's life Àìsiṣẹ́ Àkókò gbogbo ipò ìdàgbàsókè
cycle when growth, development, and àti iṣẹ́ ara tí ó kọ iṣẹ́. O máa n
(in animals) physical activity are ṣe ìdíwọ́ iṣẹ́ díẹ̀, ó sì n gbé
temporarily stopped. This minimizes okun dúró.
metabolic activity and therefore helps
an organism to conserve energy.
461 Dorsocervical fat An accumulation of fat on the back of Ọ̀rá ẹyìn ọrùn Àkójọpọ̀ ọ̀rá ní ẹ̀yìn ọrùn lè jẹ́
pad the neck between the shoulders. A ìpèsè àwọn òògùn KASA.
dorsocervical fat pad may be due to
use of some antiretroviral (ARV)
drugs.
462 Dosage The administration of individual doses Ìlo òògùn Ìsàkóso bí i àwon èèyàn se ń
of a medication as part of a medication lo òògùn ìwọ̀n kan fún àkókò
regimen, usually expressed as quantity kan. Ìwọ̀n òògùn le ní 25mg
per unit of time. For example, a fún ọjọ́ méta lójúmọ́ fún ọjọ́
prescribed dosage might consist of 25 mẹ́fà.
mg of a medication given 3 times a
day for 6 days.
463 Dose The quantity of a medication to be Ìwọ̀n òògùn Ìwọ̀n òògùn tí a lè lò fún
given at one time or the total quantity àkókò kan tàbí gbogbo ìwọ̀n
of a medication administered during a òògùn tí a lè lò fún àkókò kan.
specified period of time. For example,
a patient might receive an initial
medication dose of 50 mg, and, during
the entire course of treatment, receive
a total medication dose of 500 mg.
464 Dose-ranging A clinical trial in which two or more Ẹ̀ kọ́ iye ìwọ̀n Ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú ní èyí tí ìwọ̀n
study doses of an agent (such as a drug) are òògùn òògùn asojú méjì tabí jù bẹ́ẹ̀lọ
tested against each other to determine wà fún àyẹ̀wò ara wọn láti mọ
which dose works best and is least ìwọ̀n òògùn tí ó siṣẹ́ jùlọ, tí kò
harmful. sì léwu púpọ̀.
465 Dose-ranging trial A type of clinical trial. In dose-ranging Dídán ìwọ̀n Ẹ̀ yà ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú. Nínú dídán
trials, different doses of a drug are òògùn wò òògùn wò, orìsirísi ìwọ̀n
tested. Trial results are compared to òògùn ni a máa ń dánwò.
determine which dose is most safe and Àwọn èsì àbájáde yìí ni a máa
effective. ń ṣe àfiwé ẹ̀ láti mọ ìwọ̀n
òògùn tí ò léwu.
466 Dose-response The relationship between the dose of Ìṣesí ìwọ̀n Ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín ìwọ̀n àwọn
relationship some agent (such as a drug), or the òògùn aṣojú òògùn tàbí iye ìfìhàn àti
extent of exposure, and a physiological èsì ẹ̀kọ́ ìwúlò ẹ̀yà ara. Ipa ìsiṣẹ́
response. A dose-response effect ìwọ̀n òògùn túnmọ̀ sí ìgbéwọ̀n
means that as the dose increases so òògùn ṣe tó béèni ipa rẹ̀.
does the effect.
467 Double orphan A child whose parents are dead. Ọmọ òrukàn Èyí ni àwọn ọmọ tí òbí wọn ti
kú.
468 Double-blind A clinical trial design in which neither Ìwádìí ìkọ̀kọ̀ Nípa iṣẹ́ ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọjú tó n
study the participating individuals nor the oníbejì ṣe àfihàn bóyá àwọn akópa
study staff know which patients are tàbí àwọn olùkọ́ mọ aláìsàn tí
receiving the experimental drug and ó n gba àyẹ̀wò òògùn àti
which are receiving placebo or another pilasíbò tàbí ìtọ́jú àìlera.
therapy. Double-blind trials are
thought to produce objective results,
since the doctor's and patient's
expectations about the experimental

drug do not affect the outcome.
469 Drawing of blood Obtainment of a sample of blood from Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ fífa Èyí ni ọ̀nà tí a fí ń gba ẹ̀jẹ̀ lára
an individual’s superficial blood vessel olùfúnni pè ̣lú irinṣẹ́ tí ó tò ̣nà ní
usually by means of a suitable ilé ìwòsàn.
equipment.
470 Dresses Clothing. Awọn aṣọ Aṣọ wíwọ̀.
471 Drug antagonism An interaction between two or more Àtakò òògùn Ìbárasepọ̀ láàárín òògùn méjì
drugs that have opposite effects on the tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ tí iṣẹ́ wọn takora.
body. Drug antagonism may block or Ìtakora òògùn lè dènà tàbí dín
reduce the effectiveness of one or ìsiṣẹ́ òògùn kan tàbí méjì.
more of the drugs.
472 Drug class A group of drugs that share common Ìsọ̀rí òògùn Àkójọ òògùn ajo ̣ra tí ó lè ní
properties, which may include a iṣẹ́ agbára kan náà, èròjà kan
similar mechanism of action, chemical náà èyí tí a fòǹtẹ̀ lú fún lílò.
structure, or approved use.
473 Drug The amount of a drug in a given Ìwọ̀n òògùn Ìwọ̀n òògùn nínú oje ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí
concentration volume of blood plasma, measured as inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ nọ́mbà gírámù kékéré rẹ̀ jẹ́
the number of micrograms per òdiwọ̀n ìdá ọ̀kẹ́ kan.
millilitre.
474 Drug Drug detoxification (informally, Aporó òògùn Aporó òògùn ni ìgbèṣẹ̀ àti ìrírí
detoxification detox) is the process and experience of ìpadà àwọn àìsàn àti orísìírísìí
a withdrawal syndrome; and any of àwọn ìtọ́jú fún àsìlò ògidì
various treatments for acute drug òògùn.
overdose.
475 Drug interaction The effects of two or more drugs Ìbáṣepọ̀ Ipa òògùn méjì tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ
taken simultaneously producing an òògùn lára, nígbà tí a bá ń lò ó pẹ̀lú
alteration in the usual effects of either àwọn òògùn mìíràn tí ó ní
drug taken alone. The interacting drugs àyípadà ipa òògùn tí a lò papọ̀
may have a potentially or additive tàbí lásán.
effect and serious side effects may
result.
476 Drug management Medication therapy management Ìṣàkóso òògùn Ìsàkóso òògùn ni ìtọ́jú ìlera tí
(MTM) is a medical care provided by àwọn apoògùn tí iṣẹ́ wọn ni
pharmacists whose aim is to optimize láti ru òògùn fún àwọn aláìsàn.
drug therapy and improve therapeutic
outcomes for patients.
477 Drug regimens A programme of treatment which Ìṣètò ìlo Ìlànà ìtọ́jú tí ó ní ju ìlò òògùn
systematically incorporates more than òògùn lọ.
one medication.
478 Drug resistance Drug resistance is the reduction in Ìtakò òògùn Ìtakò òògùn ni àdínkù aporó
effectiveness of a drug such as an àsìlò òògùn bí i sójà ara,
antimicrobial, anthelmintic or an òògùn jẹjẹrẹ fún ìtọ́jú ààrùn.
antineoplastic in curing a disease or
condition.
479 Drug synergism An interaction between two or more Ajọṣiṣẹ́pọ̀ Ìbáṣiṣẹ́pọ̀ láàárín òògùn méjì
drugs that causes the total effect of the òògùn tàbí jùbẹ̀ lọ tí wọ́n ní ipa àwọn
drugs to be greater than the sum of the òògùn tí ó ju gbogbo ipá
individual effects of each drug. A ènìyàn fún òògùn kọkan. Ipa
synergistic effect can be beneficial or àjọsiṣẹ́pọ̀ dára ju èyí tí ó ní
harmful. ewu lọ.
480 Drug abuse The recurrent use of illegal drugs, or Àsìlò

̣ òògùn Ìlò bárakú òògun àìbófinmu
the misuse of prescription or over-the- tàbí às ̣ìlò òògùn àko ̣fúnni pè ̣lú
counter drugs with negative àbájáde tó léwu.
consequences.
481 Drug-drug A modification of the effect of a drug Ìṣesí ìbáṣepọ̀ Ìyípadà ipa òògùn nígbà tí a
interaction when administered with another drug. òògùn báa lo pẹ̀lú òògùn mìíràn. Ipa
The effect may be an increase or a lè ṣe àlékún tàbí ṣe àdínkù bá
decrease in the action of either iṣẹ́ àwọn èròjà; ó lè jẹ́ ìṣẹ́lẹ́
substance, or it may be an adverse àìfẹ́ tí kò tan mọ́ òògùn náà.
effect that is not normally associated
with either drug.
482 Drug-food A change in a drug’s effect on the Ìṣesí ìbáṣepọ̀ Ìyípadà ipa òògùn nínú ara
interaction body when the drug is taken together òògùn àti nígbà tí a bá lo òògùn mọ́ irú
with certain foods or beverages. Not oúnjẹ awọn ounjẹ kan. Kìí ṣe
all drugs are affected by food, and gbogbo òògùn ni irú awọn
some drugs are affected by only ouńjẹ kan ń ṣe àkóbá fún,
certain foods. A drug-food interaction nígbà mìíràn ouńjẹ a máa ṣe
can delay, decrease, or enhance àtakò fún òògùn kan.
absorption of a drug. This can cause
the drug to be less effective, cause
adverse effects, or increase the action
of the drug.
483 Drugs It is a chemical substance which can Òògùn Èyí ni èròjà kẹ́míkà tí ó lè nípa
alter the function of some organs. lórí iṣẹ́ àwo ̣n è ̣yà inú ara. Ó lè
These include prescribed as well as jé ̣ às ̣àyàn òògùn tàbí ti orí àte ̣.
over the counter remedies.
484 Drugs & A special programme for treating Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ àsìlò

̣ Àsàyàn
̣ ètò fún ìtó ̣jú àwo ̣n
alcoholism persons with drug or alcohol addiction òògùn àti alás ̣ìlò òògùn àti ààrùn o ̣tí
isolation problems. ààrùn àmupara.
ìmupara
485 Drug-susceptible When a strain of HIV is sensitive to Ìsiṣẹ́ òògùn Nígbà tí agara bá dá KASA
one or more antiretroviral (ARV) nípa iṣiṣẹ́ òògùn apa KASA
drugs. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) kan tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Ìtó ̣jú apa
will likely be effective against a drug- KASA le ṣiṣẹ́ tako òògùn kan
susceptible strain of HIV. Sensitive to tàbí kí ó máa dá KASA lágara.
the effect of a drug.
486 Dried Blood Spot This is a blood test to detect HIV Àyẹ̀wò KASA Èyí ni àyẹ̀wò àti mọ ìkóràn
(DBS) infection on children. lára ọmọdé KASA lára ọmọdé.
487 Dual Energy A test that uses low-dose X-rays to Ààrùn DEXA Àyẹ̀wò ìsàmúlò ìwọ̀n òògùn
X-ray measure bone mineral density, fọ́tò àyà láti ṣe òdiwọ̀n
Absorptiometry including calcium content, in a section egungun nínú ipò egungun
(DEXA) of bone. Dual energy X-ray pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kásíọ́mù ní apá
absorptiometry (DEXA) scans are used egungun kan.
to detect osteoporosis and predict the
risk of bone fracture.
488 Dual-tropic virus A strain of HIV that can enter and Ẹ̀ yà KASA Agara KASA tí ó kó ààrùn ran
infect a host cell by binding to either agba èyíkèyí olú hóró nípa àbùdà yálà sí
the CCR5 or CXCR4 receptor on the ọ̀nà wọ hóró ibùdó CCR5 tàbí CXCR4 nínú
host cell. To enter a host cell, HIV olú hóró. Láti wọ inú
must first attach to a CD4 receptor, olúgbàlejò hóró, KASA gbudọ̀
then attach to either the CCR5 or so mọ́ ibùdó sójà ìdáàbòbò
CXCR4 receptor, and finally fuse its kẹrin, kí ó sì wá so mọ́ ìwọ̀ rẹ̀
membrane with the host cell pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀ ìsokùn rẹ̀.
membrane. HIV is usually R5-tropic

(uses CCR5) during the early stages of
infection, but the virus may later
switch to using either only CXCR4 or
both CCR5 and CXCR4.
489 Dyslipidemia Abnormal levels of lipids (fats), Àìbámu ọ̀rá Ìpele àìbámu ọ̀rá pẹ̀lú ọ̀rá inú
including cholesterol and triglycerides, inú-ẹ̀jẹ̀ ẹ̀jẹ̀. Àìbámu ọ̀rá inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ lè mú
in the blood. Dyslipidemia can refer to àdínkù tàbí ṣe àlékún fún ìpele
either decreased or elevated levels of ọ̀rá.
lipids. Dyslipidemia may be an
adverse effect of some antiretroviral
(ARV) drugs.
490 Dysplasia The enlargement of an organ or tissue Ààrùn ìtóbi Ìtóbi è ̣yà ara nípasè ̣ hóró
by the proliferation of cells of an èyà
̣ ara kòbé ̣gbé ̣mu tàbí ìbè ̣rè ̣
abnormal type, as a developmental ìdàgbàsókè ààrùn je ̣je ̣re ̣.
disorder or an early stage in the
development of cancer.
491 Dyspnea Difficult or laboured breathing. Ìmí ìnira Ìmí ìnira.
492 Early detection Identification of a specific disease at Àtètèmọ̀ àìsàn Àtètèmọ ààrùn kan pàtó ní
an early stage in the natural history of ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀ ààrùn.
the disease.
493 Early Warning Early warning indicators (EWIs) of Ìkìlọ̀ àtakò Ìtètè farahàn ìtakò òògùn
Indicator of HIV HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) are a òògùn KASA KASA jẹ́ ìlànà kan pàtàkì tí
Drug Resistance key component of WHO public health àjọ WHO nípa ìlera
(EWI) strategy to minimize and assess gbogboogbò ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè
HIVDR in countries scaling up tí wọ́n ṣe àgbédìde òògùn apa-
antiretroviral therapy. EWIs are quality KASA. Ìkìlọ̀ atako òògùn

of care indicators which specifically KASA ni ìwọ̀ afihan iye itọju
assess factors at individual ti a mọ̀ mọ òògùn apa KASA
antiretroviral therapy clinics associated pẹ̀lú àwọn òògùn atako
with emergence of HIVDR. KASA.
494 Ebola awareness Having information about Ebola Àkíyèsí Èbolà Níní ìmọ̀ nípa ààrùn Ebola.
disease.
495 Ebola centre It is a place where treatment of Ebola Ibùdó Ebola Ibi tí a ti ń gba ìtọ́jú nípa
is administered. Ebola.
496 Ebola clients Persons infected or affected by Ebola Alárùn Èbólà Àwo ̣n èèyàn tí wo ̣n ti kó ààrùn
virus. Èbolà tàbí tí wo ̣n ti rí àkóbá
lára kokòrò re ̣.
497 Ebola The ECN is a collection of health Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ nípa Ẹbola láti
Communication communication materials designed to nípa Ẹbola ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́ lọ́nà àti gbógun ti
Network (ECN) help address the spread of the Ebola ìtànkálẹ̀ ààrùn Èbólà ní ilẹ̀
virus in West Africa. Afíríkà
498 Ebola contact A person seen as a possible carrier of Alábapàdé Ẹni tí ó ní ààrùn Ebola.
an Ebola disease. Elébola
499 Ebola The house that is impure, unclean, or Ilé Elébòólà Ilé àìmọ́, pàápàá ààrùn Ebola.
contaminated polluted, especially because of the
house Ebola virus.
500 Ebola A zone that is polluted, especially Agbèègbè Àgbèègbè tí ó jẹ́ àìmọ́ pàápàá
contaminated zone because of the Ebola virus. Elébòólà ààrùn Ebola.
501 Ebola contract A situation in which two or more Akẹ́ẹ̀bólà Ipò tí ènìyàn méjì tàbí jùbẹ́lọ̀
things or people actually touch or fi kó ààrùn Ebola.
strike against Ebola virus.
502 Ebola control A place at which Ebola is checked or Ìkápá Ebola Ibi tí a tí n wo tàbí ṣe ìkápá
inspected or from which Ebola is Ebola.
directed.
503 Ebola control Ebola datasets. Ìṣèdarí àyíká Àká Èbólà
environment Ebola
504 Ebola datasets Up-to-the-minute datasets on the reach Àká data Àká data Ebola ní ọ̀nà àti mọ
of the virus, health facilities, etc. Ebola kòkòrò àti àwọn irinṣẹ́ ìlera
505 Ebola detector A device for sensing the presence of or Ẹ̀rọ aṣàwárí Irinṣẹ́ tí ó n ṣe àwárí tàbí ṣe
machine changes in Ebola virus. Ebola ìyípadà nínú kòkòrò Ebola.
506 Ebola disease A condition in humans, plants, or Ààrùn Ebola Ipò àwọn àmì àìsàn ara ènìyàn
animals that results in pathological tàbí ẹranko tí kì í ṣe àbájáde
symptoms and is not the direct result ọgbẹ́ ara tàbí àfọwọ́fà.
of physical injury.
507 Ebola drugs A natural or artificial substance given Òògùn Ebola Ohun èròjà tí a fi n ṣe ìtọ́jú
to treat or prevent Ebola disease or to tàbí jẹ́ ìdènà ààrùn Ebola tàbí
lessen pain. ṣe àdínkù bá ìrora rẹ́.
508 Ebola emergency These are individuals who provide Ikọ̀ pàjáwìrì Èyí ni àwọn tí ó ń pèsè iṣẹ́
teams immediate action for Ebola treatment. fún Èbola pàjáwìrì fún ìtọ́jú Èbóla.
509 Ebola This the state of having conciousness Ìlanilọ́yẹ̀ nípa Ìlanilọ́yè nipa Èbólà.
enlightenment of Ebola. Ebola
510 Ebola facts Information about the virus, its spread, Kókó ọ̀rọ̀ Ìfitónilétí nípa kòkòrò,
detection, treatment, previous Ebola ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtimọ́lé, ìtọ́jú ìbẹ́sílẹ̀
outbreaks and different strains of sáajú àti onírúurú ẹ̀yà Èbólà.
Ebola.
511 Ebola free Not at risk of involvement with Ebola Òmìnira lọ́wọ́ Kò sí ewu àsepò
̣ ̣ pè ̣lú Ebola
virus. Ebola tàbí kíkó kòkòrò rè ̣.
512 Ebola incidence The frequency with which Ebola Ònkà àṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀kó Iye ìgbà tí ìkóran Ebola fí n
infection occurs. Ebola ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà gbogbo.
513 Ebola infection Ebola infection is an act of contracting Ìkóràn Ebola Ìkóràn Ebola n wáyé nípa
Ebola virus. fífarakan kòkòrò rè ̣.
514 Ebola information Definite knowledge acquired or Ìfitónilétí nípa Ìmọ̀ òye tí a gbà nípa Ẹ̀bola.
supplied about Ebola. Ebola
515 Ebola This is a rapid response of aid workers Dídásí Ebola Ìdásí àwọn òsìṣẹ́ ìlera láti
to reduce the spread of Ebola. dẹ́kun ìtànkálẹ̀ ààrùn Ẹ̀bólà
516 Ebola Job Aids Ebola training toolkit is for Ìṣèrànwọ́ fún Irinṣẹ́ àwọn àjọ tí a ń lò fún
organizations (such as non- Ebola ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa Èbólà pàápàá
governmental organizations [NGOs]) fún àwọn òsìṣẹ́ ìlera.
to use to offer training to health care
workers.
517 Ebola The coordination of the processes Ìṣàkóso Ebola Ìsàkóso àti ètò ìdarí ìtó ̣jú e ̣ni tí
management involved in caring for a person who is ó wà ní agbègbè kòkòrò
considered to have been exposed to the Èbólà.
Ebola virus.
518 Ebola medication A drug used to treat Ebola virus. Òògun Ebola Òògùn tí a n lò fún ìtọ́jú ààrùn
Ebola.
519 Ebola message Any concept or information about Ọ̀rọ́ nípa Ọ̀rò ̣ tàbí ìfitónilétí nípa ààrùn
Ebola virus. Ebola Ebola.
520 Ebola negative Showing the absence of ebola disease Aláìlébólà Fi àìní ààrùn Ebola hàn nígbà
or condition that is being tested for. tí a bá ṣe àyẹ̀wò Ebola.
521 Ebola patient Somebody who receives medical Elebólà Ènìyàn tí ó n gba ìtọ́jú fún
treatment of Ebola. ààrùn Ebola.
522 Ebola positive The outcome of a test that someone Elebólà Ìfi ìdí àyẹ̀wò múlẹ̀ pé ènìyàn
has been infected with Ebola virus. ní ààrùn Ebola.
523 Ebola posters Selection of posters from Sierra Leone, Ìwé àlẹ̀yíká Àsàyàn ìwé àlẹ̀mọ̀-orígi láti
(community) Senegal and Liberia, as well as generic agbèègbè nípa orílẹ̀-èdè Sierra Leone,
posters from the CDC and UNICEF, Ebola Senegal ati Liberia, pẹ̀lú
covering Ebola detection, prevention, àlẹ̀mọ́-ògiri láti ibiṣẹ́ CDC àti
care and treatment. UNICEF, tí ó ní ìfipamọ́,
ìdènà, àbójútó àti ìtọ́jú Èbólà.
524 Ebola prevalence The total number of cases of Ebola Ònkà àpapọ̀ Gbogbo iye ààrùn Ebola ní
virus in the statistical population at a elébòólà ìṣirò àwọn olùgbé ní àkókò
given time. kan.
525 Ebola prevention An action or actions taken to stop Dídẹ́kun Ìgbésè dídẹ́kun ebola kíkó.
Ebola contract or to stop Ebola disease Ebólà
from happening.
526 Ebola protection Ebola protection may refer to materials Ààbò lọ́wọ́ Àwọn ohun èlò tí a n lò fi bo
used in covering the body in attending Èbólà ara nígbà tí a bá n ṣe ìtọ́jú
to patient. àwọn aláàrùn Ebola.
527 Ebola protection Print materials or Ebola preparedness Káádì Ààbò Àwọn ohun tí a tẹ̀ fún
action cards kit for aid workers. lọ́wọ́ Ebola ìrànlọ́wọ́ àwọn òsìṣẹ́.
528 Ebola quarantine A facility for the mandatory isolation Ibùdó ìyàsọ́tọ̀ Ibùdó ìyàsọ́tọ̀ kànnpá fún
centre of people or animals that may have Elebólà ènìyàn tàbí ẹranko tí ó kó
been exposed to Ebola virus. ààrùn Ebola.
529 Ebola response Initiatives for countering an outbreak Ìlànà dídásí Aáyan ìgbógunti ìbé ̣sílè ̣
plan of Ebola infection. Ebólà àkóràn Ebola.
530 Ebola River A river in Central Africa. Odò Ebola Odò kan ní ààrin gbùngbùn ilè ̣
Áfíríkà.
531 Ebola screening A test or testing carried out routinely Àyẹ̀wò Ebola Àyẹ̀wò tí a n lò ní òrèkórè fún
on supposedly healthy people in order ènìyàn tí ó pé láti fi múlẹ̀ bóyá
to establish, as early as possible, ènìyàn bẹ́ ẹ̀ ní Ebola tàbí kòní.
whether or not they have an illness or
disease.
532 Ebola sensitive These are all cover gadgets used Àwọn ohun Àwọn ohun adáàbòbò onítọjú
protection among Ebola health workers. adáàbòbò elébólà.
onítọjú
Elébólà
533 Ebola sensitive These are the preventive measure of Ìdáàbòbò Àwọn ohun adáàbòbò onítọjú
social protection Ebola gadgets for the community. Onítọjú Ebola Ebólà.
Láwùjọ
534 Ebola survivor Rehabilitation centre for persons who Ibùdó Ibùdó ìdámò ̣ràn fún àwo ̣n
clinic survive Ebola disease. alájàbọ́ Ebola alájàbàwo ààrùn Ebola.
535 Ebola survivors These are the Ebola victims who Ajáàbọ̀ Ebola Èyí ni àwọn tí orí kó yọ lọ́wọ́
survived and the aftermath. Many of ààrùn Èbólà. Tí ọ̀pọ̀ nínú wọn
them are now using their experience to wá ń lo ìrírí wọn láti kojú
help fight the disease in their Èbólà àwùjọ.
community.
536 Ebola task force The Ebola Task Force provides in- Àkànṣe osìṣẹ́ Àkànṣe osìṣẹ́ Èbólà tí ó ń pèsè
depth information about Ebola in local Ebola ìfitónilétí tí ó yè kooro nípa
languages in West Africa. Èbólà ní èdè abínibí ní ilẹ̀
adúlawọ̀.
537 Ebola test An examination of part of the body or Àyẹ̀wò Ebola Àyẹ̀wò síṣe àwárí ẹbola nínú
of a body fluid or specimen in order to ara tàbí oje ara.
find Ebola out, e.g. whether it is
functioning properly or is infected.
538 Ebola test centres Ebola test centres are secluded places Ibùdó àyẹ̀wò Ibùdó àyẹ̀wò Ebola ni a yà
where Ebola patients are treated. Ebola sọ́tọ̀ fún ìtọ́jú àwọn elébólà.
539 Ebola therapy Treatment of physical, mental, or Ìtọ́jú Elébólà Ìtọ́jú ara, ọpọlọ tàbí ìsòro
behavioural problems that is meant to ìhùwàsí tí ó wà fún ìwòsàn
cure or rehabilitate Ebola. tàbí ìbọ́sípò.
540 Ebola This is an act of transferring a Ìkóràn Ebola Èyí ni ọ̀nà títan ààrùn ká.
transmission contagious disease.
541 Ebola treament The application of medical care to cure Ìtọ́jú Ebola Ìlànà ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú nípa ìṣègùn
disease, heal injuries, or ease láti wo ààrùn, wíwo oju ọgbẹ́
symptoms of Ebola. tàbí gba ẹni lọ́wọ́ àwọn àìsàn
yi.
542 Ebola Treatment Ebola treatment unit. Ẹ̀ ka ìtọ́jú Ẹ̀ ka ìtọ́jú Ebola.
Unit (ETU) Ebola
543 Ebola vaccination A means of producing immunity to Abẹ́rẹ́ àjẹsára Ìpèsè àjẹsára fún Èbólà nípa
Ebola by using a vaccine or special Ebola lílo àkànṣe òògùn fún àjèjì
preparation of antigenic material to adáralóró, àti láti rú iṣẹ́ sójà
stimulate the formation of appropriate ara.
antibodies.
544 Ebola vaccine A special preparation of antigenetic Òògùn Ebola Àkànṣe òògùn fún àjèjì
material that can be used to stimulate adáralóró, àti láti rú iṣẹ́
the development of antibodies and thus ìdàgbàsókè sójà ara, kí ò sì ran

confer active immunity against Ebola. àjẹsára lọ́wọ́ lòdì sí ààrùn
Èbólà.
545 Ebola victims Ebola victims are referred to as Alárùn Ebola Alárùn Ebola ni à ń pe ènìyàn
affected individuals or those killed by tí o ba ni ìkóràn Èbolà tàbí
Ebola virus. àwọn ti kokoro Ebólà pa.
546 Ebola virus A virus responsible for an acute Kòkòrò Ebola Kòkòrò tí ó n fa ògidì ìkóràn
infection in humans with features nínú ènìyàn tí ó ní irúfẹ́ ààrùn
similar to those of Marburg disease. bí i ìkóràn ààrùn Marburg pẹ̀lú
Transmission is by contact with ìfarakàn ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti àwọn oje ara
infected blood and other body fluids fún síṣàba fún ọjọ́ méjì sí
and the incubation period is 2-21 days ọ̀kànlélógún.
(7 days on average).
547 Ebola virus It is believed that between people, Ìkóràn Ìgbàgbọ̀ ni pe, láàárín àwọn
transmission Ebola disease spreads only by direct kòkòrò Ebola ènìyàn, ààrùn Ebola máa ń
contact with the blood fluids of a tànká nipa fí fi ara kan ẹ̀jẹ̀ ẹni
person who has developed the tí o ti ni ìfarahàn ààrùn yìí
symptoms of the disease. Body fluids lara. Àwọn oje ara tí o ni
that contain Ebola virus include saliva, kòkòrò Èbólà ni itọ́, ikun,
mucus, vomit, faeces, sweat, tears, èébì, ìgbẹ́, òógùn, omijé/omi
breast milk, urine and semen. ekún, ọmú/wara ọmú, ìtọ̀ àti
àtọ̀.
548 Ecchymoses (PL) Bruise, area of discolouration on the Ìdáranjẹ̀ Ojú-ọgbẹ́ tí n bani láwọ̀ jẹ́, ó
skin caused by a blow, contusion. wá láti ipaṣẹ̀ lílù.
549 Ecchymosis (SG) A blue or purplish bruise that results Ìdáranjẹ̀ Ojú-ọgbẹ́ tí ó jásí ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti inú
from bleeding under the skin. ara.
550 Edema Abnormal swelling caused by excess Ìdi omi sára Ohun àìyẹ wíwú tí ó wà nípaṣẹ̀
accumulation of fluid in tissues or oje nínú àwọn ìṣù tàbí ihò ara.
body cavities.
551 Efavirenz (EFV) Efavirenz (EFV)is a non-nucleoside Òògùn EFV A máa n lò ó bi òògùn ìtọ́jú
reverse transcriptase inhibitor àìlera pípẹ́ tàbí fún ìtọ́jú
(NNRTI). It is used as part of a highly KASA 1.
active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
for the treatment of human immuno-
deficiency virus (HIV) type 1.
552 Effective testing This is a testing or proper examination Àyẹ̀wò Àyẹ̀wò ààrùn tí ó múnádóko.
of disease. amúná-dóko
553 Efficacy (Of a drug or treatment) The maximum Ìmúnádóko Ìwọ̀n iṣẹ́ òògùn tàbí ìtọ́jú fún
ability of a drug or treatment to ìpèsè èsì láìláì fi ìlò rẹ̀ ṣe.
produce a result regardless of dosage.
A drug passes efficacy trials if it is
effective at the dose tested and against
the illness for which it is prescribed. In
the procedure mandated by the Food
and Drug Administration, phase II
clinical trials gauge efficacy, phase III
trials confirm it.
554 Electrolytes A chemical compound that separates Ẹ̀ lẹ́tóláìtì Kẹ́míkà tí ó n pín sí ọta nígbà
into ions in a solution or when molten, tí ó bá yípọ̀, tí ó sì ṣéṣe kó mú
and is able to conduct electricity. iná wá.
555 Eligibility criteria Factors used to determine whether a Ìkúnjú Àwọn ohun tí a fi ń mọ̀ bóyá
person is eligible (inclusion criteria) or òsùwọ̀n ènìyàn bá yẹ tàbí kò yẹ láti
not eligible (exclusion criteria) to kópa ní ti ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú. Ìkúnjú

participate in a clinical trial. Eligibility òsùnwọ̀n lè ní ẹ̀yà ààrùn àti
criteria may include disease type and ìpele tàbí ọ̀nà ìṣegùn mìíràn.
stage, other medical.
556 ELISA Test (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Àyẹ̀wò ELISA Àyẹ̀wò ELISA jẹ́ èyí tí a fi n
Assay) A laboratory test to determine mọ bóyà àwọn sójà sí KASA
the presence of antibodies to HIV in wà nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
the blood. A positive ELISA test
generally is confirmed by the Western
Blot test.
557 Elite controllers A very small subset of people infected Ẹgbẹ́ arówólò Ọ̀wọ́ àwọn péréte tí ó lè tẹrí
with HIV who are able to maintain adójútòògùn KASA ba láìjẹ́ pé wọn lo
suppressed viral loads for years KASA òògùn apa KASA. Bí o tilẹ̀ jẹ́
without antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. pé ìtọ́jú nípa lílo òògùn apa
Although antiretrovial therapy (ART) KASA lè wúlò fùn àwọn
may be theoretically beneficial for elite asàkóso gbajúmọ̀, kò sí ẹ̀rí
controllers, there is no clinical data ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú ti ó fi ìdí èyí múlẹ̀
supporting therapy for this group. fún àwọn ọ̀wọ́ yií.
558 Embryo In humans, an infant developing in the Ọlẹ̀ Nínú ènìyàn, ọlẹ̀ tí ó ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ ń
uterus (womb) from conception until dàgbà nínú láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oyún títí
about the third month of pregnancy. di osù kẹta oyún.
559 Emergency The department of a hospital Ẹka pàjáwìrì Ẹ̀ ka ilé-ìwòsàn tí ó wà fún aìrò
department responsible for an unexpected and tẹ́lẹ̀ àti ìsẹ̀lẹ̀ òjijì tí a gbúdọ̀
sudden event that must be dealt with bójútó ní kánkán.
urgently.
560 Emotional stress Signs of stress are different in Ìmọ̀lára Àmì ìdàmú tí ó yàtọ̀ ní ara
everyone, with some people expressing ìdàmú ènìyàn, tí ọ̀pọ̀ máa ń wá nípa ti
more physical signs, like fatigue or ara bí i rírẹ̀, tàbí ẹ̀jẹ̀ ríru, tí ọ̀pọ̀
high blood pressure, and others fihàn nípa ìmọ̀lára tàbí

expressing more emotion or psycho- ìhùwàsí bí i ìríra tàbí ìrẹ̀wèsì.
logical signs, like irritability or
depression. Signs of stress include:
irritability, depressed mood, anxiety.
561 Emotions A state of arousal that can be Ìmọ̀lára Ìlàkọja orí wíwú yálà èyí tó
experienced as pleasant or unpleasant. dára tàbí ìdàkejì.
562 Empirical Empirical evidence, data, or Ẹ̀ rí àfojúrí Ẹ̀ rí àfojúrí, tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìrírí
knowledge, also known as sense orí jẹ́ àkójọpọ̀ ọ̀rọ̀ fún ìmọ̀ tí a
experience, is a collective term for the rí nípa iṣẹ́ orí, páàpáà àkíyèsí
knowledge or source of knowledge àti afiṣòdiwọ̀n.
acquired by means of the senses,
particularly by observation and
experimentation.
563 Empirical therapy Empiric therapy or empirical therapy Ìtọ́jú àfojúrí Ìtọ́jú àfojúrí jẹ́ ìtọ́jú adálórí
is therapy based on experience and, àfojúrí. Ó bẹ̀ẹ̀rẹ̀ lórí ìdánilẹ́ẹ̀kọ́
more specifically, therapy begun on nípa ìtọ́jú àròṣe tàbí àìsí
the basis of a clinical educated guess in ìfitónilétí tóyè koro.
the absence of complete or perfect
information.
564 Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain, usually Ọpọlọ wíwú Ọpọlọ wíwú tí ó wá láti ipasẹ̀
caused by a viral infection. ìkóràn kòkòrò. Ọpọlọ wíwú
Encephalitis can also be caused by a tún wá nípa ìkóràn batéríà, oró
bacterial infection, toxin, or tàbí ìgbéṣẹ̀ àìda ara.
autoimmune process. Symptoms of
encephalitis range from mild, such as
flu-like symptoms, to severe, such as

seizures. In people with HIV,
encephalitis may be due to HIV
infection or opportunistic infections,
such as Toxoplasma gondii infection.
565 Encephalopathy Abnormality of structure of function Ààrùn ọpọlọ Àìs ̣edéédé ojús ̣e tó je ̣ mó ̣
involving the brain. ọpọlọ.
566 End of life/ This refers to health care, not only of Ìtọ́jú àtisùn Ìtọ́jú ìlera tí kì í ṣe fún àwọn tí
Support care patients in the final hours or days of ó ti gba ọjọ́ ikú wọn nìkan,
their lives, but more broadly care of all sùgbọ́n ìtọ́jú tí ó gbòòró fún
those with a terminal illness or àwọn tí ó ní ààrùn gbére.
terminal disease condition that has
become advanced, progressive and
incurable.
567 Endemic When a disease occurs frequently and Àtànká Ààrùn tí ó wá lemọ́lemọ́ ni ibi
at a predictable rate in a specific agbègbè tí a lè rò ní agbègbè kan.
location or population. For example,
HIV-2 is endemic to West Africa.
568 Endogenous Relating to or produced by the body. Àtinúwá Nípa èyí tí ara n pèsè.
569 Endoscopy Viewing the inside of a body cavity Ẹ̀ rọ ìwonú- Wíwo inú ihò ara pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rọ
(e.g. colon) with an endoscope, a ara ìwonú ara.
device using flexible fibre optics.
570 Endotoxin A toxin present inside a bacterial cell. Oró inú hóró Oró tí ó wà nínú hóró batéríà.
571 End-stage disease Final period or phase in the course of a Òpin ààrùn Òpin ààrùn tí ó yọrí sí ikú.
disease leading to a person's death.
572 End-Stage Liver The most severe stage of liver disease, Òpin ìsiṣẹ́ ẹ̀dọ̀ Ìpèlè ààrùn tí ó burú jùlọ, tí ó
Disease (ESLD) at which point the liver is barely jẹ́ pé ẹ̀dọ̀ ko tilẹ̀ siṣẹ́ mọ́ rárá.
functioning, if at all. The treatment for Ìtójú òpin ìsiṣẹ́ ẹ̀dọ̀ ni ìpàrọ̀ rẹ̀.
end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a
liver transplant.
573 End-Stage Renal The most severe stage of kidney Òpin ìsiṣẹ́ Ìpèlè ààrùn kíndìnrín tí ó burú
Disease (ESRD) (renal) disease at which point the kídìnrín jùlọ tí ó jẹ́ pé kíndìnrín kò tilẹ̀
kidneys are barely functioning, if at siṣẹ́ mọ́. Ìtọ́jú òpin ìsiṣẹ́
all. The treatment for end-stage renal kíndìnrín ni ìyàsọ́tọ̀ mólékù
disease (ESRD) is dialysis or a kidney ńlá àti kékere tàbí ìpàrọ̀
transplant. kíndìnrín.
574 Enteric Pertaining to the intestines. Certain Ajẹmọ́fun Ajẹmọ́fun. Àwọn ìkóràn
bacterial enteric infections are more ajẹmọ́fun batéríà ni ó wọ́ pọ̀
common or more severe in people with lára àwọn tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú
HIV than in people with healthy KASA ju àwọn ti ara wọn
immune systems. dápé lọ.
575 Enteric-Coated When a tablet or capsule is coated with Òògùn Nígbà tí òògùn bá bó pẹ̀lú
(EC) a substance that prevents the ajẹmọ́fun àwọn èròjà tí ó ń dènà òògùn
medication from being released until it láti wọ inú níbi tí ó le gbà.
reaches the small intestine where it can
then be absorbed.
576 Enteritis Inflammation of the intestine. Ìfun wíwú Kí ìfun wú.
577 Envelope The outer coat, or envelope, of HIV is Èèpo KASA Èèpo KASA ní ìpele méjì:
composed of two layers of fat-like mólékù ajẹmọ́-ọ̀rá tí a mú lára
molecules called lipids taken from the ìwọ́ àwọn hóró ènìyàn.
membranes of human cells.
578 Enzyme A protein that, in small amounts, Ẹnsaimu Purotéénì ní iye ìwọ̀n kékeré,
speeds up the rate of a biological to yára sí àsè oníye láìsí ọ̀nà
reaction without itself being used up in ati lo ara rẹ̀ ní àsè.
the reaction (i.e. it acts as a catalyst).
579 Eosinophil A type of white blood cell, called Ẹ̀ yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ẹ̀ yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí a mọ̀ sí
granulocyte, that can digest funfun hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun alámì tólè lọ
microorganisms. The granules can be ìyóró.
stained by the acid dye, eosin, for
microscopic examination.
580 Eosinophilia An abnormal increase of eosinophils (a Àìsàn ẹ̀yà Àìyẹ àlẹ́kún ẹ̀yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
type of white blood cell) in the blood, hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀, ìṣù tàbí ààgọ́
tissues, or organs. Eosinophilia is often funfun ara. Ó si máa ń se ìdáhùn sí
a response to infection or allergens ìkóràn èròjà tó ń fi àmi hàn.
(substances that cause an allergic
reaction).
581 Eosinophilic A rare, severe type of folliculitis Ètútú ara Àpò ẹ̀yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun wíwú
Folliculitis (EF) (inflammation of hair follicles) tí ó sọ̀wọ́n èyí tí ó ní àkójọpọ̀
characterized by itchy bumps or pus- ètútú ní ojú, àyà tàbí apá.
filled sores on the face, chest, back, or
arms. Eosinophilic folliculitis (EF) is
mainly associated with advanced HIV
infection.
582 Epidemic An outbreak of a disease that spreads Àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn Àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn tí ó yára tànkálẹ́
more quickly and more extensively tí ó sì tàn kákìri àwọn ènìyàn
among a group of people than would ju bí i a ṣe lérò lọ.
normally be expected.
583 Epidemic prone Disease that is normally absent from a Àìsàn Ààrùn tí a kì í sábà rí ní
disease community or present at a low to afajàkálẹ̀ agbèègbè tàbí tí wíwà rẹ̀ kò tó
moderate level but which can suddenly ààrùn nǹkan ṣùgbọ́n tí ó dédé gbilẹ̀
become epidemic. lójijì.
584 Epidemic Critical incidence specified a priori, Ìloro àjàkálẹ̀ Ààrùn tí ó wá sáájú ìsẹ̀lẹ̀
threshold which, if exceeded, triggers a ààrùn àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn tàbí kí jẹ́ èyí tí
declaration of an epidemic or àwọn elétò kò fọhùn sí.
predetermined public health responses.
585 Epidemiologic The ongoing and systematic collection, Ìtọpinpin Àkójọpọ̀ tí ó n lọ, àlàyé àti
surveillance analysis and interpretation of data àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn ìtumọ̀ àká nípa ààrùn tàbí ipò
about a disease or health condition. As ìlera.
part of a surveillance system to
monitor the HIV epidemic in the US,
the CDC, in collaboration with state
and local health departments, other
federal agencies, blood collection
agencies and medical research institu-
tions, conducts standardized HIV
seroprevalence surveys in designated
subgroups in the US population.
586 Epidemiology The branch of medical science that Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa Ẹ̀ ka ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ ìṣègùn tí ó
deals with the incidence, distribution àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn jẹmọ́ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀, pínpín àti ìdarí
and control of a disease in a ààrùn tí gbogbo àwọn olùgbé.
population.
587 Epidemiology of This is the study about the spread of Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa Èyí ni niní ẹ̀kọ́ bí Ebola s ̣e ń
Ebola Ebola virus. ìtànkálẹ̀ tàn kálè ̣.
Ebola
588 Epithelium The covering of the internal and Ìbora Ààbò inú àti ìta ẹ̀yà ara. Àti
external organs of the body. Also the àwọ iṣan, ihò ara, ẹṣẹ́ oje àti
lining of vessels, body cavities, glands ẹ̀yà ara. O kún fún hóró ti wọn
and organs. It consists of cells bound dìpọ̀ pẹ̀lú èròjà adi-nǹkan-pọ̀,
together by connective material and ó sì yàtò ni iye ìpele àti ẹ̀yà
varies in the number of layers and the horo.
kinds of cells.
589 Epitope A unique shape or marker carried on Atásìrí àjèjì Àmì tí ó ṣe ọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ èyí tí ó wà
an antigen's surface that triggers a adáralóró lórí pèpele àjèjì adáralóró tí ó
corresponding antibody response. ṣe atọ́ni ààbò sójà ara.
590 Epstein-Barr A herpes-like virus that causes one of Kòkòrò EBV Ajẹmọ́ kòkòrò herpes tó n fa
Virus (EBV) the two kinds of mononucleosis (the ọ̀kan lára àjídìde jẹjẹrẹ omi
other is caused by CMV). It infects the ara. Èyí máa n ṣe ìkóràn bá
nose and throat and is contagious. imú àti ọ̀fun.
EBV lies dormant in the lymph glands
and has been associated with Burkitt's
lymphoma and hairy leukoplakia.
591 Eradication The total elimination of a pathogen, Ìparẹ́ Ìparẹ́ pátápátá bíi tí ó jẹ mọ́
such as a bacterium, from the body. batéríà nínú ara. Ó sì tún lè jẹ́
Eradication can also refer to the ìpaarẹ̀ ààrùn ní àgbáyé.
complete elimination of a disease from
the world, such as the global
eradication of smallpox.
592 Erythema Redness or inflammation of the skin or Ìdáranjẹ̀ Ìdáranjẹ̀ ní ojú ara tàbí ìwọ̀
mucous membranes. aṣekùn.
593 Erythema A skin disease characterized by Àìsàn Ààrùn ara tàbí ìdáranjẹ̀ ní
multiforme papular (small, solid, usually conic ìbólára-degbò gbogbo ara páàpáà jùlọ
elevation of the skin) or vesicular àgbègbè ààrin ojú ọgbẹ́.
lesions (blisters), and reddening or

discoloration of the skin often in
concentric zones about the lesion.
Erythema multiforme has been
associated with many infections,
collagen disease, drug sensitivities,
allergies and pregnancy. A severe form
of this condition is Stevens-Johnson
Syndrome.
594 Erythematous Of or pertaining to erythema, of or Ara pípọ́n Ajẹmọ́ ara pípọ́n, tàbí ajẹmọ́
pertaining to a reddening of the skin ara pípọ́n tórí wíwú.
due to inflammation.
595 Erythrocytes Red blood cells whose major function Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa tí ó ń siṣẹ́ ohun
is to carry oxygen to cells. tí n gbé atẹ́gùn wọ inú àwọn
hóró.
596 Esophagus The passage down which food moves Ọ̀fun Ojú-ọ̀nà tí oúnjẹ ń gbà láti
between the throat and the stomach. ọ̀nà-ọ̀fun sí ikùn.
597 Ethambutol Ethambutol (commonly abbreviated Òògùn ikọ́fe Òògùn tí a fí n ṣe ìtọ́jú ikọ́-ife.
EMB or simply E) is a medication A sábà máa n lò ó pẹ̀lú àwọn
primarily used to treat tuberculosis. It òògùn ikọ́-ife mìíràn.
is usually given in combination with
other tuberculosis drugs, such as
isoniazid, rifampicin and
pyrazinamide.
598 Ethno medical A concept for analyzing health beliefs Ètò ìṣàlàyé Ìlànà tí à ń gbà ṣàlàyé nípa
system in terms of three interrelated ìtumọ̀ ìbáṣepọ̀ ìlera.
dimensions: (1) The theory of

aetiology/causation of sickness; (2)
Methods for diagnosis; and (3)
Prescription of appropriate therapies.
In this manner, biomedicine can be
analyzed as an ethnomedical system,
one potential option among several for
individuals seeking health care.
599 Etiology The cause of a disease or abnormal Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa ìdí Ìdí ààrùn. Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa iṣégùn tí ó
condition. Etiology may also refer to ààrùn ń kọ́ nípa orísìírísìí àwọn
the branch of medical science that ààrùn.
studies the causes of diseases.
600 Euphorbia hirth This plant family is used locally to Efinrin Ìlàna lílo ohun ọ̀gbìn ní ọ̀nà
arrest bleeding in the event of an ìbílẹ̀ láti kojú ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ ti ìpalára.
injury. The leaves of euphorbia hirth A n lò ó fún ìtọ́jú eéwo, ojú
are used in traditional medicine for the ọgbẹ́ àti ìdádúró ìgbẹ́ gbuuru.
treatment of boils, wounds and control
of diarrhoea and dysentery.
601 EVD epidemic An outbreak of Ebola viral disease that Àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn Àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn Ebola tí ó yára
spreads more quickly and more Ebola tànkálẹ̀, tí ó sì tàn ká kiri ju bi
extensively among a group of people a ṣe lérò lọ.
than would normally be expected.
602 EVD outbreak Ebola virus disease outbreak is a Ìbẹ́sílẹ̀ ààrùn Ìbẹ́sílẹ̀ ààrùn Ebola ní òjijì
sudden increase in occurrences of a Ebola àsìkò tàbí ibìkan pàtó.
disease in a particular time and place.
603 EVD patients EVD patients. Ẹlẹ́bòólà Ẹlẹ́bòólà.
604 Excess tearing Epiphora, or excessive tearing, is Àsun-ùndá Àsun-ùndá jẹ́ àkúnyawọ́ ìsun
defined as the overflow of tears from láti ojú kan tàbí méjèéjì.
one or both eyes.
605 Exclusive This is an act of feeding a child Ògédé Èyí ni ọ̀nà fífún ọmọ ní ọmú
breastfeeding through breastfeeding only. ìfọ́mọlọ́yàn igbáyà níkan.
606 Exclusion/ The medical or social standards Òsùwọ̀n Òsùnwọ̀n arínúróde tí a fi n
Inclusion criteria determining whether a person may or arínúróde mọ̀ bóyá ènìyàn lè ṣe ìwádìí
may not be allowed to enter a clinical ajẹmọ́tọ́jú.
trial. For example, some trials may not
include people with chronic liver
disease, or may exclude people with
certain drug allergies; others may
exclude men or women or only include
people with a lowered T-cell count.
607 Exhumation of Exhumation means the removal from Ìwoòkú Èyí túnmọ̀ sí ìwoòkú tàbí
bodies the ground of a body or cremated sísun òkú. Ó sábà máa ń kó bá
remains. It also covers the disturbance òkú nínú ibojì pàápàá nígbà tí
of remains within a grave, particularly a bá sí sàárè fún ìsìnkú.
when a grave is reopened for burial.
608 Exogenous Developed or originating outside the Àtìtabẹ̀rẹ̀ Ohun tó ti ìta bẹ̀rẹ̀.
body.
609 Exotoxin A toxic substance, made by bacteria, Oró ìta Èròjà olóró tí ó wá láti ara
that is released outside the bacterial batéríà, tí a wá tú sí ìta hóró
cell. batéríà.
610 Expanded access A general term for methods of Ìfàyègbà Ọ̀nà bí a ṣe n pín àyẹ̀wò òògùn
distributing experimental drugs to fún àwọn aláìsàn tí kò ní
patients who are unable to participate ànfàní láti kó ipa nínu ìwádìí
in ongoing clinical trials and have no ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú ní àìsí ìlànà ìtọ́jú
other treatment options. Specific types mìíràn.
of expanded access mechanisms
include parallel track, Treatment IND,
and compassionate use.
611 Expanded access This refers to the use of an Ìfàyègbà ìtọ́jú Èyí ni ìlànà lílo ìwádìí òògùn
(to treatment) investigational new drug (IND) outside tuntun láì dá sí ìwádìí ajẹmọ́-
of a clinical trial by patients with ìtọ́jú àwọn aláìsàn tí ó wà ní
serious or life-threatening conditions ipò amẹ́mìí dání fún ẹni tí kò
who do not meet the enrolment criteria kájú òṣùnwọ̀n láti fi orúkọ sílẹ̀
for the clinical trial in progress. fún ìlọsíwájú ìwádìí ajẹmọ́-
ìtọ́jú.
612 Expert mother These are mothers who know how to Ìyá onímọ̀ Èyí ni àwọn ìyá tí ó ní ìmọ̀ bíi
manage their disease. wọ́n ṣe lè ṣe ìtọ́jú ààrùn ara
wọn.
613 Explanation of the An actual or stipulated condition Ìdí àlàyé Ipò àìsàn gangan.
condition is called an express condition.
Sharing information to help people
make sense of their involvement in an
unfamiliar situation.
614 Exposure to sun Sun exposure causes most of the skin Yíyẹ̀rùn Yíyẹ̀rùn a máa fa ìyípadà ní
changes that we think of as a normal ara ju bí a ṣe lérò gẹ́gẹ́ bi òye
part of ageing. pé àgbà ti dé.
615 Expression and Expression and heat treatment feeding Ife ìṣẹ́ omi- Ife iṣẹ́ omi- ọmú ṣe pàtàkì sí
heat treatment cup is relevant to mothers especially ọmú ìyálọ́mọ tí ó wọ́pọ̀ sí àwọn ara
feeding cup those in Uganda. Uganda.
616 Expression In HIV vaccine production, cells into Àfihàn ẹ̀yọ́- Nínú ìpèsè àjẹsára, àwọn hóró
system/Gene which an HIV gene has been inserted ìran ní èyí tí ẹ̀yọ́-ìran KASA tí a lò
expression to produce desired HIV proteins. láti pèsè purotéénì tí KASA
nílò.
617 Extensively Drug A relatively rare type of multiple drug Ayan òògùn Ẹ̀ yà ayan-òògùn lódì ikọ́-ife.
Resistant resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). lódì Ayan-òògùn lódì fún ikọ́-ife
Tuberculosis Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis máa ń wáyé nígbà tí ẹ̀ka
(XDR-TB) (XDR-TB) occurs when a kòkòrò ikọ́-ife ní ìgara lòdì sí
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain òògùn tí a ń lò fún ìtọ́jú ikọ́-
becomes resistant to drugs used to treat ife.
TB, including the two most effective
first-line antibiotics (isoniazid and
rifampin) and most of the second-line
drugs. XDR-TB progresses more
rapidly and is more severe in people
coinfected with HIV than in people
infected with XDR-TB alone.
618 External bleeding This is a discharging of blood outside Ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ Ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ ní ìta ojú ara.
the body.
619 Extrapulmonary Manifestation of tuberculosis in any Ikọ́fe Ikọ́fe tí ó je ̣yo ̣ ní apá ibòmíràn
TB body site apart from the lungs and àìgbọ́fun lára yàtò ̣ sí è ̣dò ̣fóró àti ò ̣fun.
bronchila tree.
620 Face mask A covering for the whole head or the Ìbomú Ìbomú jẹ́ ohun ààbò tàbí ìbòjú.
face alone either to protect or disguise
the face.
621 Faeces The waste material that is eliminated Ìgbẹ́ Ẹ̀ gbin tí a yà láti ojú ihò-ìdí.
through the anus.
622 Failure to thrive Growth and/or developmental stunting. Àìdọ́gbà Àìdọ́gba pẹ̀lú àwọn akẹgbẹ́
ẹni.
623 Faith-Based Faith-based organizations are a vital Àjọ ajẹmó ̣ Àjọ ajẹmọ́ ìgbágbọ́ jẹ́ ara
Organizations part of civil society. They provide a ìgbàgbó ̣ àwùjọ ọ̀làjú. Wọn a máa pèsè
(FBOs) substantial portion of care in ìtọ́jú ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tí wọ́n
developing countries, often reaching ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ ń gòkè àgbà, wọn a sì
vulnerable populations living under máa na ọwọ́ sí àwọn tí wọ́n wà
adverse conditions. nínú ewu.
624 Faith healing This is an act of applying faith for Ìfìgbàgbọ́- Èyí ni ìwà lílo ìgbàgbọ́ fun ètò
healing purposes. wòsàn ìwòsàn.
625 Faithful Having or showing true and constant Jíjẹ́ olótìítọ́ Jíjẹ́ olótìítọ́ tàbí ọ̀nà fífi
support or loyalty. àtìlẹ́yìn hàn nígbà gbogbo.
626 Faithfulness Faithfulness is defined as loyalty, Ìjẹ́ olótìítọ́ Ìjẹ́ olótìítọ́ jẹ́ ìwà ìsóótọ́,
devotion; trustworthiness; factualness. ìfọkansìn àti aṣọpàtó.
627 Fallopian tubes Part of the female reproductive system. Òpó ẹyin Ọ̀kan lára ètò ìbísí obìnrin.
A pair of ducts opening at one end into Ọ̀na sísí awẹ́ iwọ méjì tí
the uterus and at the other end into the apákan jásí ilé ọmọ àti ìkejì sí
peritoneal cavity, over the ovary. Each awọ ihò inú lóri ìbísí obìnrin.
tube serves as a passage through which
the ovum (egg) is carried to the uterus
and through which spermatozoa
(sperm) moves toward the ovary.
628 False negative A negative test result that incorrectly Èsì èké Àyẹ̀wò èsì èké máa ń tọ́ka sí
result indicates that the condition being pé nǹkan kò sí nígbà tí ó sì jẹ́
tested for is not present when, in fact, pé ó wà. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, Àyẹ̀wò

the condition is actually present. For èké KASA tọ́ka sí pé ẹni kan
example, a false negative HIV test kò ní KASA, nígbà tí ó jẹ́ pé
indicates a person does not have HIV ẹni náà ti ní ìkóràn KASA.
when, in fact, the person is infected
with HIV.
629 False positive A positive test result that incorrectly Èsì èké Àyẹ̀wò èké èsì KASA. tí ó
result indicates that the condition being máa n tókasí ipò sí ohun
tested for is present when, in fact, the àyẹ̀wò tí ó wà, tí ó sì jẹ́ wipe
condition is actually not present. For kòsí. A máa fi hàn pé ènìyàn
example, a false positive HIV test ní KASA nígbà tí a mọ̀ pé
indicates a person has HIV when, in kòní.
fact, the person is not infected with
HIV.
630 Family counselling Family counselling is a branch of Ìgbaniní- Ìgbaniníyànjú ẹbí jẹ́ ẹ̀ka tí n ṣe
psychotherapy that works with yànjú ẹbí àṣàrò àti ìdárayá tí ó wà fún
families and couples in intimate ẹbí àti tọkọtaya tímọ́tímọ́ láti
relationships to nurture change and ní ìdàgbàsókè àti ìyípadà.
development.
631 Family Health This is a non-profit human Àjo ̣ ìlera ẹbí Èyí jẹ́ àjọ tí kìí ṣe ti ìjọba tí ó
International development organization based in àgbáyé fìdí kàlẹ̀ sí àríwá Karoláìnà. Ó
(FHI) North Carolina. It seeks to address ń síṣẹ́ lórí ibà, ìkọ́-ife, àti
malaria, tuberculosis, and other àwọn àìsàn ìkóràn mìíràn.
infectious and chronic diseases with Wọn tún máa ń síṣẹ́ lórí àjọ
international agencies, governments, lórísìírísìí pẹ̀lú iṣẹ́ ìwádìí àti
foundations, research institutions, and ẹlẹ́yinjú àánú.
individual donors.
632 Family planning Family planning is the planning of Ìfètòsọ́mọ- Ìfètòsọ́mọbíbí jẹ́ ìlànà tí máa n
when to have children, and the use of bíbí kọ́ni ní ìgbà tí a n bí ọmọ àti
birth control and other techniques to àwọn ọ̀nà à n tẹ̀lé.
implement such plans.
633 Fanconi syndrome A hereditary or acquired kidney Àìsàn Àìsàn kídìnrín yìí lè jẹ́
disorder that impairs the reabsorption kídìnrín àjogúnbá tí ó sì ń ṣe àkóbá fún
of electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, sísàn ẹ̀jẹ̀ sínú kídìnrín.
and other nutrients into the
bloodstream when blood passes
through the kidneys.
634 Fatal disease Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is an Ààrùn ọpọlọ Àìsàn àìrórunsùn tí ó n wáyé
extremely rare autosomal dominant sáájú ààrùn ọpọlọ. Ó jẹ́ àmúwá
inherited prion disease of the brain. It ìyípadà purotéénì PrPC tí ó sì
is almost always caused by a mutation tún le jẹyọ lára aláìsàn pẹ̀lú
to the protein PrPC, but can also àyípadà tí kì í ṣe àjogúbá tí
develop spontaneously in patients with amọ̀ sí àìrórunsùn.
a non-inherited mutation variant called
sporadic fatalinsomnia (sFI).
635 Fatigue Extreme tiredness or weariness Rírẹ̀ Rírẹ̀ tí ó wá láti ara iṣẹ́ àti ori.
resulting from physical or mental
activity.
636 Fearfulness The quality of being fearful. Ìbẹ̀rù Bí ìbẹ̀rù ṣe lè tó.
637 Feeding cup Sometimes it is not possible for a baby Ife Nígbà mìíràn, ó máa n s ̣òro
to breastfeed directly from his ìfọ́mọlọ́yàn fún ọmọ láti mu ọmú ní igbáyà
mother’s breast and so he needs to ìyá rẹ̀, ọ̀nà mìíràn ni láti fi ife
receive breast milk in some other way. fún-un lọ́yàn.
638 Female condom Female condoms are a contraceptive Rọ́ọ́bà Rọ́ọ́bà ìdábòòbò obìnrin jẹ́
device made of thin rubber, inserted ìdáàbòòbò ohun ìdènà oyún níní lára
into a woman’s vagina before sexual obìnrin.
intercourse.
639 Female genital Female Genital Mutilation comprises Ìdábẹ́ obìnrin Ìdábẹ́ obìnrin lè gba gbogbo
cutting all procedures that involve partial or ọ̀nà fún ìdábẹ́.
total removal of the external female
genitalia, or other injury to the female
genital organs for non-medical reasons
(WHO).
640 Fetus Embryo during the later stages of Ọmọnú Ọlẹ̀ ní àkókò ìdàgbàsókè ilé-
development within the uterus. In ọmọ. Nínú àtúnse ènìyàn, ó
human reproduction, it refers to an tún mọ̀-ọ́n sí ọmọnú láti ọ̀sè
unborn child from its eighth week of kẹ́jọ sókè.
development.
641 Fever A body temperature that is unusually Ibà Ìgbóná ara tó ga, tí ó ń sábà ti
high and usually caused by bacterial or ipasẹ̀ batéríà tàbí kòkòrò
viral infections and commonly ìkóràn, èyí tí ó ń wá nípa
accompanied by shivering, headache, gbígbọ̀n, ẹ̀fọ́rí tí ò lè sẹ àtẹ̀gùn
and an increased pulse rate. bá ètútú.
642 Fight against Concerted effort by all to contain the Ìgbógunti Ìlàkàkà gbogbo ènìyàn láti
Ebola Ebola epidemic. Ebola borí ààrùn Ebola.
643 Finances The science of management of money Ìnáwó ètò Ètò ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ nípa ìṣàkóso
and other assets. ìsúná ìnáwó àti ohun ìní.
644 Finger prick A procedure in which a finger is Ìlùka Ìlànà tí a n gbà lu ìka lọ́nà àti
pricked with a lancet to obtain a small gba ẹ̀jẹ̀ fún àyẹ̀wò.
quantity of capillary blood for testing.

Also called a fingerstick.
645 First-line therapy The preferred standard treatment for a Ìtọ́jú àkọ́kọ́ Ìtọ́jú àìlera tí ó kún ojú ìwọ̀n.
particular condition. The Ìtọ́jú àkọ́kọ́ tí o fi òǹtẹ̀ lù fún
recommended first-line HIV treatment títọ́jú KASA ní nípasẹ̀ lílo
regimens include antiretroviral (ARV) òògùn apa KASA tí kò léwu tí
drugs that are safe and effective for ó sì siṣẹ́ fún ọ̀pọ̀ ẹni tí ó ní
most people with HIV. kASA.
646 Fixed-Dose Two or more drugs contained in a Òògùn Òògùn alákànpọ̀ bíi kapúsúù
Combination single dosage form, such as a capsule alákànpọ̀ tàbí tábúlẹ́ẹ̀tì. Òògùn yìí ni à ń
(FDC) or tablet. An example of a fixed-dose lò fún ìtọ́jú KASA.
combination HIV drug is Atripla (a
combination of efavirenz,
emtricitabine, and tenofovir). By
reducing the number of pills a person
must take each day, fixed-dose
combination drugs can help improve
adherence to an HIV treatment
regimen.
647 Flank pain Flank pain refers to pain or discomfort Ìhà ríro Ihà ríro ní òkè inú tàbí ẹ̀yìn. Ó
in your upper abdomen or back. It is wà lábẹ́ ìhà egungun àti ìbàrá
located below the ribs and above the ìdí àti ẹ̀gbẹ́ rẹ̀.
pelvis and on the side. Flank
pain basically refers to pain in your
side and back. Usually, the pain is
worse on one side of your body.
648 Flavi virus Any member of a genus (and family) Fíláfì Ẹbí ìran fún kòkòrò, ó jẹ́ ààrùn
of arboviruses that cause a wide range jákèjádò nínú ènìyàn.
of diseases in vertebrates (including

humans).
649 Fluid Fluids are a subset of the phases of Oje Oje jẹ́ àyọsílẹ̀ tí o ṣe kókó bí i
matter and include liquids, gases, ìṣọ̀n, gáásì àti oje-ara.
plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
650 Fluid contact Touch exposure to body secretions. Ìfarakan oje Fífara kó oje ara.
651 Foaming tablet These are tablets that are inserted in Tábúlẹ́tì Àwọn tábúlẹ́tì tí a n fisí ojú
the vagina before sexual intercourse onífònfó òbò sáájú ìbálòpọ̀ tí ohun dènà
which prevents pregnancy. oyún.
652 Folic acid A crystalline vitamin of the B complex Òògùn Èyí ni ẹ̀yà àtípò Fítáámì B ti a
that is used especially in the treatment afúnnilẹ́jẹ̀ máa ń lò fún itoju aláìlokunto.
of nutritional anaemia. It occurs in Ó wọ́pọ́ ninu ewébẹ̀, ẹja tútù,
green plants, fresh fruits, liver and ẹ̀dọ̀ ati iwukara. Wọn a tún
yeast. Also called folacin, folate, maa pè é ni Folacin, Folate ati
vitamin B9. Fitaami B9.
653 Folic acid anaemia Inadequacy of blood cell volume due Àìní- Àìnító hóró è ̣jè ̣ nípasè ̣ àìtó
to deficiency of folic acid. afúnnilẹ́jẹ̀ afúnnilẹ́jẹ̀.
654 Folinic acid Also called citrovorum factor. A Òògùn Òògùn ìfúnnilẹ́jẹ̀ ajẹmọ́-jẹjẹrẹ
metabolically active form of folic acid ìfúnnilẹ́jẹ̀ fún ìtọ́jú jẹjẹrẹ láti dabòbò
that has been used in cancer therapy to ajẹmọ́ jẹjẹrẹ àwọn hóró tí ó dára lòdì sí
protect normal cells against àtakò rẹ̀.
methotrexate (a cancer chemotherapy
agent). Also used to treat
megaloblastic anaemia.
655 Follicle A small anatomical cavity or deep Ihò irun Èyí ni ihò irun kékeré tí o hun
narrow-mouthed depression; a small bani nínú jẹ́.
lymph node.
656 Follicular These are cells of the immune system Hóró ihò irun Èyí jẹ́ àwọn hóró àjẹsára tí a n
Dendritic Cells found in primary and secondary lymph ara rí nínú hóró ihò irun ara.
(FDCs) follicles of the B cell areas of the
lymphoid tissue.
657 Fomite An inanimate object that can harbour Agbé kòkòrò Agbé kòkòrò pamọ́ jẹ́ asojú
pathogenic microorganisms and thus pamọ́ ìkóràn.
serve as an agent of transmission of an
infection.
658 Food & Drug The Public Health Service agency Àjọ FDA Àjọ òsìṣẹ́ ìlera àwùjọ tí n ṣe
Administration responsible for (among others) ààbò fún iṣẹ́ òògùn, àjẹsára àti
(FDA) ensuring the safety and effectiveness irinṣẹ́ ìṣègùn tí a lò fún ìdàmọ̀,
of drugs, biologics, vaccines and ìtọ́jú àti ìdènà ìkóràn KASA,
medical devices used in the diagnosis, ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára àti àwọn
treatment and prevention of HIV ààrùn ajẹmọ́- ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
infection, AIDS and AIDS-related
opportunistic infections. The FDA also
works with the blood banking industry
to safeguard the nation's blood supply.
659 Formulation The physical form in which a drug is Ìgbóòògùn Ọ̀nà àgbélẹ̀rọ tí a ń gbà pèsè
manufactured. òògùn.
660 Free drugs Medications provided at no charge to Òògùn ọ̀fé ̣ Òògùn tí a fúnni lái gbowó
patients. kankan ló ̣wo ̣ aláisàn.
661 Freestanding HIV These are dedicated HIV clinics that Ilé ìwòsàn Èyí ni ilé ìwòsàn KASA tí kò
Clinic are not integrated with a non-HIV care KASA adánfó sí lábé ̣ ilé ìwòsàn
facility. gbogboogbò.
662 Fridge magnets A refrigerator magnet or fridge Ònfà ìrántí Ònfà ìrántí jẹ́ ohun tí a lè fi kọ́
magnet is an ornament, often nǹkan lẹ́nu fún síso mó ̣ fìríìjì
whimsical, attached to a small magnet, tàbí kí ó jẹ́ nǹkan ẹ̀sọ́.
which is used to post items such as
shopping lists, child art or reminders
on a refrigerator door, or which
simply serves as decoration.
663 Friends support Friends support could be seen as the Àtìlẹ́yìn ọ̀rẹ́ Àtìlẹyìn ọ̀rẹ́ jẹ́ ìrànlọ́wọ́ láti
friends tender care rendered by family ọwọ ẹbí nígbà ìpọ́njú.
members during hard times.
664 Frozen plasma The clear yellowish fluid components Oje ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì Èyí ni ìgbéṣẹ̀ kíi oje ẹ̀jẹ̀, omi-
of blood, lymph, or milk which ara tàbí mílíkì dìpa.
become congealed into ice or cold.
665 Fruit bat Megabats constitute the suborder Àdán eléso Àdán eléso.
Megachiroptera, and its only
family Pteropodidae of the order
Chiroptera (bats). They are also
called fruit bats, Old World fruit bats,
or, especially the general Acerodon
and Pteropus, flying foxes.
666 Frutescens Capsicum frutescens is a species of Ata ìjọ̀sì Ata ìjọ̀sì amoùnjẹ dùn.
chili pepper that is sometimes
considered to be part of the species
Capsicum annuum.
667 Full Blood Count A blood test that measures the Àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó ṣe òdiwọ̀n irú
(FBC) following components in a sample of pípẹ́ ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó wà lára bíi hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
blood: red blood cells, white blood pupa, hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun. A tún
cells, platelets, and haemoglobin. A máa ṣé òdìwọ̀n ní ọ̀nà máàrún
full blood count (FBC) with differen- ẹ̀yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí a rí nínú
tial also measures the levels of the five ẹjẹ.
types of white blood cells found in
blood: neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
668 Functional An antibody that binds to an antigen Sójà ara asiṣẹ́ Sójà tó sopọ̀ mọ́ àjèjì
antibody and has an effect. For example, adáralóró tí ó ní ipa. Sójà ara
neutralizing antibodies inactivate HIV máa n ṣọ KASA di aláìlágbára
or prevent it from infecting other cells. tàbí ṣe ìdènà àti ṣe àkóbá fún
hóró.
669 Fundoscopy Fundoscopy is a test that allows a Ọ̀nà àgbàwò/ Àyẹ̀wò ọ̀nà ìwo ẹyinjú tí àwọn
health professional to see inside the ọ̀nà ìwo- akọ́ṣẹ́ nípa ìlera láti wo ẹyinjú
fundus of the eye and other structures ẹyinjú àti àwọn ìgbèsè míìràn nípa
using an ophthalmoscope (or lílo irinṣe. A n ṣe èyí ní àsìkò
funduscope). It is done as part of an àyẹ̀wò ojú tàbí ṣe àyẹ̀wò
eye examination and may be done as lórèkórè.
part of a routine physical examination.
670 Fungal nail Fungal nail infections often start after Ajekánná Jomijomi/ajèkáná bẹ̀ẹ̀rẹ̀ láti
infections a fungal infection on the feet. They ìkóràn osunwuuru ní atẹlẹsẹ̀.
occur more often in toenails than in Èyí máa n yọ lójú èkánná. Ó
fingernails. And they are most often wọ́pọ̀ lára àgbàlagbà.
seen in adults as they age.
671 Fungi Plural of fungus. Osunwuuru Osunwuuru tí ó ju ẹyọkan lọ.
672 Fungus This is a simple organism that lacks Osunwuuru Èyí ni oníye tí o ṣe aláìsán
the green pigment chlorophyll. ohun ayí àwọ̀ padà.
673 Fusion The first of seven steps in the HIV life Ìpapọ̀ Ìgbésẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ nínú méje
cycle. HIV binds to the CD4 receptor ìgbésí-ayé KASA. KASA a
and a coreceptor (either CCR5 or máa so mọ́ agbawọle CD4 àti
CXCR4) on the host cell, causing the olùgbàwọlé CCR5 àti CXCR4
viral envelope to fuse with the host cell lára hóhó àgbalejò. Ìtamọ́ yìí
membrane. This fusion allows HIV to fayègba KASA tú RNA àti
release HIV RNA and HIV enzymes, ẹńsáìmù rẹ̀ jáde
such as reverse transcriptase and
integrase, into the host cell.
674 Fusion inhibitor Antiretroviral (ARV) HIV drug class. Àdènà ìpapọ̀ Ọ̀wọ́ òògùn KASA. Adènà
Fusion inhibitors block the HIV ìpapọ̀ máa ń dí èèpo KASA
envelope from merging with the host lọ́wọ́ láti papọ̀ mọ́ hóró
cell membrane (fusion). This prevents agbàlejò. Èyí sì máa ń dènà
HIV from entering the host cell. KASA láti wọlé sára hóró
agbàlejò
675 Gamma interferon A T cell-derived stimulating substance Ẹ̀ yà hóró Kòkòrò T tí ó n ṣe àfikún fún
that suppresses virus reproduction, gamma àwọn ohun èròjà tí ó n ṣe
stimulates other T cells and activates àdínkù bá àtúnṣe kòkòrò sí
macrophage cells. hóró T mìíràn, kí i fún àwọn
ẹ̀yà ara nlá inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní agbára.
676 Gamma-Glutamyl An enzyme found in many organs in Ẹnsaimu Ẹńsáìmù tí à ń rí nínú ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀yà
Transpeptidase the body, including the liver. Gamma- GGT ara, pẹ̀lú ẹ̀dọ̀ fóró. Ẹńsáìmù
(GGT) glutamyl transpeptidase may be mea- GGT ni a lè se òdiwọ̀n rẹ̀ bíi
sured as part of a liver function test. ara ẹ̀yà àyẹ̀wò iṣẹ́ ẹ̀dọ̀-fóró
677 Ganglion A mass of nervous tissue composed Wíwú Àkójọ ìmọ̀lára ìṣù tí ó ní
principally of nerve-cell bodies, ìtagbùngùn ìmọ̀lára hóró ara, tí ó sábà máa
usually lying outside the central àṣàkóso n wà ní ààrin gbùngbùn

nervous system. ara ìmọ̀lára.
678 Garlic Allium sativum, commonly known as Ata ilẹ̀ Ata ilẹ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀yà ẹgbẹ́ àlùbọ́sà,
garlic, is a species in the onion genus, sálọ́ọ́tì, ewébẹ̀, amú oúnjẹ dùn
Allium. Its close relatives include the àti ràkíyò.
onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rakkyo.
679 Gasping To draw in breath with a sudden short Ìpọ̀kàkà (N) Gbígba èèmí kékeré tí a lè gbọ́
audible intake. ketekete.
680 Gastroenteritis Inflammation of any segment of the Wíwú ikùn Wíwú ikùn àti ìfun láti ẹnu sí
gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth àt’ìfun ojú ihò-ìdí.
to the anus.
681 Gastrointestinal Adjective referring collectively to the Ajẹmọ́ ikùn Àpèjúwe tí ó n tọ́kasí àpapọ̀
stomach and small and large intestine. àt’ìfun ikùn àti ìfun kékeré àti nlá.
682 Gay Relating to sexual attraction or activity Akọbáko ̣lò/ Ajẹmọ́ ìbálòpọ̀ ọkùnrin àti
among male partners. géè ọkùnrin.
683 Gene The basic unit capable of transmitting Ẹ̀ yọ́-ìran Hóró tí ó ṣíṣé ̣ kíkó àbúdá láti
characteristics from one generation to ìran kan sí òmíràn. Èyí ní
the next. It consists of a specific ìtọ̀lẹ́yìn DNA àti RNA tí ó jẹ́
sequence of DNA or RNA that àyè inú okùn ìran.
occupies a fixed position locus on a
chromosome.
684 Generic drug A drug that has the same active Òògùn Òògùn tí ó ní èròjà, ìgbésè,
ingredients, dosage, formulation, ajórúkọ ajọni ìsàkóso, agbára àti orúkọ ìlò
safety, strength, route of adminis- kan náà.
tration, quality, effectiveness, and
intended use as a brand-name drug.
685 Genetic Having to do with genes and genetic Ajẹmọ́ran Tí ó ní ṣe pẹ̀lú ẹ̀yọ́ -ìran àti
information. ìfitónilétí nípa jínnì.
686 Genetic Group of new research techniques that Iṣẹ́ ìwádìí Àkójọpọ̀ irinṣẹ́ ìwádìí tí óhún
engineering manipulate the DNA (genetic material) ajẹmọ́ran ṣe àyínìpadà àwọn ohun èròjà
of cells. The gene-splicing technique, jínnì ti hóró.
which produces recombinant DNA, is
a method of transporting selected
genes from one species to another.
687 Genital Pertaining to the external and/or Abẹ́ Ajẹmọ́ ìta ati inú/ eya-ara bíbí
internal organs of reproduction. ọmọ.
688 Genital herpes A sexually transmitted disease caused Ààrùn apísí Ààrùn àìsàn ìbálòpọ̀ tí ó wá
by the herpes simplex virus and herpes nípasè kòkòrò herpes, tí o n ṣe
affecting the genital and anal regions àkóbá fún abẹ́ áti ihò-ìdí pẹ̀lú
with painful blisters. ìléròrò tó nira.
689 Genital mutilation Female Genital Mutilation comprises Ìgékúgèé abẹ́ Ìgékúgèé abẹ́ ni ìgbésè ̣ yíyọ
all procedures that involve partial or apákan tàbí gbogbo ojú-abẹ́
total removal of the external female obìnrin, tàbí ṣe ìpalára sí ojú-
genitalia, or other injury to the abẹ́ obìnrin, tí kì í ṣe ìlànà
female genital organs for non-medical ìṣègùn.
reasons (WHO). It is also sometimes
referred to as female genital cutting
or female circumcision.
690 Genital ulcer Any of several diseases that are Egbò abẹ́ Ajẹmọ́ ààrùn egbò ojú-abẹ́.
characterized by genital sores. Genital Èyí máa ń wáyé nípa ààrùn
ulcers are usually sexually transmitted ìbálòpọ̀ pẹ̀lú ààrùn apisi
infections, including genital herpes herpes.
(herpes simplex virus 2 infection),
syphilis, and chancroid. Genital ulcer

diseases increase the risk of sexual
transmission of HIV.
691 Genital warts A sexually transmitted infection Wíwú ojú-ara Èyí a máa wáyé nípa ààrùn
caused by the human papilloma virus ìbálòpọ̀.
(HPV). Genital warts appear as raised
pink or flesh-coloured bumps on the
surface of the vagina, cervix, tip of the
penis, or anus.
692 Genitourinary All organs involved in the production Òpó ilé ìtọ̀ Gbogbo òpó ilé itọ̀ àti èyí tí ó
tract and excretion of urine plus all organs n ṣe àtúnṣe.
involved with reproduction. Organs of
the genitourinary tract include the
kidneys, bladder, fallopian tubes, and
penis.
693 Genome The complete genetic material of an Apó ẹ̀yọ́-ìran Gbogbo èròjà ajẹmábẹ́ ti
organism, including all of its genes. oníye, pẹ̀lú ẹ̀yọ́-ìran.
The genome is contained in a set of
chromosomes in humans, a single
chromosome in bacteria, and a DNA or
RNA molecule in viruses. The HIV
genome consists of an RNA molecule
and includes nine genes.
694 Genotypic A type of resistance test that detects Àyẹ̀wò Ẹ̀ ya ìjákulẹ̀ àtakò tó n ṣe
Antiretroviral drug-resistant mutations in HIV genes. GART/ ìdámọ̀ àtakò òògùn fún
Resistance Test Resistance testing is used to guide the Àyèwọ̀ fún ìyípadà ẹ̀yọ́-ìran KASA.
(GART) selection of an HIV regimen when afa-ìjákulè ̣
initiating or changing antiretroviral

therapy (ART).
695 Gentian violet Crystal violet or gentian violet is a Jẹ́ẹ́lú Jẹ́ẹ́lú ni a máa ń lò fi kun ojú
triarylmethane dye used as a egbò.
histological stain and in Gram’s
method of classifying bacteria.
696 Germinal centres Structures within lymphoid tissues that Ibùdó ìbísí Ọ̀nà láàrin ìmọ̀lára omi-ara tí
contain FDCs in which immune hóró ó ní FDCs ní èyí tí ìpìlẹ̀ṣẹ̀ èsì
responses are initiated. àjẹsára.
697 Giardiasis Infection of the intestine with a Àrunsu Ìkóràn tinú ikùn pẹ̀lú
flagellate protozoan, which causes pùròtósúà flagellate èyí tí ó n
diarrhoea and other symptoms. fa ìgbẹ́ gbuuru àti àìsàn
mìíràn.
698 Global Fund to This is an international financing Àjọ GFATM Àjọ káríayé tí ó ń wá àti/tàbí
Fight HIV/AIDs, organization that aims to attract and pèsè ìrànlọ́wọ́ gbígbóguntí àti
TB and Malaria disburse additional resources to títọ́jú KASA àti ìsọdọ̀lẹ
(GFATM) prevent and treat HIV and AIDS, àjẹsára, ikọ́-ife àti ibà.
tuberculosis and malaria.
699 Glycoprotein A conjugated protein in which the non- Ẹ̀ yà purotéènì Àfibọ̀ purotéénì ní èyí tí àwọn
protein group is a carbohydrate (i.e. a onísúgà aláìní àkojọpọ̀ purotéénì jẹ́
sugar molecule); also called aadùn ara.
glucoprotein.
700 Glycoprotein 120 Glycoprotein 120, a protein that Ẹ̀ yà purotéènì Ẹ̀ yà purotéénì onísúúgà 120 tí
protrudes from the surface of HIV and onísúgà 120 ó ní àfibọ̀ àwọn aadùn ara ní
binds to CD4+ T cells. pèpele KASA tí ó rọ̀mọ́ sójà
ìdábòbo 4.
701 Glycoprotein 160 Glycoprotein 160, a precursor of HIV Ẹ̀ yà purotéènì Ẹ̀ yà purotéénì onísúúgà 160 tí
envelope proteins gp41 and gp120. onísúgà 160 ó ní àfibọ̀ èèpo KASA
onípurotéénì gp41 àti gp120.
702 Glycoprotein 41 Glycoprotein 41, a protein embedded Ẹ̀ yà purotéènì Ẹ̀ yà purotéénì onísúúgà 41 tí ó
in the outer envelope of HIV. Plays a onísúgà 41 ní àfibọ̀ èèpo KASA. A máa
key role in HIV's infection of CD4+ T ṣe iṣẹ́ pàtàkì fún ìkóràn KASA
cells by facilitating the fusion of the ti sójà ìdábòbo 4 pẹ̀lú àwọn
viral and the cell membranes. hóró nípa ṣíṣe ìjìpọ̀ kòkòrò àti
ìwọ̀ hóró.
703 Goat Any of various ruminants of the genus Ewúrẹ́ Èyíkèyí nínú ẹ̀dà ẹranko tí ó ní
capra related to the sheep. ẹnu èyí tí ó ni ìjẹmọ́ àgùntàn.
704 Gonorrhoea A sexually transmitted bacterial Àtọ̀sí Ààrùn ìbálòpọ̀ tí o n fa ààrùn
disease that causes inflammation of the bateria tí ó n fa ìwọ̀ ikun abẹ́
genital mucous membrane, burning wíwú, tí ó máa n fa ìrora tí a
pain when urinating, and a discharge. báa n tọ̀.
It is caused by a gonococcus
bacterium.
705 Gorilla The largest ape, with a relatively short Ìnàkí Ọ̀bọ tí o nípọn pẹ̀lú irun
but very powerful body and coarse sákisàki ní gbogbo ara, ó kéré
dark hair. ṣùgbọ́n ó kún fún agbára.
706 Gowns A gown, from medieval Latin gunna, Kaba Aṣọ tí o síngbọnlẹ̀ tí obìnrin
is a usually loose outer garment from àti ọkùnrin máa n wọ̀ ní
knee- to full-length worn by men and Europe ni ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ sẹ́ńtúrì 17 tí
women in Europe from the early wọn si tí ń wọ ni àsànyàn-iṣẹ
Middle Ages to the 17th century, and kan; láìpẹ kabaádi ohun ti
continuing today in certain àwọn obinrin n wọ pẹ̀lú yẹ̀rì.
professions; later, gown was applied to
any full-length woman’s garment
consisting of a bodice and

attached skirt.
707 Gram & Wright Wright’s stain is a histologic stain that Aaró Gram Aaró Gram Wright máa n ṣe
Stain facilitates the differentiation of blood Wright àlékún bá ìyàsọ́tọ̀ àwọn ẹ̀yà
cell types. It is classically a mixture hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀.
of eosin (red) and methylene
blue dyes. It is used primarily to
stain peripheral blood smears and bone
marrow aspirates which are examined
under a light microscope.
708 Granulocyte A cell type of the immune system Hóró ẹ́jẹ̀ Ẹ̀ yà hóró àjẹsára pẹ̀lú ata ẹ̀jẹ̀
filled with granules of toxic chemicals funfun alámì funfun alámì jẹ́ èyí tí o n fọ́
that enable them to digest ẹyawuuru sí wẹ́wẹ́.
microorganisms.
709 Granulocyte- A protein that stimulates neutrophils, Ata hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Purotéénì tí ó lọ́wọ́ nínú ẹ̀yà
colony stimulating which are a type of white blood cell, to funfun alámì hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun láti sọ ọ́ di
factor (G-CSF) multiply and mature. A laboratory- jí púpọ̀ kí ó sì lè gbó dáadáa.
produced version of this protein is
used to boost a low neutrophil count.
710 Granulocytopenia A deficiency or abnormal decrease in Àìtó hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àìtó tàbí àdínkù aláìbójúmu
the number of granulocytes, a type of funfun alámì iye hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun. Àìtó hóró
white blood cell. Granulocytopenia ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun alámì lè wáyé nípa
may be caused by certain bone marrow lílo àwọn òògùn KASA kan.
diseases, chemotherapy, or certain
drugs used to treat HIV and
opportunistic infections.
711 Green amaranth Amaranthus, collectively known Ẹ̀ fọ́ tẹ̀tẹ̀ Ẹ̀ fọ́ tẹ̀tẹ̀ jẹ́ ohun ọ̀gbìn tí ó lè ti
as amaranth, is a cosmopolitan genus ilẹ̀ wù.
of annual or short-lived perennial
plants. Some amaranth species are
cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudo
cereals, and ornamental plants.
712 Grief This is a multifaceted response to loss, Ìbànújẹ́ Èyí ni ìyàsọ́tọ̀ èsì sí pípadánù
particularly to the loss of someone or nǹkan pàápàá èyí tí a ní ìrẹ́pọ̀
something that has died, to which a kíkún sí.
bond or affection was formed.
Although conventionally focused on
the emotional response to loss, it also
has physical, cognitive, behavioural,
social, and philosophical dimensions.
713 Guava tree Guavas are common tropical fruits Igi guafa Èyí wọ́pọ̀ ní ìwọ̀-oorùn ní
cultivated and enjoyed in many àwọn agbèègbè kan.
tropical and subtropical regions.
714 Guillian-Barre A rare acute neurological disorder in Àìsàn GBS Ògidì àìsàn ọpọlọ tí ètò
Syndrome (GBS) which the immune system mistakenly àjẹsára sèsì dójúkọ ètò
attacks part of the peripheral nervous ìmọ̀lára. Ó sábà máa ń pa ìbò
system. Guillain-Barré Syndrome ìmọ̀lára lọ́nà àti sọ ọ́ di akúrẹtẹ̀
(GBS) primarily destroys the myelin
that covers the peripheral nerves,
causing the nerve signals to slow
down. This damage can result in
weakness and sometimes paralysis of
the legs, arms, face, and breathing
muscles.
715 Guilt Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional Ẹ̀ bi Ẹ̀ bi jẹ́ ìrírí ìmọ̀ tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà
experience that occurs when a person tí ènìyàn bá mọ ẹ̀bi ní ẹ̀bi,
realizes or believes − accurately or not tàbí gbàgbọ́ ní tòótọ́ tàbí ṣe
− that he or she has compromised his aláìgbàgbọ́ pé ènìyàn náà ti kọ
or her own standards of conduct or has ẹṣẹ̀ agẹ̀rẹ̀.
violated a moral standard and bears
significant responsibility for that
violation. It is closely related to the
concept of remorse.
716 Gushing of blood The flow out of blood rapidly and in Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ yíya Yíya ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, tàbí
large quantities, or the release of large ìdàsílẹ̀ ẹ̀jẹ̀.
quantities of a blood in a fast-flowing
stream.
717 Gynecomastia Development of larger-than-normal Ìgúnyàn Ìgúnyàn ní igbá àyà
breasts in males. Gynecomastia is due ọmọkùnrin.
to excess growth of breast tissue, not
fat tissue. Gynecomastia is sometimes
caused by natural hormonal changes,
but it can also be due to use of certain
medications, including antiretroviral
(ARV) drugs.
718 HAART The use of multiple drugs that act on Àlòpapò ̣ ò ̣pò ̣ Èyí ní ìlànà lílo ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀
different viral targets is known as òògùn KASA òògùn tí ó n siṣẹ́ ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ fún
highly active antiretroviral therapy ìdojúkọ KASA. Àlòpapò ̣ yìí a
(HAART). HAART decreases the máa ṣe àdínkù bá gbogbo
patient’s total burden of HIV, ìs ̣òro aláìsàn nípasè ̣ KASA, a
maintains function of the immune sì máa ṣe ìtọ́jú àjẹsára. A sì

system, and prevents opportunistic tún máa dènà àwọn ààrùn tí ó
infections that often lead to death. lè yọrí sí ikú láti wọ inú ara.
719 Haematologist Someone that studies blood and blood- Onímọ̀ nípa Ẹni tí ó kọ́ ẹ̀kọ̀ nípa ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti
forming tissues and the disorders ẹ̀jẹ̀ àìyẹ tí ó rọ̀ mó ̣ o ̣.
associated with them.
720 Haematology The study of blood and blood-forming Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti àìyẹ tí ó rọ̀ mó ̣
tissues and the disorders associated ọ.
with them.
721 Haemoglobin An iron-containing protein in red Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ìmọ̀lára ìrìn tí ó ní purotéénì
blood cells that transports oxygen agbẹ̀mí nínú àwọn hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa tí ó n
around the blood. gbé atẹ́gùn ní àyíká ẹ̀jẹ̀.
722 Haemophilia A disorder linked to a recessive gene Àìsàn àìdì ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àìyẹ tí ó ní àpọ̀jù ẹyọ́-ìran lóri
on the X-chromosome and occurring okun-ìran-X, tí ó máa n ṣẹlẹ̀ sí
almost exclusively in men and boys, in okùnrin tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì a máa kéré
which the blood clots much more ju bí ó ti yẹ lọ.
slowly than normally, resulting in
extensive bleeding from even minor
injuries.
723 Haemophilus This is associated with acute and Kòkòrò Ó jẹmọ́ ògidì àti kòkòrò òfìkìn
influenza chronic respiratory infections and is a ọ̀fìnkìn líle, tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀nà kíkó ọ̀fìkìn.
common cause of influenza infections.
724 Haemorrhage The loss of blood from a ruptured Ìsùn ẹ̀jẹ̀ Pípàdánù ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti ibi ìyapa ìsùn
blood vessel, either internally or ẹ̀jẹ̀, yálà ní inú tàbí ìta.
externally.
725 Haemostasis Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process Ìdẹ́jẹ̀dúró Èyí ni ìgbéṣẹ̀ dídá ẹ̀jẹ̀ dúró sí
which causes bleeding to stop, ojú òpó kan-náà.
meaning to keep blood within a

damaged blood vessel (the opposite of
hemostasis is haemorrhage). It is the
first stage of wound healing. This
involves coagulation − blood changing
from a liquid to a gel.
726 Hair loss Hair loss is the condition of falling off Irun ríre Irun ríre jẹ́ ni ipò kí i irun máa
of hair from one's head. já lórí ènìyàn.
727 Hairy leukoplakia A whitish, slightly raised lesion that Jẹjẹrẹ onírun Ohun funfun tí ó máa n yọ ní
appears on the side of the tongue. ẹ̀gbẹ́ ahó ̣n, tí ó jẹmọ́ ìkó ààrùn
Thought to be related to Epstein-Barr kòkòrò. Àkíyèsí rè ̣ kò sí s ̣áájú
virus infection, it was not observed àjàkálẹ̀ KASA.
before the HIV epidemic.
728 Half-life The time it takes a drug to lose half Ìdajì ipa Ìdajì ipa òògùn nínú ara nígbà
its original concentration or activity òògùn tí a lò ó sínú ara.
after being introduced into the body.
Drug half-life is considered when
determining drug dosing.
729 Hand gloves A shaped covering for the hand that Ìbọ̀wọ́ Ìbọ̀wọ́ jẹ́ ohun tí ó ní awẹ́
includes five separated sections for the márùn-ún fún ojú ìka ọrùn
thumb and fingers, and extends to the ọwọ́ kọ̀kan, tí ó sì gùn dé o ̣rùn
wrist or the elbow. ọwó ̣ tàbi ìgúnpá.
730 Handshake A gesture of gripping and shaking Bíbọwọ́ Ìṣesí títẹ̀ mọ́lẹ̀ àti bíbọ ẹnikejì
another person’s hand, used as a lọ́wọ́ fún ìkínni ìdágbére tàbí
greeting or farewell and to seal an ìfohùnsọ̀kan.
agreement.
731 Hantavirus Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Kòkòrò hanta Ògidì àìsàn ìpọ́njú ìpòyídà nlá.
732 Harm reduction Harm reduction (or harm Àdínkù ewu Àdínkù ewu ni iye ìmúlò ìlera
minimization) is a range of public àwùjọ tí a n lò láti ṣe àdínkù
health policies designed to reduce the bá ìpalára tí ó jẹmọ́ ìhùwàsí
harmful consequences associated with ènìyàn yálà ní abẹ́ òfin tàbí èyí
various human behaviours, both legal tí kò bófin mu.
and illegal.
733 HCT register These are confidential records where Ìforúkọsílẹ̀ Ìgbékalẹ̀ ìwé ìràntí tí a n kọ
clients information are recorded. HCT ọ̀rọ̀ nípa àwọn aláìsàn sí.
734 HCT worksheet These are worksheets that may assist Ìwé ètò iṣẹ́ Èyí ni àwọn ìwé ètò iṣẹ́ tí ó n
centres in determining which diseases HCT ran àwọn ibùdó lọ́wọ́ lọ́nà àti
or conditions to report. mọ irú ààrùn tàbí ipò tí wọn
yóò jábọ̀ fún.
735 Headache A pain felt deep within the skull. Most Ẹ̀ fọ́rí Ìrora láti inú agbárí. Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀fọ́rí
headaches are caused by emotional ní ó n wá láti ipaṣẹ̀ wàhálà tàbí
stress or fatigue but some are àìlera, ṣùgbọ́n, ní ọ̀pọ̀ ìgbà, ó
symptoms of serious intracranial jẹ́ àmì àìsàn inú ọpọlọ.
disease.
736 Healing The process of curing somebody or Ìwòsàn Ìlànà ìwòsàn àìsàn àti ṣíṣe
something or of becoming well. ìmúláradá
737 Health care The provision of medical and related Ìtọ́jú Ìpèsè ìtọ́jú ìlera pipe páàpáà
services aimed at maintaining good ajẹmọ́lera jùlọ fún ìdíwọ́ fún ìdènà àti
health, especially through the ìtọ́jú.
prevention and treatment of diseases.
738 Health education Persuasive methods used to encourage Ẹ̀ kọ́ ìlera Ìlànà ìyípadà tí a n lò láti gba
people (either individually or ènìyàn ní ìyànjú, ní èyí tí
collectively) to adopt lifestyles that àwọn olùdánilẹ́kọ̀ gbàgbọ́ pé ó

educators believe will improve health lè mú àtúnṣe bá ìlera àti pé kí i
and to reject habits regarded as a lè kọ ìwà ìpalára sí ìlera tó lè
harmful to health or likely to shorten gé ayé ènìyàn kúrú ní àìròtẹ́lẹ̀.
life expectancy.
739 Health Resources A public health service agency that Ìṣàkóso iṣẹ́ àti Àjọ HRSA tí ó n ṣe àmójútó
and Services administers (among others) education ètò ìrànlọ́wọ́ ètò ẹ̀kọ́ fún àwo ̣n as ̣ètó ̣jú
Administration and training programmes for health àwọn tí ó n gbé pẹ̀lú ààrùn
(HRSA) care providers and community service ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára àti KASA.
workers who care for AIDS patients.
HRSA also administers programmes
to demonstrate how communities can
organize their health care resources to
develop an integrated, comprehensive
system of care for those with AIDS
and HIV infection.
740 Health workers Health workers are persons employed Òsìṣẹ́ ìlera Òsìṣẹ́ ìlera ni àwọn tí ó n siṣẹ́
by public health agencies. lábẹ́ àjọ ìlera gbogboogbò.
741 Hearing problem Hearing loss, also known as hearing Ìsòro ìgbọ́/ Àìlegbọ̀ dáadáa tàbí ìsòro ìgbọ́
impairment, or anacusis, is a partial or àgbọ́ya yálà díẹ̀díẹ̀ tàbí rárá. À n pe
total inability to hear. An affected irú wọn ní adití.
person may be described as hard of
hearing.
742 Heart disease Any medical condition of the heart or Ààrùn rùnn Ipò tí ọkàn wà tàbí òpó ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó
the blood vessels supplying it that n fa ìfàsé ̣hìn ìṣẹ́ àìsàn ọkàn.
impairs cardiac functioning.
743 Heart to heart Openly straightforward and direct Ọkàn sí ọkàn Ọ̀nà kí ènìyàn ní inú sí ẹnìkejì
without reserve or secretiveness. rẹ̀, ní àìní iyè méjì.
744 Heart transplant To transfer an organ or tissue from one Pípàrọ̀ ọkàn Pípàrọ̀ ẹ̀yà ara tàbí ìṣù láti ara
body to another or from one place in ẹnìkan sí ẹlòmíràn.
somebody's body to another.
745 HELLP syndrome A rare but life-threatening Àìsàn HELLP Ìnira ipò oyún tí ó lè mú ẹ̀mí
complication of pregnancy that is dáni ní pípa hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀; èyí tí ń
characterized by Hemolysis ṣe ìgbéga ẹńsáìmù ẹ̀dọ̀-fóró àti
(breakdown of red blood cells), òǹkà hóró.
elevated liver enzyme levels, and a low
platelet count. HELLP develops late in
pregnancy, or sometimes after birth.
746 Helminth infection An infection by a helminth is known as Ìkóràn aràn Ìkóràn aràn jẹ́ ààrùn tí n ràn
helminthiasis, soil-transmitted tàbí ekòló inú.
helminthiasis, helminth infection or
intestinal worm infection.
747 Helper/Suppressor The T-Lymphocyte Helper/Suppressor Ìdá sójà Hóró T jẹ́ hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí ó
ratio Profile (Helper/Suppressor ratio, ìdáàbòbò n ṣe àkóso nínú ètò àjẹsára
T4:T8 ratio, CD4:CD8 ratio) is a basic kẹ́rin sí ìkẹjọ̀ ara.
laboratory test in which the percentage
of CD3-positive lymphocytes in the
blood positive for CD4 (T helper cells)
and CD8 (a class of regulatory T cells)
are counted and compared.
748 Hematocrit A laboratory test that measures the Ìwọ̀n hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àyẹ̀wò tí ó ń ṣe òdiwọ̀n iye
volume of red blood cells in whole pupa hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa nínú gbogbo ẹ̀jẹ̀
blood. Hematocrit is normally ordered ní yàrá àyẹ̀wò.
as part of a complete blood count.
749 Hematotoxic Poisonous to the blood and to the Oró inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ Oró inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti ìsù níbi ìpèsè
organs and tissues involved in the ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa, gbogbo ẹ̀jẹ̀ bí i
production of blood, such as the bone mùdùnmúdùn.
marrow.
750 Hematuria Blood in the urine. The use of certain Ìtọ̀ ẹ̀jẹ̀ Tí a bá a n lo òògùn KASA, ó
antiretroviral (ARV) drugs may cause lè fa ìtọ̀ ẹ̀jẹ̀.
hematuria.
751 Hemolysis The rupture of red blood cells (or the Ìrun hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ìrun hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa.
destruction of red blood cells). pupa
752 Hepatic Pertaining to the liver. Ajẹmédò
̣ ̣ Ajẹmọ́ ẹ̀dọ̀
753 Hepatitis A viral inflammatory process and Ààrùn Kòkòrò ìkóràn àrùn ẹ̀dọ̀ wíwú.
inflection of the liver. jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B
754 Hepatitis B Hepatitis B, caused by infection with Ampatitis B, Jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B tí ó wá láti ipasè
co-infection the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is kòkòrò jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B. A lè ko
most commonly passed on to a partner láti ara ìbálòpọ̀ pàápàá ìbálòpọ̀
during intercourse, especially during ojú ihò- ìdí, àti nípa lílo abẹ́rẹ́
anal sex, as well as through sharing kannáà.
drug needles.
755 Hepatitis B This test looks for hepatitis B surface Àyẹ̀wò ààrùn Àyẹ̀wò ààrùn jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B olójú
Surface antigen antigens in the blood. jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B àjèjì adáralóró.
test (HBsAg) olójú àjèjì
adáralóró
756 Hepatitis C Inflammation of the liver due to the Jẹdọjẹdọ C Ẹ̀ dọ̀ wíwú nítorí àìsàn hóró
hepatitis C virus. amúẹ̀mídání ẹ̀dọ̀ wíwú.
757 Hepatitis C Non-A, non-B hepatitis, caused by the Jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ C Àìsí A, àìsí jẹdọjẹdọ B tí ó wá
co-infection hepatitis C virus, which appears to be amú-ẹ̀mí-dání láti ìpaṣẹ̀ kòkòrò jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ C,
spread through sexual contact as well A lè ko láti ara ìbálòpọ̀ pàápàá
as through sharing drug needles. ìbálòpọ̀ ojú ihò-ìdí, àti nípa
lílo abẹ́rẹ́ kannáà.
758 Hepatomegaly Abnormal enlargement of the liver. Ẹ̀ dọ̀ wíwú Àìda ẹ̀dọ̀ wíwú.
759 Hepatotoxicity Toxic damage to the liver. Drugs, Ìdíbàjẹ́ ẹ̀dọ̀ Oró tí ó ń ba ẹ̀dọ̀ jẹ́. Òògùn
including antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, KASA gan lè fa jẹjẹrẹ ẹ̀dọ̀.
can cause hepatotoxicity.
760 Hereditary Passed genetically, or capable of being Àjogúnbá Ohun àjogúnbá láti ìran kan sí
passed genetically, from one òmíràn.
generation to the next.
761 Herpes Simplex An infection caused by herpes simplex Ìkóràn HSV 1 Ìkóràn HSV 1 ti isan ara wíwú
Virus 1 (HSV-1) virus 1 (HSV-1) and usually associated bíi ètè, ẹnu àti ojú. Ìtọ́jú kìí
Infection with lesions on the lips, mouth, and sábà mú HSV 1 kúrò nínú ara
face. HSV-1 is infected (even if lesions ṣùgbọ́n òògùn apa kòkòrò lè
are not visible). Treatment cannot ṣe àdínkù ewu kíkóràn rẹ̀.
completely clear HSV-1 from the
body, but antiviral therapy can shorten
and prevent outbreaks and reduce the
risk of transmission.
762 Herpes Simplex An infection caused by herpes simplex Ìkóràn HSV 2 Ìkóràn HSV-2 ti isan ara wíwú
Virus 2 (HSV-2) virus 2 (HSV-2) and usually associated ti ètè, ẹnu àti ojú, ìtọ́jú kìí sábà
infection with lesions in the genital or anal area. mú HSV- 2 kúrò nínú ara
HSV-2 is very contagious and is ṣùgbọ́n òògùn apa kòkòrò lè
transmitted by sexual contact with ṣe àdínkù èwu ìkóràn rẹ̀.
someone who is infected (even if
lesions are not visible). Treatment
cannot eradicate HSV-2 from the

body, but antiviral therapy can shorten
and prevent outbreaks and reduce the
risk of transmission.
763 Herpes varicella The varicella virus causes chicken pox Kòkòrò Kòkòkò yìí a máa fa ìgbóna
zoster virus in children and may reappear in adults ìgbóná lára ọmọ wẹ́wẹ́, a máa fa
as herpes zoster. Also called shingles, herpes zoster lára àwọn
herpes zoster consists of very painful àgbàlagbà.
blisters on the skin that follow nerve
pathways.
764 Herpes virus A family of viruses. Herpes also refers Kòkòrò Ọ̀kan lára ẹbí kòkòrò. Herpes
to infection with one of the human herpes tún ni ọ̀kan lára ìkóràn kòkòrò
herpes viruses and characterized by herpes tí ó ní àbùdá àkójọpọ̀
collections of small blister. ìléròrò kékèké.
765 Heterosexual The pattern of sexuality in which Ìbálòpọ̀ Irú ìbálòpọ̀ ní èyí tí ìwà
sexual behaviour and thinking are takọtabo ìbálòpọ̀ àti èrò ọkàn ènìyàn
directed towards people of the opposite darí sí ara enìkejì.Yálà
sex. It includes both normal and ṣíṣedéédé tàbí àìṣíṣedéédé irú
deviant forms of sexual activity. eré géle yìí láàárin wọn.
766 Hiccups This is an involuntary spasm of the Ìsúkè Èyí jẹ́ ohun àìfẹ́ tí máa n mú
diaphragm and respiratory organs, with inú gìrì pẹ̀lú ìmísínú àti
a sudden closure of the glottis and a ìmísíta.
characteristic gulping sound.
767 High blood Unusually high blood pressure in the Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ ríru Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ ríru inú òpó ẹ̀jẹ̀ ńlá ní
pressure arteries. It encompasses a typical òrèkórè. Ó jẹ́mọ́ ìgbèrú ọkàn
elevation of either the peak blood tàbí àyà jíjá
pressure at each heartbeat systolic
pressure, or the running pressure

between heart beats diastolic pressure,
or both.
768 High blood sugar High blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, is Àpọ̀jù súgà Àpọ̀jù súgà ẹ̀jẹ̀ ni óń ṣe àkóbá
a major concern, and can affect people ẹ̀jẹ̀ fún ẹni tí ó ní ìtọ súgà ẹ̀yà 1
with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. àti 2.
769 High fever High fever is an abnormally increased Ibà líle Ibà líle jẹ́ àìdà tí n ṣe àlékún
body temperature. ìbá ara gbígbóná.
770 High risk Behaviours that are most likely to lead Ìwùwàsí to Ìwà tí ó n yọrí sí ìkóràn
behaviour to infection: unprotected sex (anal, léwu ìbálòpọ̀ aláìláàbò páàpáà ní
vaginal, sometimes oral); using ojú ihò-ìdí àti nǹkan ojú ara
contaminated needles/sharing syringes; obìnrin.
coming in ultimate contact with bodily
fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluids,
and sometimes saliva).
771 High risk group A group in the community with an Ẹgbẹ́ eléwu Àkójọpọ̀ ẹgbẹ́ agbèègbè tí ó n
elevated risk of disease. kàn-àn-jàn gbé ewu ààrùn.
772 Histocompatibility A method of matching the self Àyẹ̀wò Ọ̀nà ìbáramu ti àjèjì adáralóró
testing antigens on the tissues of a transplant ìbáramu lórí ìṣù adálóri olùfúnni àti
donor with those of a recipient. The ìmọ̀lára ara olùgbà
closer the match, the better the chances
that the transplant will not be rejected.
773 Histoplasmosis A disease caused by the fungus Àìsàn Àìsàn tí ó wá láti ipasẹ̀
Histoplasma capsulatum. Most itopilasima osunwuuru ìmọ̀lára-ara ẹ̀jẹ̀.
people inhale the spores of the fungus Ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn ni ó ní kòkòrò
Histoplasma capsulation. ìfisímú osunwuuru ìmọ̀lára-ara
ẹ̀jẹ̀.
774 HIV associated A word used for people who have a Ìdínkù agbára Ọ̀rọ̀ tí a n lò fún àdínkù agbára
disease decreased ability to fight infection. ìkóràn ajẹmọ́ láti kojú ìkóràn. Àwọn tí ó n
People with HIV or AIDS are KASA gbé pẹ̀lú KASA tàbí ààrùn
immunosuppressed because their CD4 ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára ní ó n ṣe
cells are decreased by the virus. People àdínkù bá àjẹsára lórí sójà
being treated for cancers may be ìdábòòbò 4 tí adínkù bá.
immunosuppressed because of drugs
they are given to fight the cancer.
775 HIV associated HIV-associated nephropathy Kídìrín àjẹmọ́ Kídìrín ajẹmọ́ KASA jẹ́ ààrùn
nephropathy (HIVAN) refers to kidney disease KASA tí ó ní i ṣe pẹ̀lú ìkóràn KASA.
(HIVAN) developing in association with
HIV infection.
776 HIV client This is a person who receives help or OníKASA Èyí ni àwọn ènìyàn tó n gba
advice about his/her status of HIV ìmọ̀ràn nípa ìlera KASA lọ́wọ́
from health practitioners. àwọn akọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ ìlera.
777 HIV clinic These are clinics that provide Ilé ìgba òògùn Èyí ni àwọn ilé tí àwọn
medical care to patients infected KASA oníKASA tó ń gba òògùn máa
with HIV/AIDS. ń lọ.
778 HIV disease Characterized by a gradual Ààrùn KASA Mímú iṣẹ́ àjẹsára dínkù. Ní
deterioration of immune function. àsìkò ìkóràn, àwọn hóró
During the course of infection, crucial àjẹsára lórí sójà ìdábòòbò 4 +
immune cells called CD4+ T cells are hóró T di àìlókun tí a pa.
disabled and killed, and their numbers
progressively decline. CD4+ T cells
play a crucial role in the immune
response, signalling other cells in the
immune system to perform their

special functions.
779 HIV drug This is the ability of HIV to mutate Ìtakò KASA Èyí ni agbára KASA láti gbèrú
resistance and reproduce itself in the presence of sí òògùn sí i níwájú òògùn apa KASA.
(HIVDR) antiretroviral drugs.
780 HIV drugs Drugs for HIV patients. Òògùn KASA Àwọn òògùn tí a n fún àwọn tí
n gbẹ́ pẹ̀lú KASA.
781 HIV Brain inflammation and disorder Ààrùn ọpọlọ Ààrùn ọpọlọ tí ìkóràn KASA ń
encephalopathy caused by HIV infection. àjẹmọ́ KASA fà.
782 HIV exposed These are babies that their parents are Ọmọ olóbìí Èyí ni àwọn ọmọ tí òbí wọn ń
babies HIV positive. KASA gbé pẹ̀lú KASA.
783 HIV incidence HIV incidence is the number of new Ònkà ìsẹ̀lẹ̀ Èyí jẹ́ ònkà ìkóràn tuntun
HIV infections in a population during tuntun KASA KASA láàárìn àwọn olùgbé ní
a certain time period. àsìkò kan pàtó.
784 HIV infection Invasion of the body by harmful Ìkóràn KASA Gbígbógun ti ara nípa àwọn
organisms (pathogens), such as HIV. ohun àbẹ̀mí eléwu bíi KASA.
785 HIV load A count of the amount of HIV virus in Ònkà kòkòrò Ìwọ́n òǹkà kòkòrò KASA nínú
the blood. It is measured in copies per KASA ẹ̀jẹ̀. À ǹ ṣe òdiwọ̀n wọn nípa
millilitre and gives an idea of how ìdá ọ̀kẹ́ lítà tí ó ń fi oye kòkòrò
active the virus is. hàn
786 HIV medication A drug used to treat HIV virus. Òògùn KASA Èyì ni àwọn òògùn tí à ń lò
fún ìtọ́jú kòkòrò KASA.
787 HIV negative Having taken a test that revealed no Aláìní KASA Ẹni tí àyẹ̀wò fihàn pé kó ní
antibodies to HIV in the bloodstream. ààrùn KASA nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
788 HIV patient This is a person who is living with OníKASA Èyí ni ẹni tí ó n gbé pẹ̀lú
HIV virus. KASA.
789 HIV positive Having shown by a test for antibodies OníKASA/ Ẹni tí àyẹ̀wò fihàn pé ó ní
to HIV in the bloodstream to be Alárùn KASA kòkòrò KASA nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
infected with HIV.
790 HIV positive These are people that have been tested OníKASA Ẹni tí àyẹ̀wò fihàn pé ó ní
people for antibodies to HIV in the kòkòrò KASA nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
bloodstream.
791 HIV prevention An action or actions taken to stop an Ìdẹ́kun KASA Àwọn ọ̀nà tí ènìyàn n gbà láti
individual from contracting HIV or to ṣe ìdíwọ́ kíkó kòkòrò KASA
stop HIV from happening. tàbí ṣe ìdádúró ìtànkálẹ̀ rẹ̀.
792 HIV screening Looks for antibodies to HIV in the Àyẹ̀wò KASA Ìlànà wíwo àwọn sójà ara sí
blood or mouth fluid. (Antibodies do KASA nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbí oje ẹnu.
not cause diseases. You cannot get Sójà ara kií fa ààrùn. A kò lè
HIV from spit that does not have blood kó KASA lára itọ́ láìláì jẹ́ pé ó
in it.) It can take up to six months for ní ẹ̀jẹ̀ nínú. A lè gbà á tó osù
HIV antibodies to form after someone mẹ́fà fún sójà ara láti kórajọ
has been exposed to HIV. If there is lẹ́yìn tí ènìyàn bá ti fi ara
worry that someone has been newly hànde sí KASA.
infected, a viral load may be drawn.
793 HIV sensitive The protection of health workers that Ìdáàbòbò Ààbò tí ó wà fún àwọn òsìṣẹ́
protection deals with HIV patients. òsìṣẹ́ KASA ìlera tí ó n ṣe ìtọ́jú àwọn tí n
gbé pẹ̀lú KASA.
794 HIV status Whether a person has HIV infection or Ipò KASA Bóyá ènìyàn ní ìkóràn KASA
not. tàbí kò ní.
795 HIV test A test for the human immuno- Ìfimúlẹ̀ KASA Àyẹ̀wò fún KASA, èyí tó n
deficiency virus, the cause of AIDS. yọrí sí ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
796 HIV Testing HIV testing services (HTS) include the Iṣẹ́ àyẹ̀wò Èyí ni gbogbo iṣẹ́ tó ni ṣe pẹ̀lú
Services (HTS) full range of services that should be KASA àyẹ̀wò KASA.
provided together with HIV testing.
797 HIV transmission This is an act of getting HIV through Ìkóràn KASA Èyí jẹ́ ọ̀nà tí a n gbà kó KASA
sex or other means. nípaṣe ìbálòpọ̀ àti àwọn ọ̀nà
mìíràn.
798 HIV wasting A person with HIV wasting syndrome Àìsàn gbígbẹ Ẹni tí ó ní àìsàn gbígbẹ KASA
syndrome loses at least 10 per cent of their body àjẹmọ́ KASA máa ń sọ ìwọ́n mẹ́wàá nínú
weight and has at least 30 days of títóbi ara láàárín ọgbọ̀n ọjọ́ èyí
either diarrhoea or weakness and fever. tí ìgbẹ́ gbuuru, rírẹ̀ tàbí ibà lè
A person with HIV-associated wasting fà. Ẹni tí o ni àìsan gbígbẹ
is considered to have AIDS. Severe ajẹmọ́ KASA ni a kà sí pe ó
loss of weight and muscle, or lean ni ààrùn àjẹsára. Ọpọ ìpàdánù
body mass, leads to muscle weakness ìwúwo ara tàbí ìṣàn tàbí tínrín
and organ failure. máa n yọrí sí ìṣèmẹ́lé ìsan tàbí
àìsiṣẹ́ ẹ̀yà ara.
799 HIV work This is an act of providing avenues that Ìlànà ìdékun Èyí ni ọ̀nà wíwá ìlànà àti
planning can prevent one from getting HIV. KASA dẹ́kun kíkó KASA.
800 HIV/AIDS The Division of AIDS (DAIDS) was Abala ìṣàkóso Ètò yìí wà fún ìlànà ìwádìí láti
Division (HAD) formed in 1986 to develop and àjákálè ̣ KASA kojú KASA àti ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
implement the national research àti ààrùn àjẹsára àti ìkúnpá aáyan
agenda to address the HIV/AIDS ìṣọdọ̀lẹ káriayé.
epidemic. Towards that end, the àjẹsára
division supports a global research
portfolio on HIV/AIDS, its related
co-infections, and co-morbidities.
801 HIV/AIDS Fund This is a foundation that is Ìnáwó KASA Àjọ tó n pèsè ìrànwọ́ owó fún
(HAF) contributing to the reduction of HIV àti ààrùn àdínkù ìkóràn KASA ní
infection in Nigeria especially HIV ìṣọdọ̀lẹ Nigeria pàápàá ìdènà KASA
prevention activities among people àjẹsára láàrin àwọn tó n gbé pẹ̀lú
living with HIV. KASA.
802 HIV/AIDS The HIV/AIDS Programme Ètò adálórí Ètò adálórí ìgbógunti KASA
Programme Sustainability Analysis Tool ìgbógunti àti ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára ni àjọ
Sustainability (HAPSAT) was developed by the KASA àti USAID ṣàgbékalẹ̀ rè ̣ láti ran
Analysis Tool USAID funded Health Systems 20/20 ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àwo ̣n ìjọba àti àwọn afúnni
(HAPSAT) Project to assist governments and àjẹsára lọ́wọ́ pẹ̀lú ìmúṣẹ àwọn ohun
donors with the development of ìmúlò nípa KASA àti àarùn
HIV/AIDS policies and ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
implementation plans.
803 HIV-related Tuberculosis which develops at the Ikọ́-ife àjẹmọ́ Ikọ́-ife tí ó wáyé nípa ìjákulè ̣
tuberculosis instance of the immune compromise KASA àjẹsára ajẹmọ́ KASA.
caused by HIV.
804 HLA-B*5701 test A test that detects the presence of Àyẹ̀wò HLA- Àyẹ̀wò tí ohun ṣe ìdámọ̀ wíwà
HLA-B*5701. The HLA-B*5701 B-5701 àyẹ̀wò HLA-B-5701. Mólékù
molecule is linked to hyper-sensitivity yìí ní ìṣepọ̀ mọ́ ìṣesí òògùn
to the antiretroviral (ARV) drug kòkòrò lára. Ẹni tí ó bá n ṣe
abacavir. A person who tests positive àyẹ̀wò HLA-B-5701 kò gbudò ̣
for HLA-B*5701 should not use lo òògùn kòkòrò.
abacavir.
805 Hodgkin disease Hodgkin disease is a type of lymp- Jẹjẹrẹ Èyí jẹ́ ẹ̀yà jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara. Ó jẹ́
homa. Lymphoma is a cancer of a part Hodgkin jẹjẹrẹ tí ó wà lára ètò àjẹsára tí
of the immune system called the a mọ̀ sí ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara. A máa
lymph system. The first sign of mú ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara wú. Ó sì lè

Hodgkin disease is often an enlarged tànká sí àyíká ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara
lymph node. The disease can spread to páàpáà sí inú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, ẹ̀dọ̀ àti
nearby lymph nodes. Later it may mùdùnmúdùn eegun.
spread to the lungs, liver, or bone
marrow.
806 Holding hands Holding hands is one of the more Ìfara-ẹni-lọ́wọ́ Èyí jẹ́ ọkan lára àjọṣepọ̀ nípa
casual, yet simultaneously intimate sísúnmọ́ ara ẹni.
physical acts.
807 Home prepared This is a home-made milk prepared for Wàrà/Mílíkì Wàrà/mílíkì tí a pèsè ní ilé fún
milk a child. apèsè ní ilé ọmọ.
808 Home visit This is a voluntary home-based service Ìbẹ̀wò ilé Èyí jẹ́ iṣẹ́ àtinúwá tí àwọn
that the technical personnel, as well as akóṣẹmọsẹ́ nípa Ẹbọla ń se
community volunteers and NGO/ nípa ìdánilẹ́ẹ̀kọ́ àti ipèsè ike
community-based organizations staff ọṣe ìfọwọ́, ìwé pélébé
discuss Ebola issues and provide a bar alálẹ̀mọ́ọ̀rigi tí ó ní àkọlé
of soap to promote hand washing, print àwọn àkòrí ọ̀rọ̀ nípa Ebola ti
materials and a small sticker with an wọn yíò lẹ̀ sí ẹnú ọ̀nà àbáwọlé
Ebola prevention message to apply on wọn.
their door.
809 Home visitor Home visitor is a home-based Àlejò ilé Àlejò ilé jẹ́ ètò ilé tí ó dálé ètò
programme by health workers that òsìṣẹ́ ìlera tí ó n pèsè iṣẹ́ ìbẹ̀rẹ̀
provide comprehensive head start tí ó múnádóko fún àwọn ẹbí.
services to families.
810 Home-based care Home-based care (HBC) is defined as Ìtọ́jú ní ilé Ìtọ́jú ní ilé jẹ́ ìpèsè ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́
the provision of comprehensive iṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú iṣẹ́ agbèègbè lọ́wọ́
services, including health and social àwọn oníṣẹ́ ìtọ́jú ìlera ní líle
services by formal and informal àti àìle.
caregivers in the home. HBC includes

physical, psychosocial and
spiritual care.
811 Homologous Similar in appearance or structure, but Ọ̀kan-un Ìrísí kan-un tàbí ọ̀nà iṣẹ́ tí i a
not necessarily function. mọ́ pé kò ṣe dandan.
812 Homosexual Somebody who is sexually attracted to Abálòpọ̀ Ènìyàn tí ó ní ìfẹ́ ìbálòpọ́ sí
members of his or her own sex. kan-un ẹ̀yà kannáà.
813 Honey Sweet fluid produced from plant nectar Oyin Oje dídùn tí a pèsè láti ara
by bees. oyin.
814 Horizontal These are viruses that are transmitted Àkóràn Àwọn kòkòrò tí ó n tàn ká kiri
transmission among the same generation. oníbùú ìran kannáà.
815 Hormone A chemical messenger produced by the Atarají Èyí jẹ́ oun atarají tí ara n pèsè
body and carried by the blood. tí ó n gbé ẹ̀jẹ̀ wọ inú ara.
816 Hospital wards The block forming a division of a Yàrá ilé Pínpín ilé ìwòsàn sí ìpele sí
hospital (or a suite of rooms). ìwòsàn/ ìkọ̀kan.
wáádù
817 Host The animal or plant (or specific part of Olùgbàlejò Ẹranko tàbí ọ̀gbìn tí àwọn
an animal or plant) in which another mìíràn n sàba sí.
organism or microorganism lives.
818 Host factors The body's potent mechanisms for Aṣèrànwọ́ Agbára ara tí ó ní KASA pẹ̀lú
containing HIV, including immune olùgbàlejò ètò àjẹsára tí sójà ìdábòòbò 8
system cells called CD8+ T cells, + hóró T tí ó ní agbára ju
which may prove more effective than òògùn apa kòkòrò ìkóràn
any antiretroviral drug in controlling KASA.
HIV infection.
819 Household Household contacts should be Ìwà àfarakàn Ìwà àfarakàn délé jẹ́ àsomọ́
contact/Contact considered “epidemiology linked”. délé ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ààrùn.
tracing
820 Human Of or belonging to the species Homo Èèyàn/ Àjẹmọ́ ẹ̀yà ẹ̀dá ènìyàn àti
sapiens or its closest relatives. ènìyàn àwọn tí ó súnmọ́ wọn.
821 Human growth A hormone that is produced by the Ìdàgbà ìtarají Ìtarají tí a n pèsè láti ara ẹsẹ́
hormone (HGH) pituitary gland and stimulates growth. pìtúrì.
822 Human An infection caused by human Ìkóràn Ìkóràn tí ó wá láti ara HHV-6.
Herpesvirus 6 herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). HHV-6 is HHV-6 HHV-6 ní a máa n kó láti ara
(HHV-6) infection primarily transmitted through saliva itọ́, tí ó sì lè fa ààrùn ní ara
and usually causes disease only in ọmọ tí wọ́n ní àjẹsára tó lẹ.
children or people with weakened
immune systems. HHV-6 can cause
neurological diseases, such as
encephalitis and febrile seizures.
HHV-6 can also cause fever and rash
(roseola), which mostly affects
children between 6 months and 2 years
old.
823 Human herpes A type of herpes virus found in the Ìkóràn Ìkóràn tí ó wá láti ara HHV-7.
virus 7 (HHV-7) saliva of people infected with human HHV-7 HHV-7 ní a máa n kó láti ara
herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7). HHV-7 has itọ́. Kò sí àkọsílẹ̀ wípé HHV-7
not been definitively documented to máa n fa ààrùn.
cause a specific disease.
824 Human Immuno- Human Immuno-deficiency virus is the Kòkòrò Apa Ìgékúrú fún Kòkòrò apa sójà
deficiency Virus cause of AIDS (acquired Sójà Ara ara, tí ó n yọrí sí àrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
(HIV) immunodeficiency syndrome). (KASA) àjẹsára.
825 Human Immuno- (1) The retrovirus isolated and KASA 1 Òògùn apa kòkòrò tí ó dáwà ní
deficiency Virus recognized as the etiologic (i.e. a mọ̀ sí ohun tó n fa ààrùn, bí i
(HIV-1) causing or contributing to the cause of àwọn as ̣ojú ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
a disease) agent of AIDS. HIV-1 is àjẹsára.
classified as a lentivirus in a subgroup
of retroviruses. (2) Most viruses and
all bacteria, plants and animals have
genetic codes made up of DNA, which
uses RNA to build specific proteins.
826 Human A virus closely related to HIV-1 that KASA 2 Kòkòrò ajẹmọ́ KASA-1 tí a
Immunodeficiency has been found to cause immune mọ̀ sí ohun tí ó n fa àdínkù
Virus (HIV-2) suppression. àjẹsára.
827 Human Leukocyte A group of molecules found on the Àyẹ̀wò HLA Àwọn mólékù tí a n rí ní
Antigens (HLA) surface of almost every cell in the pèpele hóró inú ara. Àyẹ̀wò
body. Human leukocyte antigens HLA máa n pèsè purotéénì fún
(HLAs) present protein fragments àwọn hóró àjẹsára. Tí ó bá ṣe
(peptides) to immune cells. If the cells alábàpàdé àjèjì adáralóró nínú
recognize the peptides as foreign, the ara, a ṣe ìtaají wọn.
body mounts an immune response.
828 Human Papilloma A virus that is the cause of warts of the Kòkòrò HPV Kòkòrò tí ó n fa wọ́nwọ́n ti
Virus (HPV) hands and feet, as well as lesions of the ọwa àti ẹsẹ̀, pẹ̀lú àwọn egbò ti
mucous membranes of the oral, anal ìwọ́ àṣekùn ti ẹnu, ihò-ìdí àti
and genital cavities. More than 50 ojú abẹ́.
types of HPV have been identified,
some of which are associated with
cancerous and precancerous
conditions. The virus can be
transmitted through sexual contact and

is a precursor to cancer of the cervix.
829 Human T-cell A retrovirus that infects only T Kòkòrò Kòkòrò tí ó jẹ́ pé omi-ara
lymphotropic lymphocytes (T cells). Human T cell HTLV 1 nìkan ni ó ń ràn. Kòkòrò
virus type I lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is HTLV1 ni ó máa ń ràn nípaṣẹ̀
(HTLV-I) transmitted through exposure to ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó bàjẹ́, ìbálòpọ̀ àti lára
contaminated blood, through sexual iyá sí ọmọ ni àsìkò ìbí(mọ)
contact, and from an infected mother nípa ìfọ́mọlọ́yàn.
to her child at birth or through
breastfeeding via breast milk.
830 Human to human Human to human transmission refers Ìkóràn èèyàn Ìkóràn èèyàn síra ni ìkóràn ẹyẹ
transmission to the infected avian sources to síra sí ẹlòmíràn tí a rí àkọsílẹ̀ rẹ̀ ní
humans that have been a concern since ọdún 1997 fún ìdí ìtànkálẹ̀
the first documented case of human ààrùn káríayé.
infection in 1997 due to the global
spread that constitutes a pandemic
threat.
831 Humoral The branch of the immune system that Sójà àjẹsára Ẹ̀ ka ètò àjẹsára adálórí àwọn
immunity relies primarily on antibodies. sójà ara.
832 Hybrid An offspring produced from mating Àdàmọ̀dì Ọmọ tí a bí láti ara ìbálòpọ̀ sí
plants or animals from different èranko ní oríṣirísi ẹyà tàbí irú
species, varieties or genotypes. jínnì kannáà.
833 Hybridoma A hybrid cell produced by the fusion Hóró Hóró àdàmọ̀dì tí a pèsè láti ara
of an antibody-producing lymphocyte àdàmọ̀dì ìyípọ̀ ìpèsè sójà sí jẹjẹrẹ pẹ̀lú
with a tumor cell. Hybridomas are jẹjẹrẹ hóró.
used in the production of monoclonal
antibodies.
834 Hydration This is a condition of adequate supply Ìlómilára Ipò níní omi nínú ara.
of body fluids.
835 Hygiene The science dealing with the Ìmọ́tótó Ẹ̀ kọ́ ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ tí ó wà fún
preservation of health. ààbò àti ìtọ́jú ìlera.
836 Hyperglycemia Abnormally high blood sugar Apoju súgà Ipò àìyẹ súgà nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀. Òògùn
(glucose) level. The use of some nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ apa kòkòrò lè wá ní ipasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀
antiretroviral (ARV) drugs may cause súgà nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀
hyperglycemia.
837 Hyperlipidemia Excess lipids (cholesterol, Àpọ̀jù ọ̀rá inú Àpọ̀jù ọ̀rá inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ le fa ewu ẹ̀jẹ̀
triglycerides, or both) in the blood. ẹ̀jẹ̀ ríru, ààrùn ọkàn àti ìrọpárọsẹ̀.
Hyperlipidemia increases the risk of
high blood pressure, heart disease, and
stroke.
838 Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a Afajẹjẹrẹ Àlékún nínú iye àwọn hóró
tissue or organ. Hyperplasia may be nínú ìmọ̀lára tàbí ara. Afa-
due to a normal, increased demand for jẹjẹrẹ lè jẹ́ àlékún àwọn hóró
cells or may be a sign of precancerous tàbí àmì ìyípadà òyì jẹjẹrẹ.
changes.
839 Hypersensitivity A life-threatening allergic reaction to a Ewu ìṣesí Ewu amẹ́mìídání ìṣesí òògùn.
syndrome drug. Hypersensitivity syndrome is òògùn lára Ewu ìṣesí òògùn lára ní àbùdá
characterized by fever, rash, organ ibà, ara sísú, ìkópa ẹ̀ya ara
involvement (most frequently the pàápàá ẹ̀dọ̀ àti ẹ̀yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
liver), and high blood levels of funfun.
eosinophils (a type of white blood
cell).
840 Hypertension Persistently elevated blood pressure. Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ ríru Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ ríru ni ipá tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ fi ń kọjá
Blood pressure is the force of blood nínú òpó apínjẹ̀. Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ ríru yìí lè
pushing against the walls of the ba òpó apínjẹ̀ jẹ́ kí ó sì ṣe
arteries. Hypertension can harm the àlékún ewu ìrọlápá-ìrọlẹ́sẹ̀,
arteries and increase the risk of stroke, àkóbá fún ọkàn, àti ìsọsẹ́sílẹ̀
heart attack, and kidney failure. kídìnrín.
841 Hypertriglyceride Excessive accumulation of Àpọ̀jù ọ̀rá inú Àpọ̀jù ọ̀rá inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ lè se àlékún
mia triglycerides (a type of fat) in the ẹ̀jẹ̀ ewu fún ẹ̀jẹ̀ ríru, ààrùn ọkàn
blood. Hypertriglyceridemia increases àti ìrọlápá-ìrọlẹ́sẹ̀.
the risk of high blood pressure, heart
disease, and stroke.
842 Hyperuricemia Much higher-than-normal levels of Àpọ̀jù èròjà Èyí jẹ́ ipò ìtọ̀ nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ ju bí ó ti
uric acid in the blood. Hyperuricemia asíìdì nínú Ẹ̀ jẹ̀ yẹ lọ. Ó lè jẹ́ àtunbọ̀tán lílo
may be an adverse effect of some òògùn apa KASA.
antiretroviral (ARV) drugs.
843 Hypogamma- Abnormally low levels of Àìtó hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àìtó hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun.
globulinemia immunoglobulins. funfun
844 Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia, also known as low Àìtó súgà inú Èyí ni tí àìtó súgà tàbí ẹ̀jẹ̀ bá
blood sugar or low blood glucose, is ẹ̀jẹ̀ ṣe àdínkù sí ìwọ̀n síṣedéédé.
when blood sugar decreases to below
normal levels.
845 Hypogonadism Condition in which the sex glands Àìpèsè ìtárají Ipò ní èyí tí ẹsẹ́ oje ara
produce little or no hormones. ìṣabiamọ ìbálòpọ̀ pèsè kékeré tàbí àìsí
Hypogonadism commonly occurs oje. Àìpèsè ìtarají ìsabiyamọ
during HIV infection. wọ́ pọ̀ ní àsìkò ìkóràn KASA.
846 Hypothesis A tentative statement or supposition Àbá ìpìlẹ̀ Gbólóhùn ọ̀rọ̀ tàbí ìdáwọ́lé tí a
that may then be tested through lè ṣe àyẹ̀wò nípa ìwádìí.
research.
847 Hypoxia Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue. Àìtó èèmí ara Àdínkù ìpèsè atẹ́gùn sí
ìmọ̀lára.
848 Identification of This is an act of identifying patients Ìdámọ̀ àwọn Ọ̀nà síṣe ìdámọ̀ aláìsàn tí ó ní
cases that have a notifiable disease, e.g. alárùn kòkòrò bí i Èbólà.
Ebola virus.
849 Idiopathic Occurring spontaneously or from an Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àìmọ̀dí Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ oní tẹ̀léǹtẹ̀lé láti ibi
unknown cause. àìmọ̀dí.
850 Idiopathic An autoimmune disorder in which the Ààrùn Àìda àjẹsára ni èyí tí ètò
Thrombocytopenic immune system destroys platelets. The ìdáranjè ̣ àjẹsára pa hóró amẹ́jẹ̀dì. Èyí
Purpura (ITP) destruction of platelets leads to aláìnídìí máa ń yọrí sí àìda ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì àti
abnormal blood clotting and easy or ìsẹ̀jẹ̀.
excessive bruising and bleeding. The
exact cause of idiopathic thrombocy-
topenic purpura is unknown; however,
the disorder may develop with a viral
infection, including HIV.
851 Idiosyncratic side Secondary unintended effect of a Ìmò ̣lára Ìmò ̣lára si òògùn tí ó je ̣ mó ̣
effect medical treatment that is unique or aláàdáni ẹnìkan.
peculiar to an individual.
852 Idiotypes The unique and characteristic parts of Àbùdá sójà Àkànṣe àti ẹ̀yà agbèègbè sójà
an antibody's variable region, which araaláàdáani kan tí wọ́n le jẹ̀ ẹ́ àjèjì
can themselves serve as antigens. adáralóró sí ara wọn.
853 Illness A disease, sickness, or indisposition. Àìlera Ààrùn, àìsàn tàbí àmodoodi.
854 Immune Protected against infection, usually by Àjẹsára Àbò ló ̣wó ̣ ìkóràn, pàápàá
the presence of antibodies. nípasẹ̀ ìfarahàn àwọn sójà ara.
855 Immune complex An immune complex, sometimes Àpapọ̀ ójà ara Àpapọ̀ sójà ara àti àjèjì
called an antigen-antibody complex, is adáralóró ni mólékù tí a ti ara
a molecule formed from the integral sójà pèsè lòdì sí àjèjì
binding of an antibody to a soluble adáralóró. Àti sójà pẹ̀lú àjèjì
antigen. The bound antigen and adáralóró máa n ṣiṣẹ́ ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀ọ̀tọ̀.
antibody act as a unitary object,
effectively an antigen of its own with a
specific epitope.
856 Immune A breakdown or inability of certain Ìṣọdọ̀lẹ Ìdẹnukọlẹ̀ tàbí àìlágbára iṣẹ́
deficiency parts of the immune system to àjẹsára àwọn ẹ̀yà ètò àjẹsára tí ó n mú
function, thus making a person èèyàn ṣe àìlágbára sí àwọn
susceptible to certain diseases that they ààrùn tí wọn kò lè dàgbàsókè
would not ordinarily develop. láíláí.
857 Immune response The activity of the immune system Ìdáhùn Ìṣẹ́ ètò àjẹsára máa n lòdì sí
against foreign substances. àjẹsára àwọn èròjà àjèjì.
858 Immune system The interacting combination of all the Ètò àjẹsára Ìlàǹa àti mọ ìsopọ̀ àwọn hóró
body's ways of recognizing cells, ara, ìmọ̀lára, ẹ̀yàwuuru àti
tissues, objects, and organisms that are àwọn oun tí kì í ṣe ti ara, kí a
not part of itself, and initiating the wá dojú kọwọ́n nípa ètò
immune response to fight them. àjẹsára.
859 Immune Bleeding disorder or blood bleeding Àìsàn Ìsòro
̣ ìs ̣è ̣jè ̣ aje ̣mó ̣ s ̣éges ̣ège
Thrombocytopenic problem due to immune disorder. ìdáranjè ̣ àje ̣sára.
Purpura ajẹmó ̣
ṣégeṣège
àjesára
̣
860 Immunity This is the balanced state of having Àjẹsára Ipò pípé ní ọ̀nà àti wọ ìjàkadì
adequate biological defences to fight sí ìkóran, ààrùn tàbí àìfẹ́ ìbí,
infection, disease, or other unwanted nígbà tí a bá n fi ara da lọ́nà

biological invasion, while having àti yàgò fún ààrùn.
adequate tolerance to avoid allergy,
and autoimmune diseases.
861 Immunization The process of making someone Abẹ́rẹ́ àjẹsára Ìgbésè fífún ènìyàn ní abẹ́rẹ́
immune, e.g. by vaccination. àjẹsára.
862 Immunocompetent This is the ability of the body to Ìlágbára Ìgbésè kí ara lè pèsè ìdáhùn
produce a normal immune response àjẹsára àjẹsára nígbà tí àjèjì adáralóró
following exposure to an antigen. bá fi ara hàn.
863 Immunodeficiency A deficiency of immune response or a Ìṣọdọ̀lẹ Ìṣọdọ̀lẹ sí ìdáhùn àjẹsára tàbí
disorder characterized by a deficient Àjẹsára àìdà ajẹmọ́ ìdáhùn àjẹsára tí a
immune response; classified as mọ sí sójà ara.
antibody (B cell), cellular (T cell),
combined deficiency or phagocytic
dysfunction disorders.
864 Immunogen A substance, also called an antigen, Àjèjì Èròjà tí a mọ̀ sí àjèjì adáralóró
capable of provoking an immune adáralóró jẹ́ èyí tí ó lè tako ìdáhùn
response. àjẹsára.
865 Immunogenicity The ability of an antigen or vaccine to Àjèjì Ìgbésẹ̀ kí àjèjì adáralóró tàbí
stimulate an immune response. adáralóró àjẹsára lọ́nà àti lọ́wọ́ nínú
aṣèta-ají ìdáhùn àjẹsára.
866 Immunoglobulin Also known as antibodies, they are Sójà ara Èyí ní mólékù purotéénì tí
glycoprotein molecules produced by àwọn hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun n pèsè.
plasma cells (white blood cells). They Wọ́n wà fún ìṣekúpa àwọn
act as a critical part of the immune kòkòrò tó n tako ara.
response by specifically recognizing

and binding to particular antigens,
such as bacteria or viruses and aiding
in their destruction.
867 Immunological Immune surveillance is a theory that Ìtọpinpin Ìtọpinpin ìtànkákiri àjẹsára
surveillance or the immune system patrols the body ìtànkákiri nínú ara kì í ṣe láti mọ tàbí pa
immuno- not only to recognize and destroy àjẹsára àwọn kòkòrò ṣùgbọ́n mọ
surveillance invading pathogens but also to host olùgbàlejò hóró tí ó ti ní
cells that become cancerous. jẹjẹrẹ.
868 Immuno- Any substance that influences the Anípa lórí ètò Àwọn èròjà tí ó n lọ́wọ́ sí ètò
modulator immune system. àjẹsára àjẹsára.
869 Immunostimulant Any agent or substance that triggers or Aṣèrànwọ́ Èròjà tí ó n ṣe ìrànwọ́ fún ààbò
enhances the body's defence; also àjẹsára ara.
called immunopotentiator.
870 Immuno- A word used for people who have a Oníṣọdọ̀lẹ Ọ̀rọ̀ tí á n lò fún ẹni tí ó ní
suppressed decreased ability to fight infection. àjẹsára ìṣòro àti wọ̀dìmú pẹ̀lú ìkóràn.
People with HIV or AIDS are Àwọn ènìyàn tí ó n gbé pẹ̀lú
immunosuppressed because their CD4 KASA tàbí ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
cells are decreased by the virus. People àjẹsára, nítorí pé hóró
being treated for cancers may be ìdábòòbò 4 wọn ni kòkòrò yìí
immunosuppressed because of the n fà sí ẹ̀yìn. Àwọn tí a n fún ní
drugs they are given to fight the ìtọ́jú jẹjẹrẹ ní wọn lè jẹ́
cancer. oníṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára nítorí àwọn
òògùn tíwọ́n n fún wọn láti
pa/wọ̀jàkadì ti jẹjẹrẹ.
871 Immuno- A state of the body in which the Aṣọdọ̀lẹ Ipò tí ara wà nígbà tí ètò
suppression immune system is damaged and does àjẹsára àjẹsára bá ti bàjẹ́ tàbí
not perform its normal functions. àìlèṣedéédé. Aṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára

Immunosuppression may be induced lè wá nípasẹ̀ àwọn òògùn kan
by drugs or result from certain disease tàbí nípa ìgbéṣẹ̀ ààrùn bí i
processes, such as HIV infection. ìkóràn KASA.
872 Immunotherapy Treatment aimed at reconstituting an Ìṣètọ́jú Ìtọ́jú tí ó wà fún àtúnṣe bíbàjẹ́
impaired immune system. àjẹsára ètò àjẹsára.
873 Immunotoxin A plant or animal toxin (i.e. poison) Oró àjẹsára Oró ohun ọ̀gbìn tàbí ẹranko tí
that is attached to a monoclonal ó somọ́ sójà ara monoclona tí
antibody and used to destroy a specific a n lò láti pa àwọn hóró kan.
target cell.
874 Impaired kidney Kidney disease is the reduced ability Ààrùn Ààrùn kídìnrín máa n ṣe
of the kidney to carry out its normal kídìnrín àdínkù bá kídìnrín láti s ̣e iṣẹ́ rẹ
functions. nínú ara.
875 Impetigo Impetigo is a contagious skin infection Àìsàn àwọ̀ Ààrùn ìkóràn ara tí ó n ṣe
that usually produces blisters or sores Alákóràn àgbéjàde ìléròrò tàbí egbò ni
on the face, neck, hands, and diaper ojú, ọrùn, ọwọ́ àti ní ara
area. ọmọdé.
876 Implementation Provides national and local Ìdáhùnsí Ìbáṣepọ́ àti ìdáhùnsí àwọn
kit stakeholders, as well as programme ìtànkálẹ̀ olùdarí ètò nípa ṣíṣe ìlànà lọ́nà
managers, with key considerations and Ebola àti dènà ìtànkálẹ̀ Ebola.
a road map for instituting and
implementing critical, relevant,
practical and timely communication
for responding to the threat of an Ebola
Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak.
877 In vitro In an artificial environment, referring Ìwádìí nínú Àyíká àtọwọ́dá tí ó túmọ̀ sí
to a process or reaction occurring agbèègbè ọ̀nà tàbí ìṣesí nínú nkan kan
therein, as in a test tube or culture àtọwọ́dá náà, pàápàá nínú túbù àyẹ̀wò.
medium.
878 In vivo ("In life") Studies conducted within a Wádìí inú Àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀kọ́ ní àgbèègbè
living organism (e.g. animal or human abẹ̀ẹ̀mí eyawuuru bí i ti ẹranko tàbí
studies). ènìyàn.
879 Incest This is a sexual relationship between Ìbálòpọ̀ Ìbálòpọ̀ tí ó súnmọ́ ara ju kí
people classed as being too closely mọ̀lẹ́bí wọ́n fẹ́ràn ara wọn lọ.
related to marry each other.
880 Incidence The number of new cases occurring in Ònkà àṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀kó/ Iye ònkà àṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀kó láàrin àwọn
a given population over a certain Ònkà ò ̣tun olùgbé kan fún ìgbà kan.
period of time. ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀
881 Incubation period The period between the time Àkókò ìdíbọ́n Àkókò láàrin àsìkò ìkóràn
somebody is infected with a disease ààrùn àti àsìkò tí ó jẹyọ.
and the appearance of its first
symptom.
882 Indication In medicine, a strong reason for Ìtọ́kasí Ní isoogun, ìdí tí a fi gbàgbọ́
believing that a particular course of pé ìgbẹ́sè fún ǹkan dára. Nínú
action is desirable. In a wounded aláìsàn tí ó ṣèṣeè sọ ẹ̀jẹ̀ nù,
patient, the loss of blood, which would léyì tó lè yí sí ìsubú ìṣọ̀n, oun
lead to circulatory collapse, is an ni ìtọ́kasí fún gbígba ẹ̀jẹ̀.
indication for blood transfusion.
883 Indicators A sign that shows the condition or Atọ́kasí Àmì tí ó n fi ipò nǹkan hàn.
existence of something: a pointer or
light that shows the state or condition
of something.
884 Indigestion Pain or discomfort in the stomach Inú kíkún Ìrora tàbí inú kíkún tí ó rọ̀mọ́
associated with difficulty in digesting ìnira àìdà oúnjẹ.
food.
885 Infant diagnosis Identification of a disorder in a child Ìdámọ̀ àìsàn Ìdámọ̀ àìsàn ọmọwọ́/aròbó
within the first year of life. ọmọwọ́/aròbó láàrin o ̣dun kan tó dáyé.
886 Infant feeding Alternatives to breastfeeding as the Ọ̀nà mìíràn Ọ̀nà mìíràn fún ìfáròbó ní
options best choice for a baby may be ìfáròbó ní oúnjẹ le wáyé nígbà tí ìyá bá
determined by maternal inadequacy, oúnjẹ ṣàárè ̣ tàbí ṣaláìsí, àárè ̣ aròbó sì
illness or absence, and by infant illness le fà á.
or deformity.
887 Infected fluid Any body secretion that can transfer Oje àkóràn Oje ara tí ó lè fa ìkóràn láti
infection from one person to another. ò ̣dò ̣ ẹnìkan sí ẹlòmíràn.
888 Infected needle These are needles that were not Abẹ́rẹ́ Àwọn abẹ́rẹ́ tí a kò ṣè ìtọ́jú
sterized or that have been aṣàkóràn wọn tàbí àwọn tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ bàjẹ́.
contaminated by blood.
889 Infected person Someone who has contacted a disease Ẹni àkóràn Èyí ni ẹni tí ó kó ààrùn láti ara
from another person. ẹlòmíràn.
890 Infected sharp The exposure (to microbial Ohun èlò Àwọn ìkóràn tí ó ràn láti ara
objects contamination) of any device or object mímú àkóràn ohun èlò nígbà tí a bá gún ara
used to puncture or lacerate the skin. ní abẹ́rẹ́.
891 Infection The invasion and multiplication of Ìkóràn Dídojúkọ ati ìsọdipúpọ̀ ẹ̀yà
microorganisms such as bacteria, abẹ̀mi-àìfojúrí bíi, batéríà,
viruses, and protozoa. The effective kòkòrò ati pòtosua. Asojú
agent may be transmitted by a patient aláìnílárí ni aláìsàn lè kó ààrùn
or carrier, in airborne droplets expelled tabi ìránṣẹ́ afẹ́fẹ́ òfúfù ìrì
during coughing and sneezing, or by òwúrọ̀ tó jáde nígbà tí abá

direct contact. wúkọ́ tabi sín-in tábi nípa
pèkí-n-pèkí.
892 Infectious Capable of being transmitted by infec- Ríràn Tí ó ṣése kí i ràn yálà nípa
tion, with or without actual contact. pẹ̀kí-n-pẹ̀kí tàbí ọ̀nà míìràn.
893 Infectious (EBV) An acute infectious disease associated Àìsàn EBV Ògidì ààrùn ìkóràn ajẹmọ́
mononucleosis with Epstein-Barr virus. Symptoms kòkòrò Esipitini-Báà. Àwọn
may include: fever, swelling of lymph ààmì àìsàn yìí ni: ibà ẹ̀wọ́n
nodes, and a decrease in the cells that omi ara wíwú, àdínkù àwọn
fight infection. hóró tí ń bá ààrùn kíkó jà.
894 Infectious disease Any disease that can be transmitted Ààrùn ríràn Irú ààrùn tí a lè kó láti ara
from one person to another. ẹnìkan sí ẹlòmíràn.
895 Inflammation This is the immediate defensive Wíwù Èyí ni aàbò ìfura lọ́wọ́ ìmọ̀lára
reaction of tissue to any injury, which sí egbò, tí ó lè tara ìkóràn wá,
may be caused by infection, chemicals kẹ́míkà tàbí asojú t’ára. Ó ní
or physical agents. It involves pain, ìrora, iṣù-iná, pípọ́n,wíwú, àti
heat, redness, swelling, and loss of àdánù iṣé ní apá ibi tí ó ní
function of the affected part. ìpalára. Ìṣọ̀n ẹ̀jẹ̀ lójú àpa egbò
a fẹ̀, débi pé ẹ̀jẹ̀ tó n ṣòn ní
agbèègbè á pọ̀ si.
896 Inflammation of Orchitis is inflammation of one or Ìwú ẹpọ̀n Èyí jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára kórópọ̀n méjì
the testicle both testicles in men, usually caused lára o ̣kùnrin tí ó wá láti ara
by an infection. ìkóràn.
897 Inflammation or Encephalitis is an inflammation of the Ìwú ọpọlọ Ìwú ọpọlọ le wáyé nípasè ̣
swelling of the brain tissue. It is most often caused by ìkóràn kòkòrò tàbí batéríà.
brain viral infections. In some cases,
bacterial infections can cause
encephalitis.
898 Influenza Any human respiratory (lung) Afàáfẹ̀ Aisan ààrùn ọkàn ẹ̀dá ènìyàn
infection of undetermined cause. lọ́nà àìmọ̀dí. Àwọn ààmì àìsàn
Symptoms may include: sudden onset, yìí ni: ìdàmú òjijì, ibà, ìrẹra,
fever, feeling physically or mentally ara ríro tàbí kíkan, àìlè mí
tired, severe aches and pains, and gaara.
shortness of breath.
899 Information, IEC refers to a public health approach Ìfitónilétí, ẹ̀kọ́ Èyí ni ìlera àwùj́ọ tí ó ń yí
Education and aimed at changing or reinforcing àti ìbáraẹni- ìwùwàsí nípa ìlera àwọn
Communication health-related behaviours in a target sọ̀rọ̀ lórí IEC ènìyàn padà lórí ìsòro kan
(IEC) audience, concerning a specific pàtó.
problem and within a predefined
period of time, through communication
methods and principles.
900 Informed consent The type of protection available to Ìfinúfíndọ̀ Ẹ̀ yà ààbò tí ó wà fún ènìyàn
people considering entering a drug lọ́nà ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọ́jú. Kí i tó
trial. Before entering the trial, dé bíi ajẹmọ́tọ́jú, ọ̀wọ́ akópa
participants must sign a consent form gbúdọ̀ finúfíndọ̀ fọwọ́ sí àwọn
that contains an explanation of: ìwádìí.
(1) why the research is being done,
(2) what researchers want to
accomplish, (3) what will be done
during the trial and for how long,
(4) what risks are in the trial,
(5) what benefits can be expected from
the trial, (6) what other treatments are
available, and (7) the participant's right
to leave the trial at any time.
901 Injection Drug Substance use, abuse, and dependence Alòògùn Ilòògùn alábẹ́rẹ́ jé ̣ ò ̣nà kan
Users (IDU) that have been closely associated with Alábẹ́rẹ́ gbòógì tí a n gbà kó kòkòrò
HIV infection since the beginning of KASA láti ìbè ̣rè ̣pè ̣pè ̣. Káríayé
the epidemic. Injection drug use àti ní Aáfíríkà ni ìlòògùn
accounts for approximately 10% of alábẹ́rẹ́ ti n fa ìkóràn KASA.
HIV infections globally and 30% of
those outside of Africa.
902 Injection Drug injection is a method of Ìfabẹ́rẹ́ lo Ọ̀nà ìfabẹ́ẹ́rẹ́ lo òògùn wọ inú
introducing a drug into the body with a òògùn ara.
hollow needle and a syringe which is
pierced through the skin into the body
(usually intravenous, but also intra-
muscular or subcutaneous).
903 Inoculation The introduction of a substance Ìkówọnú ara Ìfihàn ohun èròjà àjẹsára, omi-
(inoculums, e.g. a vaccine, serum or ara tàbí kòkòrò sínú ara lati ṣe
virus) into the body to produce or to àlékún bá a àjẹsára sí ààrùn
increase immunity to the disease or tàbí ipò tí ó rọ̀mọ́ èròjà yìí.
condition associated with the
substance.
904 Inpatient A patient who is admitted to a bed in a Wáádù Aláìsàn tí ó ní àyè ìbùsùn ní
department hospital ward and remains there for a ìle-ìwòsàn, tí ó sì wà ní ibẹ̀ fún
period of time for treatment, ìgba dí ẹ̀ fún ìtọ́jú.
examination or observation.
905 Institutional (1) A committee of physicians, Àjọ IRB Àkójọpọ̀ ẹgbẹ́ àwọn oníṣègùn,
Review Board statisticians, community advocates and alágbàwí agbègbè tí ó n ṣe
(IRB) others that ensures that a clinical trial ìdánilójú pé ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọ́jú
is ethical and that the rights of study jẹ́ àṣà, tí ó sì n ṣe ààbò àwọn
participants are protected. All clinical ọ̀wọ́ akópa.
trials in the United States must be
approved by an IRB before they begin.
(2) Every institution that conducts or
supports biomedical or behavioural
research involving human subjects
must, by federal regulation, have an
IRB that initially approves and
periodically reviews the research so as
to protect the rights of human subjects.
906 Insulin A natural hormone made by pancreas Òògùn insulin Oje ara abínibí tí a pèsè láti
that controls the level of sugar glucose ara àmọ́ tí ó n ṣe ìdarí àádùn
in the blood. ẹ̀jẹ̀ súugà nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
907 Integrase An HIV enzyme used by the virus to Ẹnsaimu Ẹnsaimu KASA tí kòkòrò máa
integrate its genetic material into the integrase n lò láti mú aṣepọ̀ bá èlò jínnì
host cell's DNA. sí olùgbàlejò hóró DNA.
908 Integration The process by which the different Àsepọ̀ Ìgbésè tí òrísirísi ẹ̀yà oníyẹ ní
parts of an organism are made a ó n ṣiṣẹ́ páàpáà nípa iṣẹ́ ètò
functional and structural whole, ìmòlára àti oje-ara.
especially through the activity of the
nervous system and of hormones. As
related to HIV, it is the process by
which the viral DNA migrates to the
cell's nucleus where it is spliced into
the host's DNA with the help of viral
integrase.
909 Intense weakness Weakness is the feeling of body Àárẹ̀ líle Àìlera ni kí i ènìyàn máa ṣe
fatigue (tiredness). A person àárẹ̀ ní gbogbo ara. Irú ènìyàn
experiencing weakness may not be bẹ́ ẹ̀ kòní lè dáragbé bí ó ṣe yẹ,
able to move that part of their body tí a ṣi tún nira láti yí i ara ní
properly or they may experience agbèègbè àárẹ̀ yìí.
tremors (uncontrollable movement or
twitches) in the area of weakness.
910 Intent to treat Analysis of clinical trial results that Àbá àfonkà Ìtúpalè ̣ èsì ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọ́jú tí
includes all data from patients in the ọ̀wó ̣ ṣètó ̣jú. ó ní gbogbo àká àwọn aláìsàn
groups to which they were randomized lé ̣lé ̣gbé ̣je ̣gbé ̣ sí ibi tí wọ́n yóò
(i.e. assigned through random wà fún ìtọ́jú.
distribution) even if they never
received the treatment.
911 Interferon A general term used to describe a Èyà hóró Ìperí gbogbo purotéénì 20-25
family of 20-25 proteins that cause a agbógun ti fún ẹbí tí ó n mú hóró jẹ́ àtakò
cell to become resistant to a wide kòkòrò sí ọ̀pọ̀ kòkòrò. Ní èyí tí àwọn
variety of viruses. They are produced ìkóràn kòkòrò n pèsè sínú
by cells infected by almost any virus. gbogbo kòkòrò.
912 Interleukin-2 One of a family of molecules that Àjẹsára IL-2 Ọ̀kan lára mólékù tí ó n darí
(IL-2) control the growth and function of ìdàgbàsókè àti iṣẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn
many types of lymphocytes. jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara. Àjẹsára IL-2 ni
Interleukin-2 is an immune system ètò àjẹsára purotéénì tí ara n
protein produced in the body by T pèsè nínú àwọn hóró T.
cells. It has potent effects on the
proliferation, differentiation and
activity of a number of immune system
cells, including T cells, B cells and
natural killer cells. Commercially, IL-2
is produced by recombinant DNA

technology and is approved by the
Food and Drug Administration for the
treatment of metastatic renal (i.e.
kidney) cell cancer.
913 Internal bleeding This is a blood disorder inside the Ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ inú Àìda ẹ̀jẹ̀ nínú ara.
body.
914 Interstitial Relating to or situated in the small, Àlàfo isu ara Ajẹmó ̣ ààyè kékeré, àwọn
narrow spaces between tissues or parts àlàfo tínrín láàrin ìmọ̀lára tàbí
of an organ. ẹ̀yà ara.
915 Intervention The act of intervening, especially a Ìdásí Bíbọ́ sí ààrin àríyànjiyàn láti la
deliberate entry into a situation or ìjà torí ohun àìròtẹ́lẹ̀.
dispute in order to influence events or
prevent undesirable consequences.
916 Intimate partner Intimate partner has to do with friends Ọ̀rẹ́ oníbàlòpọ̀ Ọ̀rẹ́ oníbàlòpọ̀ ni ọ̀rẹ́ tàbí
or relationships that are so close, ìbáṣepọ̀ tó súnmọ́ ara wọn,
familiar; personal, private; warm, páàpáà jùlọ ọ̀rẹ́ oníbàlòpọ̀.
friendly and more importantly
involving sexual relations.
917 Intimate partner This is a behaviour within an intimate Ìfipá bá ọ̀rẹ́ Ìwà eré géle láàrin olólùfgéle
violence (IPV) relationship that causes physical, tímọ́tímọ́ ẹní láàímọ́tímọ, ìpalára tàbí aagél
psychological or sexual harm to those lò
in the relationship, including acts of
physical aggression, sexual coercion,
psychological abuse and controlling
behaviours.
918 Intramuscular Injected directly into a muscle. Inú iṣan Gbígba abẹ́rẹ́ sí orí iṣan.
919 Intrapartum Intrapartum period is the period from Àsìkò ìrọbí Ó jẹ́ àsìkò láti ìgbà ìrọbí sí
period the onset of labour to the end of the ìpele kẹ́ta ìrọbí.
third stage of labour.
920 Intrathecal Injected into the fluid surrounding the Abẹ́rẹ́ ọ̀pá Ìlànà gígún ọ̀pá ẹ̀yìn pẹ̀lú
spinal cord. ẹ̀yìn abẹ́rẹ́.
921 Intravenous (IV) Of or pertaining to the inside of a vein, Inu eje Ajẹmọ́ inú iṣan bí i èyí tí a gún
as of a thrombus, or an injection, sínú iṣan.
infusion or catheter.
922 Intravitreal Within the eye. Inú ojú Inú ojú
923 Investigational The status of an experimental drug Òògùn Òògùn tí as ̣àkóso oúnje ̣ àti
New Drug (IND) after the Food and Drug àfawó ̣sí òògùn bá fo ̣wó ̣ sí pé a lè yè ̣wò
Administration agrees that it can be fáyèwò
̣ lára ènìyàn.
tested in people.
924 Investigational A programme to provide experimental Ìtọ́jú Ìṣèwádìí Ètò tó n pèsè àyẹ̀wò ìtọ́jú fún
new drug treatments to a class of patients who òògùn tuntun àwọn ẹgbẹ́ aláìsàn tí wọn ò ní
application lack satisfactory alternative treatment. ìtẹ́lọ́rùn yíyàn ìtọ́jú.
IND stands for Investigational New
Drug application, which is part of the
process to get approval from the Food
and Drug Administration for
marketing a new prescription drug in
the US.
925 Iodine solution Dissolution of iodine in an aqueous Omi ìyodínì Pípo ìyodínì pò ̣ mó ̣ omi.
medium to form an admixture.
926 Iridocyclitis Inflammation of the iris and ciliary Pípó ̣n ẹyinjú Ẹyinjú yíyún tí ó sì pó ̣n.
body of the eye.
927 Iritis Inflammation of the iris of the eye. Pípó ̣n ààrin Ààrin e ̣yinjú yíyún tí ó sì pó ̣n.
ẹyinjú
928 Iron deficiency Inadequacy of blood due to insufficient Àìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ nípasè ̣ àìje ̣tó ohun
anaemia intake of mineral iron. aṣaralóore.
929 Isolation Seclusion from the majority for a Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ láàrin ò ̣pọ̀ ̣ fún ìdí
special purpose, e.g. observation. pàtàkì bí àyè ̣wò.
930 Isoniazid (INH) Isoniazid, marketed under other names Òògùn INH Òògùn tí a n tà lábẹ́ INH àti
including isonicotinylhydrazide (INH) àdàmọ̀dì jẹ́ sójà tí a n lò fún
and Hydra, is an antibiotic used as a ìdènà àti ìtọ́jú. A tún lè pè é ní
first-line agent in the prevention and òògùn jẹjẹrẹ.
treatment of tuberculosis.
931 Isospora belli Cystoisospora belli, previously known Ìfun kòkòrò Èyí ni kòkòrò tí ó n fa ààrùn
as Isospora belli, is a parasite that ìfun. Pùròtósúà yìí jẹ́ ajẹmọ́
causes an intestinal disease known as àjẹsára tí olùgbàlejò lè tẹ̀mọ̀lẹ̀.
cystoisosporiasis. This protozoan
parasite is opportunistic in immune-
suppressed human hosts.
932 Itraconazole Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal Òògùn àìsàn Èyí jẹ́ aṣojú òògùn osunwuuru
agent prescribed to patients with ajẹmó ̣ fún àwọn aláìsàn tí ó ní ìkóràn
fungal infections. The drug may be osunwuuru osunwuuru. A lè lò gbé e mì
given orally or intravenously. tàbí fà á sínú ara.
933 Joint United The Joint United Nations Programme Àjọ UNAIDS Àjọ UNAIDS United Nations
Nations on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) is the àti ìgbéláruge ̣ aáyan nípa
Programme on main advocate for accelerated, ìdènà ìtànkálẹ̀ààrùn.
HIV and AIDS comprehensive and coordinated global

(UNAIDS) action on the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
934 Kaposi's sarcoma A previously uncommon form of Èyà jẹjẹrẹ Àdàmọ̀dì jẹjẹrẹ tí ó n kọlu
cancer that attacks the connective àpapọ̀ ìmọ̀lára, eegun,
tissue, bones, cartilage and muscles of kèrékèré àti iṣan inú ara. Jẹjẹrẹ
the body. The cancer may spread and yìí lè tànká sínú ojú. Tí ó bá
also attack the eyes. If the cancerous jẹmọ́ pèpele ojú ara, ó lè ṣe
area is near the surface of the skin, àwọn ohun àìfẹ́ lójú ara.
lesions inches in length may develop.
935 Karnofsky score A subjective score between 0-100, Ònkà Èyí jẹ́ ònkà láti 0-100 tí àwọn
assigned by a physician to describe a karnofsky oníṣègùn máa n lò láti ṣe àlàyé
patient's ability to perform common agbára ohun tí aláìsàn lè ṣe.
tasks.
936 Ketoconazole Ketoconazole is a synthetic Òògùn Òògùn osunwuuru ní a n lò
imidazole antifungal drug used osunwuuru fún ìtọ́jú ìkóràn osunwuuru.
primarily to treat fungal infections.
937 Kidney Either of a pair of organs in the Kíndìnrín Ọ̀kan nínú àwọn è ̣yà abèjì inú
abdomen of vertebrates that filter tí ó n sé ̣ ìdọ̀tí inú ẹ̀jẹ̀, èyí tí à n
waste liquid resulting from metabolism tọ̀ dànù.
of the blood, which is subsequently
excreted as urine.
938 Kidney failure Renal failure, also known as kidney Ìdasẹ́ sílẹ
̣ ̀ Èyí jẹ́ ipò tí kíndìrín ti kùnà
failure or renal insufficiency, is a kíndìnrín láti sé ̣ ìdọ̀tí inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ dànù.
medical condition in which
the kidneys fail to adequately filter
waste products from the blood.
939 Killer T cells Killer cells attack cells infected with Hóró T apa Apa kòkòrò n gbógun ti hóró
HIV or other viruses or transformed by kòkòrò tí ó ní ìkóràn KASA tàbí àwọn
cancer. Also known as cytotoxic T kòkòrò míìràn, àti èyí tí jẹjẹrẹ
cells (or cytotoxic T lymphocytes). ti bàjé ̣.
940 Kupffer cells Specialized macrophages in the liver. Hóró Kupffer Àkànṣe ẹ̀yà ara ìnú ẹ̀jẹ̀ nínú
ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
941 Lab mice The laboratory mouse is a small Ẹẹmọ́ Àyẹ̀wò tí a n lo eku fún ìwádìí
mammal of the order Rodentia which afiṣewàdìí ìjìnlẹ̀ ṣáyẹ́nsì.
is bred and kept for scientific research.
942 Laboratory (1) Place for scientific research: a Àyè fún ìmọ̀- (1) Ibi tí a ti n ṣe ìwádìí ìmò ̣-
place where research and testing is ìjìnlè/Làáàbù
̣ ìjìnlẹ̀: ibi tí àyẹ̀wò àti ìṣèwádìí
carried out. (2) Room for teaching ti n wáyé. (2) Yàrá tí a ti n kọ́
science: a room or place with nípa ìwádìí ìmò ̣-ìjìnlẹ̀: yàrá tí
appropriate equipment for teaching ó ní irinṣẹ́ tó péye fún kíkọ́
science or doing scientific work. ìmò ̣-ìjìnlè ̣ àti síse ìmò ̣-ìjìnlè ̣.
943 Labour The sequence of actions by which a Ìro ̣bí Àwọn ìṣe alátẹ̀léra èyí tí ọmọ
baby and the afterbirth placenta are àti ibi ọmọ jáde láti inú-
expelled from the uterus at childbirth. ọmọnú nígbà ìbí.
944 Lack of care Lack of care is defined as lack of Àìrítọ̀jú Èyí túnmọ̀ sí àìní ìfọwọ́bà,
feeling, emotion, interest, and concern. ìmọ̀lára àti ìfọkànsìn.
945 Lack of interest Lack of interest is an act of showing Aìnífẹ̀sí Èyí ní ìlànà àìkọbi ara sí
less concern about something. nǹkan.
946 Lack of support The actual or perceived absence of Àìlátìlẹyìn Àìlátìlẹyìn lè dènà kíkojú
meaningful assistance in negotiating ìs ̣òro àtisàs
̣ ̣eyo ̣rí jẹ́.
challenges encountered in the course
of pursuing a goal.
947 Lactic acidosis Lactic acidosis is a physiological Ẹ̀jè ̣kíkan Ipò òsùwọ̀n tí ó kéré sí pH
condition characterized by low pH in nínú àwọn ìmọ̀lára ara àti ẹ̀jẹ̀.
body tissues and blood (acidosis)
accompanied by the build-up
of lactate, especially L-lactate, and is
considered a distinct form of metabolic
acidosis. Lactic acidosis is
characterized by lactate levels
>5 mmol/L and serum pH <7.35.
948 LAI A group of closely related HIV isolates Ìsòrí LAI Àkójọpọ̀ ohun ìbáramu
that includes the LAV, IIIB and BRU ìyàsọ́tọ̀ KASA tí ó ní LAV,
strains of HIV. Used in HIV vaccine IIB àti BRU nínú KASA, èyí
development. ti a n lò fún ìdàgbàsókè àjẹsára
KASA.
949 LAK cells Lymphocytes transformed in the Hóró LAK Àyípadà jẹjẹrẹ nínú yàrá
laboratory into lymphokine activated àyẹ̀wò sí èlò jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara èyí
killer cells, which attack tumor cells. tí ó n jí àwọn ohun apa hóró tí
ó kọlu jẹjẹrẹ hóró.
950 Langerhans cells Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up Hóró Hóró ìmọ̀lára tí ó ní àjèjì
an antigen and transport it to the lymph langerhans adáralóró, tí ó sì gbẹwọ inú
nodes. ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara.
951 Lassa fever Viral disease carried by rats. It is Ibà ọ̀rẹrẹ/ Ibà Kòkòrò ààrùn tí à ń kó lára
common in West Africa. Infections alásà eku. Èyí wọ́pọ̀ ní Ìwọ̀-oòrùn
occur through direct contact with or ilẹ̀ Afíríkà. A lè kó ààrùn yìí
consumption of food contaminated by nípa ìfarakínra tàbí ouńjẹ tí ó
rodent’s urine or faecal matter ní ìtọ̀ eku tàbí ohun mìíràn tí ó
containing virus particles. ní kòkòrò.
952 Latency The period when an organism (i.e. a Ìfarasin Àkókò tí kòkòrò fi hàn nínú
virus or a bacterium) is in the body and ara tí kò sì fa àìlera.
not producing any ill effects.
953 Latent period This is the amount of time it takes for Àsìkò ìgbàrùn Àsìkò tí ó gba KASA kí ó tó
HIV infection to become full-blown ìso ̣dò ̣le ̣ di ààrùn ìso ̣dò ̣le ̣ àje ̣sára.Àsìkò
AIDS. It depends on the general health àjesára
̣ yìí dá lórí bí ìlera akárùn s ̣e le
and nutritional status of the person tó. Ó lè tó o ̣dún mé ̣wàá.
before and during the time of HIV
infection, but may last up to 10 years.
954 Left ventricle Left ventricle, thicker than the right, Káà Káà agbẹ́jẹ̀wọlé apá òsì nípọn
receives blood from the pulmonary agbéjẹ̀wọlé ju ọ̀tún lọ; wọn a máa gba ẹ̀jẹ̀
vein via the left atrium and pumps it apá òsì láti inú òpó agbẹ́jẹ̀jáde ajẹmọ́
into the aorta. ẹ̀dọ̀fóró sí ìyẹ̀wù ọkàn kí ó sì
pọ́mpù rẹ̀ sí òpó ìpínjẹ̀ nlá.
955 Legionella The genus Legionella is a pathogenic Batéríà Ààrùn bateria ti ẹ̀dọ̀fóró ti
group of Gram-negative bacteria that legionella ẹgbẹ́ afàìsàn òdì-Gram bateria
includes the species L. pneumophila, tí ó ní ẹ̀yà ẹ̀dọ̀fóró dídùn. Wọ́n
causing legionellosis (all illnesses ti ara kòkòrò ẹ̀dọ̀fóró wá ní
caused by Legionella) including a ẹ̀yà àìsàn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró àti àìsàn
pneumonia-type illness called lùkúlùkú.
Legionnaires’ disease and a mild flu-
like illness called Pontiac fever.
956 Lemongrass Cymbopogon, better known as Kóóko-ọba Kóóko-ọba ló wọ́pọ̀ ní Asia,
lemongrass, is a genus of Asian, Áfíríkà, Australia, àti erékùsù
African, Australian, and tropical island ilẹ̀ olóoru tí ó wà pẹ̀lú àwọn
plants in the grass family. Some ẹ̀yà mìíràn. À n lò wọ́n fún
species are commonly cultivated as àgbo nítori wó ̣n fi òórùn jo ̣

culinary and medicinal herbs because ọsàn wé ̣wé ̣.
of their scent, resembling that of
lemons.
957 Lentivirus "Slow" virus characterized by a long Kòkòrò lenti Kòkòrò lenti jẹ́ kòkòrò láàárìn
interval between infection and the ìkóràn àti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àìsàn. KASA
onset of symptoms. HIV is a lentivirus wà lára kòkòrò lenti tí ó lè ran
as is the simian immunodeficiency ẹ̀dà èeyàn àti ọ̀bọ.
virus (SIV), which infects non-human
primates.
958 Lesbian A lesbian is a female homosexual: a Abobábolò Abobábolò ni obìnrin tí ó ń ní
female who experiences romantic love ìbálòpò ̣ pè ̣lú obìnrin bí i rẹ̀.
or sexual attraction to other females.
959 Lesion A general term to describe an area of Ọgbẹ́ Ìperí gbogboogbo tí ó n tọ́kasí
altered tissue (e.g. the infected patch or agbèègbè ibi ọgbẹ́.
sore in a skin disease).
960 Leukaemia An often fatal cancer in which white Jẹjẹrẹ ẹ̀jẹ̀ Jẹjẹrẹ tí ó le ní èyí tí ó lé hóró
blood cells displace normal blood, ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun kúrò nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀, èyí tí
leading to infection, shortage of red ó n yọrí sí ìkóràn, àìtó hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
blood cells anaemia, bleeding, and pupa, àìlẹ́jẹ̀tó, ìṣẹ̀jẹ̀ àti àwọn
other disorders. Certain types of àìda mìíràn. Àìsàn yìí máa n
childhood leukaemia respond well to tètè gbọ́ ìtọ́jú nígbà kékeré
treatment, which includes drugs nígbà tí wọ́n bá lo òògùn.
chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
961 Leukocytes All white blood cells. Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Gbogbo hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun.
funfun
962 Leukopenia A decrease in the number of white Àdínkù hóró Iye àlà àdínkù hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun
blood cells. The adult threshold value ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun gbà kéré tán ẹgbẹ̀rún máàrún
for leukopenia is usually taken as less fún kúbik ìdá ọ̀kẹ́ mítà.
than 4,000 white blood cells per cubic
millimetre of blood.
963 Light sensitivity Light sensitivity (Photophobia) is not Àìlèwo-ìmọ́lẹ̀ Àìlèwo-ìmọ́lẹ̀ kìí ṣe ààrùn ojú,
an eye disease, but a symptom of many ṣùgbọ́n a máa mú ojú wú.
conditions such as infection or Àìlèwo-ìmọ́lẹ̀ tún lè jẹ́ àmì
inflammation that can irritate the ààrùn abẹ́lé tí kìí ṣe ìpalára fún
eyes. Light sensitivity can also be a ojú tààrà, bí i àìsàn tí n fa
symptom of underlying diseases that kòkòrò tàbí ẹ̀fọ́rí tí ó le.
do not directly affect the eyes, such as
virus-caused illnesses or severe head-
aches or migraine.
964 Lipid Any of a group of fats and fat-like Ọ̀rá Ọ̀kan lára ọ̀rá tàbí àkójọpọ̀ ọ̀rá
compounds, including sterols, fatty àti àwọn ohun mìíràn.
acids and many other substances.
965 Liposomes A spherical particle in an aqueous Omi-hóró Ìyípo ìdọ̀tí tí ó jẹ́ àkósọ.
(watery) medium (e.g. inside a cell)
formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an
aqueous compartment.
966 Liver The largest solid organ in the body, Ẹ̀ dọ̀ Ẹ̀ yà ara tí ó tóbi jù ní ara, tí ó
situated in the upper part of the wà ní apá òkè kòròfo inú.
abdominal cavity.
967 Liver function The liver filters and processes blood as Ìṣiṣẹ́ ẹ̀dọ̀ Ẹ̀ dọ̀ a máa yímọ́ ẹ̀jẹ̀. A máa fọ
it circulates through the body. It àwọn èròjà tí ó sọ àwọn ohun
metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies tí ó léwu di aláìléwu, mú dídì

harmful substances, makes blood ẹ̀jẹ̀ di purotéénì, kí wọ́n sì máa
clotting proteins, and performs many ṣe àwọn iṣẹ́ àkànṣe mìíràn.
other vital functions.
968 Loading dose A loading dose is an initial higher dose Òògùn àkọ́lò Èyí ni òògùn tí a kọ́kọ́ fún ni
of a drug that may be given at the ní ọ̀pọ̀ rẹ̀ àkókò ìtọ́jú kí a tó
beginning of a course of treatment wá máa dẹwọ́ rẹ̀ díẹ̀díẹ̀
before dropping down to a lower
maintenance dose.
969 Local Government Community-level governmental Ìgbìmọ̀ ìjọba Ìgbìmò ̣ ìjọba ìbílẹ̀ tó n dènà
Action Committee agency for integrated response to ìbílẹ̀ nípa KASA tuntun, tí ó sì n dín ipa
on AIDS (LACA) prevent new HIV infections and àrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára kù lórí
mitigate the impact of AIDS on human àjẹsára ìgbèrú o ̣mo ̣nìyàn ní ìpínlè ̣.
development in the state.
970 Local herbal Herbal remedies can be a safer, Egbògi Òògùn ìbílẹ̀ tí ó dára, ó jẹ́
remedies less expensive alternative to ìdàkejì òògùn òyìnbó, tí a lè
pharmaceuticals, and many of them gbìn sí ọgbà ilé.
can be grown in one’s backyard.
971 Lofa county One of the highest cumulative Agbèègbè lofa Ọ̀kan lára ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àkójọpọ̀ ààrùn
incidences of EVD in Liberia. Ebola tí ó ga jùlọ ní Liberia.
972 Loneliness A state of being without company. Ìdáwà Ipò àìsí olùbásọ̀rọ̀.
973 Long Terminal A component of the AIDS genome. Ẹ̀ yà apá kọ̀kan tói ètò ara
Tẹ̀léntẹ̀lé
Repeat Sequence LTR ènìyàn tí ó n gbé pẹ̀lú ààrùn
(LTR) ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
974 Long-term non- Individuals who are HIV-infected for Abí kòkòrò láì Ènìyàn tí ó n gbé pẹ̀lú KASA
progressors seven or more years, have stable CD4+ ní àìsàn fún ọdún méje tàbí jùbẹ́lọ ni ó
T cell counts of 600 or more cells per máa n ní sójà ídábòbò 4 àti
cubic millimeter of blood, no HIV- ònkà hóró 600 tàbí hóró tí ó ju
related diseases and no previous ìdá-ọ̀kẹ́ mítà ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní àìsí òògùn
antiretroviral therapy. apa kòkòrò.
975 Lopinavir (LPV) Lopinavir (ABT-378) is an anti- Òògùn KASA A máa n lo òògùn KASA láti
retroviral of the protease inhibitor kojú ààrùn kíkó bí i òògùn
class. It is used against HIV infections oníkóró pẹ̀lú àpapọ̀ òògùn
as a fixed-dose combination with jẹjẹrẹ àti òògùn kòkòrò
another protease inhibitor. mìíràn.
976 Loss The feeling of grief after losing Àdánù/Òfo Níní ìbìnújẹ́ nígbà tí a bá
someone or something of value. pàdánù ènìyàn tàbí nǹkan tí ó
ní iye.
977 Lubricant An oily liquid applied to moving parts Òróró/Gírísì Ó jẹ́ ohun tí ó máa n mú nǹkan
of a mechanism in order to reduce yọ̀ tàbí dẹ́kun lílẹ̀pọ̀.
friction, heat, or wear, or to surfaces in
close contact to prevent them from
adhering to one another.
978 Lumbar Of, relating to or constituting the loins Eegun ìbàdí Ajẹmọ́ ìbàdí. Ó wà láàrinòkè
or the vertebrae between the thoracic ara àti ìsàlè ̣ rè ̣.
vertebrae and the sacrum region.
979 Lumbar puncture A procedure in which fluid from the Ìfa oje ò ̣pá Ìgbéṣẹ̀ fífa oje ò ̣pá è ̣yìn fún
subarachnoid space in the lumbar èyìn
̣ àyẹ̀wò.
region is tapped for examination. Also
known as spinal tap.
980 Lungs In air-breathing vertebrate animals, Ẹ̀ dọ̀fóró Ìmísímú- ìmísíta afẹ́fẹ́ ẹranko
either of the paired spongy respiratory ọlọpa-ẹ̀hìn méjì tí ó wà.
organs, situated inside the rib cage,
that transfer oxygen into the blood and

remove carbon dioxide from it.
981 Lymph The fluid present within the vessels of Omi-ara Oje tí ó wà ní àyíká àwọn òpó
the lymphatic system. It consists of jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara. Ó ní oje tí ó n
fluid that bathes the tissues, which is bo ìmọ̀lára tí a n rí nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀, tí
derived from the blood and is drained ó rẹ̀ nínú òpó jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara.
by the lymphatic vessels. It passes
through a series of filter lymph nodes
and is ultimately returned to the
bloodstream via the thoracic duct.
982 Lymph nodes Small, bean-sized organs of the Ẹ̀ wọ́n omi-ara Ètò àjẹsára kékeré tí a n pín
immune system distributed widely kákìri gbogbo ara. Oje omi-ara
throughout the body. Lymph fluid is máa n fọ́n sínú ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara
filtered through the lymph nodes in ní èyí tí ọlọnú jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara
which all types of lymphocytes take up gbàyè fún ara wọn. Àjèjì
temporary residence. Antigens that adáralóró tí ó n wọ inú omi-
enter the body find their way into ara tàbí ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó sì fọ́n wọ inú
lymph or blood and are filtered out by ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara tàbí fún àtakò sí
the lymph nodes or spleen ètò àjẹsára.
respectively, for attack by the immune
system.
983 Lymphadenopathy This was the former name given to Kòkòrò LAV Èyí ni orukọ ti a fún KASA
Associated Virus HIV. tẹ́lẹ̀.
(LAV)
984 Lymphadenopathy Generalized lymphadenopathy is an Àìsàn pẹ́tẹ́lẹ́ Àìsàn pẹ́tẹ́lẹ́.
Syndrome (LAS) early sign of infection with HIV.
985 Lymphatic vessels A body-wide network of channels Òpó omi-ara Ẹ̀ ka ara tí ó jẹ́ ìṣọ̀n ẹ̀jẹ̀ ajẹmọ́
similar to the blood vessels that òpó ìpínjẹ̀ tí ó n gbé omi-ara sí
transport lymph to the immune organs àjẹsára ara àti sí inú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
and into the bloodstream.
986 Lymphoid organs Include tonsils, adenoids, lymph Ẹ̀ yà hóró omi- Ohun ìfọ́n bí i ẹ̀wọ́n omi-ara,
nodes, spleen and other tissues. Act as ara ọlọnú àti àwọn ìmọ̀lára àti
the body's filtering system, trapping àjèjì adáralóró bí i bateria,
invaders (i.e. foreign particles from kòkòrò ṣe sínú àjẹsára hóró.
bacteria, viruses, etc.) and presenting
them to squadrons of immune cells
that congregate there. Within these
lymphoid tissues, immune activity is
concentrated in regions called
germinal centres, where the thread-like
tentacles of follicular dendritic cells
(FDCs) form networks that trap
invaders.
987 Lymphoid tissue The part of the body's immune system Ẹ̀ yà àrídìmú Ẹ̀ yà ètò àjẹsára tí ó wólù fún
that is important for the immune omi-ara ìdáhùn àjẹsára. Ó wà bí i ẹ̀yà
response. It occurs as discrete organs ara tí ó dáwà, ní ìrísí ẹ̀wọ́n
in the form of the lymph nodes, tonsils, omi- ara àti ọlọnú àti ìdàpọ̀
thymus, and spleen, and also as diffuse hóró láì yapa ní agbèègbè
groups of cells not separated from ìmọ̀lára.
surrounding tissues.
988 Lymphokines Products of the lymphatic cells that Irè hóró omi- Èyí ni èròjà jẹjẹrẹ hóró omi-
stimulate the production of disease- ara ara tí ó lọ́wọ́ nínú ìpèsè ohun
fighting agents and the activities of tí n bá ààrùn jà àti àwọn iṣẹ́

other lymphatic cells. Among the hóró omi-ara mìíràn.
lymphokines are gamma interferon and
interleukin-2.
989 Lymphoma A malignant tumor of the lymphoid Jẹjẹrẹ omi- Jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara jẹ́ èyà àrídìmú
tissue. The major types of lymphoma ara omi-ara ti ààrùn Hodgkin àti
are Hodgkin’s disease and non- aláìní jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara.
Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
990 Lysis Rupture and destruction of a cell. Ìparun hóró Ìparun hóró.
991 Macrophage A large immune cell that devours Olú hóró Hóró àjẹsára nlá tí ó n pa
invading pathogens and other àjẹsára àwọn ohun afàìsàn àti àwọn
intruders. Stimulates other immune olùfihàn. Ìlọ́wọ́ sí àwọn hóró
cells by presenting them with small àjẹsára mìíràn nípa síṣe ìfihàn
pieces of the invader. Macrophages wọn. Olú hóró àjẹsára lè fi àyè
can harbour large quantities of HIV gba ìwọ̀n KASA nlá ní àìṣe pé
without being killed, acting as ó pá a.
reservoirs of the virus.
992 Magnetic Medical imaging that uses radio Ọ̀nà ìyèwọ̀ Ẹ̀rọ tí ó n pèsè ìmò ̣ nípa irufé ̣
Resonance frequency radiation as its source. MRI àgó ̣ ara àti isẹ́ ̣ àwo ̣n ìs ̣ù ara àti àwo ̣n
Imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive diagnostic technique è ̣yà ara.
that can provide information on the
form and function of internal tissues
and organs of the body.
993 Maintaining This is an act of stabilizing respiration Ríràn Èyí ní ọ̀nà ìdúrósinsin ètò ti
oxygen level system. ìmúdúró èèpò atẹ́gùn.
eemi
994 Maize Maize, known in some English- Àgbàdo Àgbàdo ni ẹ̀ya ohun-ọgb̀ ìn tí
speaking countries as corn, and in the àwọn kan npè ní erín.
United Kingdom as sweetcorn, is a
large grain plant domesticated by
indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in
prehistoric times.
995 Major The major histocompatibility Ètò ìbámu Ètò ìbámu iṣan tí ó n ṣàfihàn
Histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface iṣan kòkòrò àjèjì nínú ara.
Complex (MHC) proteins essential for the acquired
immune system to recognize foreign
molecules in vertebrates.
996 Malabsorption Decreased intestinal absorption Àìsàn àilègbé Àìsàn àilègbé oúnjẹ tí ó n yọrí
syndrome resulting in loss of appetite, muscle oúnjẹ sára sí àìlèjẹun, iṣan ríro àti
pain and weight loss. pípàdánù ìwọ̀n.
997 Malaise A generalized, non-specific feeling of Ìnira Àìnídì fún ònfà ìnira.
discomfort.
998 Malaria An infectious disease caused by a Ibà Ààrùn ìkóràn tí a kó láti ìta
parasite that is transmitted by the bite ẹ̀fọn. A máa fa ibà àti otútù.
of infected mosquitoes. Common in
tropical countries, the disease is
characterized by recurring chills and
fever.
999 Malaria smears The mainstay of malaria diagnosis has Fiimu ibà Àtìlẹ́yìn ìdámọ̀ àìsàn ibà ni
been the microscopic examination of àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀rọ ẹ̀jẹ̀ nípa lílo fímù
blood, utilizing blood films. Although ẹ̀jẹ̀ní a fí n ṣe ìdámọ̀ àìsàn,
blood is the sample most frequently ṣùgbọ́n, ìtọ̀ àti itọ́ ni ó jẹ́ ọ̀nà
used to make a diagnosis, both saliva mìíràn fún ṣiṣe àyẹ̀wò tí kò

and urine have been investigated as gunpá.
alternative less invasive specimens.
More recently, modern techniques
utilizing antigen tests or polymerase
chain reaction have been discovered,
though these are not widely
implemented in malaria endemic
regions.
1000 Male condom Male condoms are condoms men wear Rọ́ọ́bà Èyí ni rọ́ọ́bà tí àwọn ọkùnrin
on the penis to protect them from STD ìdáàbòbò máa n wọ̀ sórí okó ní ọ̀nà àti
during sexual intercourse. ọkùnrin dènà ààrùn ìbálòpọ̀.
1001 Malnutrition A lack of healthy foods in the diet, or Àìtó èròjà Àìrí oúnjẹ tí ó ní purotéénì jẹ
an excessive intake of unhealthy foods, purotéénì ní èyí tí ó léwu fún ara.
leading to physical harm.
1002 Management of These are ways and manner by which Ìṣàkóso Èyí ni ipò àti ọ̀nà tí a n gbà ṣe
Ebola/AIDS Ebola/AIDS are managed. KASA àti àbójútó Ebola àti ààrùn
Ebola ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsara.
1003 Marasmous This is the state of weakening and Ìgbẹ́ gógó Èyí ní ipò àìlágbára àti rírù ní
wasting away of the body which ọmọdé ara ọmọdé àti ọmọ ọwọ́.
occurs most often in children and
infants.
1004 Marburg Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a rare, Ibà marburg Ibà Marburg jé ̣ ibà líle,
hemorrhagic fever severe type of hemorrhagic fever ajẹmé ̣jè ̣, tó s ̣ò ̣wó ̣n ̣tó mán n s ̣e
which affects both humans and non- ènìyàn àte ̣ranko.
human primates. Caused by a
genetically unique zoonotic (that is,
animal-borne) RNA virus of the
filovirus family, its recognition led to

the creation of this virus family.
1005 Mast cell A granulocyte found in tissue. The Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ẹ̀ yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí ó wà
contents of the mast cells, along with funfun alámì nínú ìmọ̀lára. Ohun tí hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀
those of basophils, are responsible for ńlá funfun alámì ńlá pẹ̀lú hóró
the symptoms of allergy. basofi ni láti wà fún ìdámọ̀
àìsàn.
1006 Masturbation This is an act of reaching orgasm by Ìbáraenilò
̣ Ipò dída omira tí ó wó ̣pò ̣
manual stimulation. It is seen as a láàárín àwo ̣n ò ̣dó ̣ tí wó ̣n sì
release for sexual tensions that a máa ń ṣe fún ìtura. Kò ní
teenager feels strongly and frequently. ìpalára rárá.
It is practically of no physical harm.
1007 Maternal Pertaining to the mother. Ajẹmọ́ ìyá/ Ajẹmọ́ ìyá tàbí ìṣabiamọ.
Ìṣabiamọ
1008 Maternal The number of deaths due to Òdiwọ̀n ikú Èyí ni iye ikú tí ó wà láti ipaṣẹ̀
mortality complications of pregnancy, childbirth, ìṣabiamọ ìnira/ ìsoro oyún, ọmọ bíbí àti
and the puerperium expressed as a àkópọ̀ iye gbogbo ìbí.
proportion of all births (i.e. including
stillbirths).
1009 Maternal, The maternal newborn and child health Èto MNCH MNCH jé ̣ ètò tí orílẹ̀-èdè n
Newborn and programme (MNCH2) is a country led darí láti ṣe àdínkù ikú ìyá àti
Child Health programme which aims to reduce ọmọ ní Àríwá Nàìjíríà, tí àwọn
(MNCH) maternal and child mortality in DFID ṣe agbátẹrù rè ̣.
Northern Nigeria and it is funded by
the Department for International
Development (DFID).
1010 Maximum A pharmacokinetic measure used to Ẹ̀ kún òògùn Ẹ̀ kún òdiwọ̀n òògùn lílò. Ẹ̀ kun
Concentration determine drug dosing. Cmax is the nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ òògùn nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀, oje ọpọlọ àti
(Cmax) highest concentration of a drug in the ọ̀pá ẹ̀yìn tàbí asojú ara nígbà a
blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or target bá ti fún wa ní òògùn.
organ after a dose is given.
1011 Mean The arithmetic average or the sum of Ààrin Ìṣirò tàbí iye gbogbo ohun tí a
all the values divided by the number of pín.
values.
1012 Median The middle number in a sequence of Agbedeméjì Agbedeméjì iye nọ́mbà, yíyọ
numbers, taken as the average of the àbọ̀ nínú ọ̀kan lára nọ́mbà ni
two middle numbers when the agbedeméjì nígbà tí ìṣirò bá ní
sequence has an even number of nọ́mbà tó dọ́gba.
numbers (e.g. 4 is the median of 1, 3,
4, 8, 9).
1013 Medical A place where research and testing is Gbọ̀ngàn Gbọ̀ngàn ìṣèwàdìí ajẹmọ́
laboratory carried out. ìṣèwàdìí ìṣègùn.
ajẹmọ́ ìṣègùn
1014 Medical referral In medicine, referral is the transfer of Ìfiṣọwọ́ Nípa ti ìlera, ó jẹ́ ìlànà gbígbé
care for a patient from one clinician to ajẹmọ́lera aláìsàn láti ibìkan sí ibòmíràn.
another. Tertiary care is usually done Ìtọ́jú gíga ní a sábà máa n lò
by referral from primary or nípa ìfihàn láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ìpèlè
secondary medical care personnel. kejì ìtọ́jú ajẹmọ́lera láti ọ̀dọ
oníṣègùn mìíràn.
1015 Medical visor These are glasses/transparent shields Awò iṣẹ́-abẹ Èyí ni awo ife abẹ tí a n lò fi
used to cover the eyes during any bo ojú ní àsìkò iṣẹ́ abẹ.
surgical operation.
1016 Memory cells A subset of T lymphocytes that have Hóró ìrántí Àyọsílẹ̀ hóró omi ìrántí tí ó
been exposed to specific antigens and faragbá àjèjì adálóró, kí i o sì
can then proliferate (i.e. reproduce) jẹ́ àfikún àwọn ètò àjẹsára tí ó
rapidly on subsequent immune system ní ìṣòro kannáà.
encounters with the same antigen.
1017 Meningitis A disease of the brain and spinal Yírùnyírùn Àìsàn ọpọlọ tàbí ọ̀pá ẹ̀yìn tí ó
column that may be either a mild lè jẹ́ àìsàn tí ó mọ nìwọ̀nba tí
illness caused by a virus or a more kòkòrò sokùnfà rẹ̀ tàbí èyí tí ó
severe, usually life-threatening, illness gbóna girigiri tí ó jẹ́ èyí tí ó
caused by a bacteria. Symptoms may mú ewu ìmú-ẹ̀mí lọ dáni tí
include: fever, headache, vomiting, batéríà lè sokùnfà rẹ̀: ààmì
malaise (yucky or blah feeling), and àìsàn yìí ni ibà, orí-fífọ́, èébì
stiff neck. bíbì àti ọrùn líle pandi.
1018 Menstruation The discharge of blood and tissue from Nǹkan Oṣù Dídà ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti ìmọ̀lára láti ojú
the uterus at the end of the female ara obìnrin lópin ìyípo
reproductive cycle. ìsobìnrin.
1019 Menstrual A disorder involving the hormone- Ìsòro nǹkan Ṣégeṣège ẹ̀jẹ̀, èyí tí ó jẹ́ nǹkan
problem regulated build-up and shedding of the osù oṣù obìnrin tí kò lọ déédé.
inner lining of the human uterus in
mature females.
1020 Messenger RNA An RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries Òjíṣẹ́ RNA Ó jẹ́ àkójọ jinni fún purotéénì
the genetic code for a particular kan láti ara DNA nínú hóró
protein from the nuclear DNA (i.e. the ìmọ̀lára.
DNA in the cell's nucleus) to a
ribosome in the cytoplasm and acts as
a template, or pattern, for the
formation of that protein.
1021 Metabolism The sum of the processes by which a Ìyòrò Ìgbéṣẹ̀ bí i a ṣe n kápá iye
particular substance is handled (as by èròjà kan nínú ara.
assimilation and incorporation or by
detoxification and excretion) in the
living body.
1022 Metabolite Any substance produced by Àbájáde ìyòrò Àwọn ohun èròjà tí ìyòrò tàbí
metabolism or by a metabolic process. ìgbéṣẹ̀ ìyòrò n pèsè.
1023 Metastasis Transfer of a disease-producing agent Ìfọ́nka jẹjẹrẹ Gbígbé aṣojú ìpèsè ààrùn bí
(e.g. cancer cells or bacteria) from an jẹjẹrẹ hóró tàbí batéríà láti ibi
original site of disease to another part ìwáṣẹ̀ ààrùn sí apá ẹ̀yà ara
of the body with the development of a mìíràn pẹ̀lú ìdàgbàsókè ọgbẹ́
similar lesion in the new location (e.g. kannáà ní ibòmìíràn nínú ara.
spread of cancer from an original site
to other sites in the body).
1024 Methadone (drugs Methadone is an opioid medication. Òògùn Òògùn methadone jẹ́ òògùn tí
for substitution An opioid is sometimes called a methadone ó máa n ṣe àdínkù bá àìsàn
treatment) narcotic. Methadone reduces nínú ara àwọn ènìyàn tí kò ṣe
withdrawal symptoms in people aláìní òògùn olóró tàbí ní
addicted to heroin or other narcotic ìpalára sí wọn.
drugs without causing the “high”
associated with the drug addiction.
1025 Microbes Microscopic living organisms, Kòkòrò Lílo irinṣẹ́ àyẹ̀wò fi wo àwọn
including bacteria, protozoa and fungi. àìfojúrí bateria, potosua àti
osunwuuru.
1026 Microbicide An agent (e.g. a chemical or antibiotic) Apa kòkòrò Kẹ́míkà tàbí sójà tí ó n pa
that destroys microbes. àìfojúrí kòkòrò àìfojúrí.
1027 Microencapsula- Surrounded by a thin layer of Ìbo òògùn Ohun tínrín tí o n ṣe àbò. Ó jẹ́
ted protection. A means of protecting a ọ̀nà bíbo òògùn tàbí àjẹsára
drug or vaccine from rapid breakdown. lọ́wọ́ dídẹnukọlẹ̀.
1028 Microscopic Microscopic examination is a rapid Àyẹ̀wò abẹ Èyí jẹ́ abẹ ẹ̀rọ fún àyẹ̀wò láti
examination screening method for the detection of ẹ̀rọ awobíntín mọ ìwúkàrà àti gbateria.
yeast and bacteria.
1029 Microsporidiosis Disease resulting from infection with a Àkóràn Ààrùn tí ó wá láti ara ìkóràn
protozoal pathogen from the afàrùn potosua.
Microsporida order.
1030 Midwife Somebody trained to help deliver Agbẹ̀bí Ẹni tí ó kọ́ṣẹ́ nípa ìgbẹ̀bí fún
babies and offer support and advice to ọmọ, tí ó sì tún jẹ́ olùgbani-
pregnant women. nímọ̀ràn fún àwọn aláboyún.
1031 Mild anaemia Mild anaemia is defined as Aìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ Aìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ ìwọ̀nba ní ipò hóró
hemoglobin levels between 10 g/dL ìwọ̀nba ẹ̀jẹ̀ agbẹ̀mí láàárin 10g/dL àti
and 12 g/dL. 12g/dL.
1032 Minimum A pharmacokinetic measure used to Ìkéréjù òògùn Ìkéréjù òdiwọ̀n òògùn lílò.
Concentration determine drug dosing. Cmin is the nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ìkéréjù òògùn nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀, oje
(Cmin) lowest concentration of a drug in the ọpọlọ àti ọ̀pá ẹ̀yìn tàbí asojú
blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or target ara nígbà a bá ti fún wa ní
organ after a dose is given. òògùn.
1033 Mixed feeding This is combining breastfeeding and Ìdàpọ̀ ọyàn àti Ìdàpọ̀ ọyàn àti oúnjẹ àpòfó ̣mo.
bottle feeding. oúnjẹ
1034 MN A strain of HIV used in vaccine Ẹ̀yà KASA Ìgara KASA tí a n lò fún
development. MN ìdàgbàsókè àjẹsára.
1035 Morbidity Any departure, subjective or objective, Ipò alárùn Ìyàkúrò ègbè tàbí aláìsègbè
from a state of physiological or nínú ìfòyemọ̀ tàbí isesí wíwà
psychological well-being. In this sense ní àlàáfíà. Nínú irú ipò yìí,
sickness, illness and morbid condition àìsàn, ààrùn àti àárẹ̀ máa ń
are similarly defined and synonymous. jọra.
Morbidity can be measured in terms of
3 units: (a) persons who were ill;
(b) the illnesses (periods or spells of
illness) that these persons experienced;
(c) the duration (days, weeks, etc.) of
these illnesses.
1036 Mobilizers To assemble, prepare, or put into Olùtají Láti dàpọ̀, múra tàbí ọ̀nà
active service. ìmúṣẹ́ṣe.
1037 Moderate anaemia Blood volume deficiency which is not Àìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ abọ́dé Àìtó è ̣jè ̣ tí kò mé ̣mìí dání
life-threatening but bad enough to ṣùgbó ̣n tí ó le fa agara
impair daily activities of living. In ojoojúmó ̣.
humans, haemoglobin levels between 7
and 10 g/dL.
1038 Molluscum A disease of the skin and mucous Ààrùn àwọ̀ Ààrùn ara àti ìwọ̀ àṣekún tí ó
contagiosum membranes caused by a poxvirus. It is ara wá láti ara kòkòrò. Ó máa n
characterized by scattered flesh-toned wá lemọ́lemọ́ ní ara ọmọdé àti
white papules. The disease most àgbàlagba.
frequently occurs in children and
adults with impaired immune response.
It is transmitted from person to person
by direct or indirect contact and lasts
up to three years.
1039 Monkey A medium-sized primate belonging to Ọ̀bọ Ọ̀kan lára àwọn ẹ̀dà onírunlára
a group including baboons, marmosets, tí ó jẹ́ akẹgbẹ́ ìnàkí ṣùgbọ́n, ó
capuchins, macaques, guenons, and yàtọ̀ sí ìnàkí.
tamarins, but excluding apes, lemurs,
and tarsiers. Native to tropical regions.
1040 Monoclonal Antibodies produced by a hybridoma Àkàndá sójà Àwọn sójà tí a n pèsè láti ara
antibodies or antibody-producing cell source for a ara ohun àdàmọ̀dì àwọn hòrò tàbí
specific antigen. Monoclonal hóró tí n pèsè sójà ara tí ó jẹ́
antibodies are useful as a tool for orísun àjèjì adáralóró kan
identifying specific protein molecules. pàtó. A tún máa n fi mọ
mólékù purotéénì kan pàtó.
1041 Monocyte A large white blood cell that ingests Ẹ̀ yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun ńlá máa n fọ́
microbes or other cells and foreign funfun ńlá kòkòrò àìfojúrí tàbí àwọn hóró
particles. When a monocyte enters mìíràn sí ohun àjèjì. Nígbà tí
tissues, it develops into a macrophage. hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun ńlá bá wọ inú
àwọn ìmọ̀lára, a máa dàgbà di
olú hóró àjẹsára.
1042 Monovalent A vaccine that is specific for only one Àkàndá Àjẹsára tí ó wà fún àjèjì
vaccine antigen. òògùn àjẹsára adáralóró kan pàtó.
1043 Morphine An analgesic and narcotic drug Òògùn Òògùn tí ó n dín ìrora kù, tí a
obtained from opium and used adínrorakù rí lára òògùn olóró, tí a n ló bí
medicinally to relieve pain. i òògùn láti dín ìrora kù.
1044 Mortality The incidence of death in the Ìsẹ̀lẹ̀ ikú Ònkà ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ikú ní iye ìlú fún
population in a given period. àkókò kan.
1045 Mortality measure This is a number of deaths within a Òǹkà ìsẹ̀lẹ̀ Ìṣẹ̀sẹ̀lẹ̀
given period of time. ikú
1046 Mosquito bite Mosquito bite is the itchy bumps that Ojú ẹ̀fọn Ibí tí ó lé nígbà tí ẹ̀fọn bá tani
appear after mosquitoes use their ní ara, tí a yun ṣùgbọ́n tí ó
mouthparts to puncture the skin and sẹ̀jẹ̀.
feed on blood.
1047 Most-at-Risk Populations most-at-risk (MARP) for Ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn Ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn adojúkọ ewu ni
Populations becoming infected with HIV include adojúkọ ewu àwọn tí wọ́n lè tètè kó KASA
(MARPs) injection drug users, sex workers and lára wọn ni àwọn alòògùn
their clients, men who have sex with pẹ̀lu-abẹ́rẹ́, olówò-nàbì àti oní-
men, and prisoners. MARPs are bàárà wọn, ọkùnrin tí ń ba
considered at risk for HIV due to ọkùnrin lò pọ̀ àti ẹlẹ́wọ̀n. Ọ̀pọ̀
behaviours and practices that heighten ènìyàn adojúkọ ewu ni wọ́n
their vulnerability to the virus. dojú kọ ewu KASA nítorí
ìwùwàsí àti ìsesí wọn, òun ló
sì mú wọ́n dójú kọ ewu
kòkòrò náà.
1048 Mothers of Mothers who are unaware of their HIV Ìyá aláìmọ́ ipò Àwo ̣n ìyá aláìmọ́ ipò KASA
unknown status status. KASA ara awọn.
1049 Mouth Food and voice organ in people and Ẹnu Ẹ̀ ya ara ti ènìyàn àti ẹranko n
animals. gbá jẹun, tí wó ̣n sì fi n sò ̣rò ̣.
1050 Mouth sores Mouth sores, including canker sores, Egbò ẹnu Egbò àti ìbẹ́ ẹnu jẹ́ àwọn ìríra
are minor irritations that usually tí ó n parẹ́ lẹ́yìn ọ̀ṣẹ̀ kan tàbí
disappear after a week or two. méjì.
1051 Mucocutaneous Anything that concerns or pertains to Ìpàdé Ohunkóhun tí ó jẹ mọ́ awọ inú
mucous membranes and the skin (e.g. tínútòde àti ara bí i ẹnu, òbò, ètè àti
mouth, vagina, lips, anal area). àwọn oju ihò.
1052 Mucosa Mucous membrane. Awọ inú Awọ inú.

1053 Mucosal immunity Resistance to infection across the Àjẹsára awọ Àtakò sí ìkóràn sí awọ inú.
mucous membranes. Dependent on inú Àwọn ohun wọ̀nyìí daralé
immune cells and antibodies present in hóró àjẹsára àti sójà tí ó wà ní
the lining of the urogenital tract, ilé ìbísí àti ilé ìtọ̀, t’inú àtikùn
gastrointestinal tract and other parts of àti àwọn ẹ̀yà ara tó hàn síta.
the body exposed to the outside world.
1054 Mucous A moist layer of tissue that lines body Awọ inú Àwọ fẹ́lẹ́ tí ìmọ̀lára tí ó wà ní
membrane cavities or passages that have an ihò ara tàbí àwọn òpó tí ó ṣí
opening to the external world (e.g. the ṣíta.
lining of the mouth, nostrils or vagina).
1055 Multi-drug Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Ikọ́fe ajáàgùn Èyí ni ikó ̣fe tí bateríà tó fà á n
resistant TB (MDR-TB, also known as Vank's já àwo ̣n òògùn ikó ̣fe tó
(MDR-TB) disease) is a form of TB infection lágbára jùlo ̣.
caused by bacteria that are resistant to
treatment with at least two of the most
powerful first-line anti-TB drugs,
isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP).
1056 Multi-Country This programme was implemented in Àjọ MAP Àjọ yìí wà fún ìdáhùn
AIDS Programme three stages. The first stage would be pàjáwìrì, ìdènà, ìtọ́jú fún
(MAP) an “emergency response,” which KASA àti ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
entails putting in place essential àjẹsára ní Afrika.
structures, policies, and capacity;
working with communities in
delivering services; better
understanding implementation
dynamics; and generally learning by

doing. Stage two would scale up and
mainstream prevention, treatment, and
care, based on evidence of effective
innovation as outlined in the World
Bank’s Commitment to HIV/AIDS in
Africa. Stage three would focus on
areas or groups where the spread of the
disease continued.
1057 Multiple partners More than two sexually related friends. Ọ̀pọ̀ Ènìyàn tí ó ní ọ̀rẹ́ alábásùn
oníbàálòpọ̀ púpọ̀.
1058 Muscle pain Muscle pain is most often related to Ìrora iṣan Ó jẹ́mọ́ àbájáde ohun ìjayà,
tension, overuse, or muscle injury from àlòpa, tàbí èyí tí ó wá láti ara
exercise or physically demanding eré ìdárayá.
work.
1059 Mutation This is a change in the genetic material Ìyípadà DNA Èyí ni ìyípadà èròjà jinni nínú
*DNA* of a cell, or the change this hóró, kí i ó yí àwọn nǹkan
causes in a characteristic of the padà nínú ènìyàn tí kìí ṣe
individual, which is not caused by ìbámu ti ìbí.
normal genetic processes.
1060 Mycobacterium Any bacterium of the genus Myco- Ikọ́ ifeẹlẹ́yọ- Batéríà tí ẹyọ-iran tàbí ajẹmọ́
bacterium or a closely related genus. ìran ẹyọ-iran.
1061 Mycobacterium A bacterial infection that can be Àìsàn MAC Ìkóràn batéríà tí ó wà fún
Avium Complex localized (limited to a specific organ or agbèègbe kan nínú ara tàbí tí a
(MAC) area of the body) or disseminated pín kákiri ara. Ó jẹ́ ààrùn
throughout the body. It is a life- amẹ́ẹ̀mí dání ṣùgbọ́n ìlànà
threatening disease, although new tuntun fún wa ní ìrètí ò ̣tun fún
therapies offer promise for both ìdènà àti ìtọ́jú tó péye. Ààrùn
prevention and treatment. MAC yìí kò wọ́pọ̀ sí àwọn tí ó n gbé

disease is extremely rare in people pẹ̀lú KASA.
who are not infected with HIV.
1062 Mycoplasmal Of, pertaining to, or caused by Makopílásímà Ajẹmọ́, tàbí èyí tí ó n fa
mycoplasmas. makopílásímà
1063 Mycosis Any disease caused by a fungus. Àìsàn Ònfà osunwuuru.
ọ̀súnwúrú
1064 Myelin A substance that sheathes nerve cells, Ìbo ìmọ̀lára Àwọn ohun èròjà alápò
acting as an electric insulator that fẹ́lẹ́fẹ́lẹ́ ìmọ̀lára hóró tí ó n ṣe
facilitates the conduction of nerve iṣẹ́ ẹ̀yẹ́-iná afọ̀nàhàn sí agbára
impulses. ìmọ̀lára.
1065 Myelosuppression Impairment of the blood cell- Ìdènà Àwọn ohun àìpéye ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó n
producing function of the bone mùndùnmún- pèsè mùndùnmúndùn eegun.
marrow. dùn
1066 Myelotoxic Destructive to bone marrow. Apa mùndùn- Apa mùndùnmúndùn eegun.
múndùn
1067 National Agency A Nigerian government organization Àjọ NACA Àjọ ìjo ̣ba Nàìjíríà tí ó wà fún
for the Control of set up to coordinate intersectoral kòkárí ètò àwo ̣n e ̣gbé ̣ tó n
AIDS (NACA) collaboration for limiting the dènà àjàkálè ̣ KASA àti ààrùn
HIV/AIDS epidemic. It was initially ìso ̣dò ̣le ̣ àje ̣sára.
known as the National Action
Committee on AIDS (NACA).
1068 National AIDS This is a nationally representative Àjọ NARHS Àjọ yìí máa n pèsè ìmọ̀ àti
and Reproductive survey of 10,000 respondents ìhùwàsí kíkún nípa ìfitóniétí
Health Surveys consisting of 5128 women aged 15-49 nípa KASA àti ààrùn ìbálòpọ̀,
(NARHS) years and 4962 men aged 15-64 years. pẹ̀lú ìgbaniníyànjú àti àyẹ̀wò
The objective was to provide ìfinúfídọ̀ nípa KASA lòdì sí
information on levels of HIV àbùkù tí ó nńkan àwọn tó n
preventive knowledge and behaviour, gbé pẹ̀lú ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
other sexually transmitted diseaeses,
HIV voluntary counselling and testing,
stigma and discrimination against
people living with HIV/AIDS,
maternal health, sexual behaviour, and
reproductive health issues including
family planning, female circumcision,
gender violence and communication
for behaviour change.
1069 National AIDS The National AIDS and STI Control Àjọ NASCP A gbé ẹ̀ka yìí kalẹ̀ ní 1987 tí
and STI Control Programme was established in 1987 to iléeṣẹ́ ètò ìlera n dásí láti kojú
Programme spearhead the Ministry of Health’s KASA àti ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
(NASCP) interventions on the fight against àjẹsára.
HIV/AIDS.
1070 National AIDS Information centre provided by Ibùdó ìfitó- Ibùdó ìfitónilétí nípa ẹ̀ka tí ó n
Clearing House Centres for Disease Prevention and nilétí CDC se ìdarí àti ìdékun ààrùn.
Control.
1071 National AIDS NASA is a tool within the national Àjọ NASA Irinṣẹ́ tó n ṣe àbójúwò fún
Spending monitoring and evaluation framework àyẹ̀wò nínáwó lórí KASA ní
Assessment and is a recommended measurement orílè-èdè.
(NASA) tool to track HIV spending at country
level to report to GARPR indicator.
1072 National Blood NBTS was established to provide Àjọ agbẹ̀jẹ̀sílẹ̀ A dá ẹ̀ka yìí sílẹ̀ láti máa pín
Transfusion adequate provision and equitable orílẹ̀-èdè ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀ yanturu ní orílẹ̀ -èdè
Service (NBTS) distribution of safe donor blood láti dẹ́kun kòsíkòsí ẹ̀jẹ̀ nigbà
throughout Nigeria in order to gbogbo.
eliminate the hazards associated with a
decentralized, hospital-based and
unregulated blood transfusion services.
1073 National Cancer An NIH institute with the overall Ilé-iṣé ̣ NCI Ilé-iṣé ̣ tó wà fún agbátẹrù fún
Institute (NCI) mission of conducting and supporting ìwádìí àti ìdánilẹ̀ẹ́kọ́ nípa
research, training and disseminating ìfitónilétí nípa ìlera adálórí
health information with respect to the ìdámọ́ àìsàn àti ìtọ́jú jẹjẹrẹ.
causes, diagnosis and treatment of
cancer. NCI also performs these
functions for HIV infections and
associated diseases.
1074 National Ebola The Sierra Leone government’s Ibùdó NERC Ibùdó orílẹ̀-èdè Sàró fún
Response Centre national agency for coordinating the ìṣàkóso àjàkálè ààrùn Ebola.
(NERC) fight against the Ebola epidemic.
1075 National Institute An NIH institute that conducts and Ilé-iṣé ̣ NIAID Ilé-iṣé ̣ tí ó wà fún agbátẹrù fún
of Allergy and supports research to study the causes ìwádìí àti ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ìdí àwọn
Infectious Diseases of allergic, immunologic and infec- ààrùn ìkóràn àti láti mọ ọ̀nà tí
(NIAID) tious diseases, and to develop better a n gbà láti dènà, ṣe ìdàmọ̀
means of preventing, diagnosing and àìsàn àti ìtọ́jú àwọn ààrùn
treating illnesses. NIAID is responsible gbogbo. Ilé-iṣé ̣ NIAID máa n
for the federally funded, national basic ṣe agbátẹrù ètò ìwádìí nípa
research programme in AIDS. ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
1076 National Institute An NIH institute that conducts and Ilé-iṣé ̣ NICHD Ilé-iṣé ̣ tí ó wà fún agbátẹrù fún
of Child Health supports research on the reproductive, ìwádìí àti ẹ̀kọ́ ìwádìí nípa ìbísí,
and Human developmental and behavioural ìgbòrò àti ìhùwàsí mímọ ìlera
Development processes that determine the health of ọmọdé, àgbàlagbà, ẹbí àti iye
(NICHD) children, adults, families and àwọn ènìyàn ní ìlú. Ilé-iṣé ̣
populations. Thus, NICHD supports NICHD máa n ṣe agbátẹrù ètò
clinical research related to the ìwádìí nípa ìkóràn KASA láti
transmission of HIV from infected ara ìyá sí àwọn ọmọ.
mothers to their offspring, the
progression of disease in HIV-infected
infants and children, and the testing of
potential therapies and preventatives
for this population.
1077 National Institutes A multi-institute agency of the Public Ilé-iṣé ̣ NIH NIH máa n ṣe agbátẹrù ètò
of Health (NIH) Health Service (USA), NIH is the ìwádìí ní yàrá àyẹ̀wò àti
federal focal point for health research. àtìlẹ́yìn fún àwọn ilé ẹ̀kọ́ gíga,
It conducts research in its own ilé ẹ̀kọ́ ìṣègùn, ilé-ìwòsàn àti
laboratories and supports research in àwọn ẹka tí wọn n ṣe ìwádìí ní
universities, medical schools, hospitals orílẹ̀-èdè àti òkè-òkun.
and research institutions throughout
the country and abroad.
1078 National Library An NIH institute, NLM is one of three Ilé ìkàwé Ọ̀kan lára yàrá ìkàwé mẹ́ta ní
of Medicine US national libraries. It is the world's ìṣègùn orílẹ̀ àgbáyé tí ó n ṣe ìwádìí
(NLM) largest research library in a single nípa ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀. Wọ́n n pèsè
scientific and professional field (i.e. iṣẹ́ nípa KASA àti ààrùn
medicine). NLM provides (among ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjgbsára.
others) electronic and print
information services relating to
HIV/AIDS, including AIDSLINE,

AIDSTRIALS, AIDSDRUGS and the
AIDS Bibliography.
1079 National Disseminates information on Àjọ CDC- Ìfọ́nká ìfotónilétí nípa KASA
Prevention HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, other NPIN àti ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára,
Information sexually transmitted diseases, and kòkòrò jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀, ààrùn
Network (CDC- tuberculosis (TB). Information is ìbálòpọ̀ àti ikọ́-ife. Ifitónilétí
NPIN) available via the Web, phone, e-mail, yìí lè jẹ́ nípa ayélujára, fóónù
and postal mail. àti ìfìwéránṣẹ́.
1080 National security The protection of a nation from attack Àbò orílẹ̀-èdè Àbò tí orílẹ̀-èdè rí gbà lòdì sí
or other danger by maintaining ìdojúkọ tàbí ewu nípa ríra
adequate armed forces and guarding nǹkan ìjà ogun fún wọn àti
state secrets. pípa àṣírí ìlú mọ́.
1081 Natural history Study of the natural development of Ẹ̀ kọ́ ìtàn Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa ìdàgbàsókè àdámọ́
study something (such as an organism or a àdámọ́ bíi ènìyàn tàbí àrùn fún ìgbà
disease) over a period of time. kan.
1082 Natural killer cells A type of lymphocyte that does not Apa hóró Ẹ̀ yà jẹjẹrẹ omi-ara tí ó n gbé
carry the markers to be B cells or T àdámọ́ àmì yálà hóró B tàbí T. Bí i
cells. Like cytotoxic T cells, they aporó òògùn hóró T, wọn a
attack and kill tumor cells and protect máa tako ọ̀nà àti pa hóró
against a wide variety of infectious jẹjẹrẹ, kí i ó sì máa dábòòbò
microbes. They are "natural" killers ààrùn kòkòrò àìfojúrí.
because they do not need additional
stimulation or need to recognize a
specific antigen in order to attack and
kill. Persons with immunodeficiences
such as those caused by HIV infection

have a decrease in "natural" killer cell
activity.
1083 Nebulize (V) To administer medication in the form Sọdèémí Lílo òògùn aláfẹ́fẹ́ fún fífàsínú
of a mist inhaled into the lungs. ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
1084 Nebulizer A nebulizer or nebuliser (see spelling Ẹ̀ rọ asọdèémí Èyí jẹ́ irinṣẹ́ ìlo òògùn tí ó jẹ́ ti
differences) is a drug delivery device ìfàsínú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
used to administer medication in the
form of a mist inhaled into the lungs.
1085 Neck The part of the body joining the head Ọrùn Ẹ̀ yà-ara tó n so orí pọ̀mọ́ èjìká.
to the shoulders. It is the region Agbèègbè tó n ṣèrànwọ́ pẹ̀lú
supported by the cervical vertebrae. eegun ọrùn.
1086 Necrolysis Shedding of surface components of Ikú isan Kíkán àwọn èròjà ní pèpele
tissue, such as cells from internal body ìmọ̀lára bí i àwọn hóró ní
surfaces, due to death of a portion of pèpele ìta ara fún ìdí ikú isan.
tissue.
1087 Needle A small sharp metal pin used in Abẹ́rẹ́ Èyí jẹ́ pínnì tí a n lò fi gún apá
acupuncture to stimulate points on the kan ní ojú ara.
body.
1088 Needle and Needle and syringe programmes Ètò alábẹ́rẹ́ Ètò alábẹ́rẹ́ àti sìrínìnjì ni ọ̀kan
Syringe (NSPs) are a type of harm reduction lára ètò láti dín ewu kù nípa
Programmes initiative that provide clean needles pípèsè abẹ́rẹ́ àti sìnrínìnjì tí ó
(NSPs) and syringes to people who inject mọ́ dáadáa fún àwọn ènìyàn tí
drugs (sometimes referred to as wọ́n gba òògun nípa abẹ́rẹ́
PWID). gígún
1089 Neem tree Azadirachta indica, also known as Dógóyárò Igi dógóyárò jẹ́ ẹ̀yà igi ti ẹbí
Neem, Nimtree, and Indian Lilac is a igi gẹdú.
tree in the mahogany family

Meliaceae.
1090 Nef One of the regulatory genes of the HIV Ẹ̀ yọ́ ìran Nef Ọ̀kan lára ẹ̀yọ́ ìran fún kòkòrò
virus. Three HIV regulatory genes – KASA. Ẹ̀ yọ́ ìran síṣedéédé fún
tat, rev and nef – and three so-called KASA ní tat, rev àti nef pẹ̀lú
auxiliary genes – vif, vpr and vpu – àwọn aṣèrànwọ́ ẹ̀yọ́ ìran bí i
contain information necessary for the vif, vpr àti vpu tí ó n pèsè
production of proteins that control the ìfitónilétí fún ìpèsè purotéénì
virus's ability to infect a cell, produce tí ó n darí ipa hóró láti kó
new copies of the virus or cause ààrùn àti ìṣelọ́pọ̀ ẹ̀dà àwọn
disease. ààrùn wọ́nyìí.
1091 Nelfinavir (NFN) Nelfinavir (NFN) (brand name Òògùn Náfà Èyí ni òògùn apa kòkòrò
Viracept) is an antiretroviral drug used KASA.
in the treatment of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Nelfinavir belongs to the class of drugs
known as protease inhibitors (PIs) and
like other PIs is almost always used in
combination with other antiretroviral
drugs.
1092 Neonatal Concerning the first four weeks of life Ajẹmọ́-ìkókó Nípa ti ọ̀sẹ̀ mẹ́rin àyè lẹ́yìn ìbí.
after birth.
1093 Neoplasm An abnormal and uncontrolled growth Ìsù Àibójúmu Ohun àibójúmu àti àìlèdarí
of tissue; a tumor. ìdàgbàsókè ìmọ̀lára.
1094 Nephrotoxic Poisonous to the kidneys. Májèlé Májèlé kíndìnrín.
kíndìnrín
1095 Nerve A bundle of fibres that uses electrical Ìmọ́lára Ìdì àwọn ọ̀ran tó n lo àmì àrá
and chemical signals to transmit ati ẹ̀là láti gbé iyè, àti ìdì
sensory (a bundle of conducting nerves sísàwárí ẹ̀so tó n gbé ohun
that transmit impulses from the brain àìròtẹ́lè láti ọpọlọ tabi ọ̀pá
or spinal cord to the muscles and èhìn sí iṣon àti ẹsẹ́ oje-ara tàbí
glands) and or inwards from the sense nínú láti àwọn ẹ̀yà ara sí ọpọlọ
organs to the brain and spinal cord. àti ọ̀pá èhìn.
1096 Neuralgia A sharp, shooting pain along a nerve Ìrora-ìmọ́lára Ohun mímú tí ó n pani lára.
pathway.
1097 Neurological Central nervous system (CNS) Ìbàjẹ́ Ìbàjẹ́ gbùngùn ìsàkóso ìmọ̀lára
complications of damage. gbùngùn ajẹmọ́ ìsọdọ̀lẹ.
AIDS ìsàkóso
ìmọ̀lára
ajẹmọ́ ìsọdọ̀lẹ
1098 Neuropathy The name given to a group of disorders Àrùn ìmọ̀lára Orúkọ tí a fún àkójọpọ̀ àìda
involving nerves. Symptoms range ìmọ̀lára. Àìsàn yìí máa n fa
from a tingling sensation or numbness àìbàlẹ̀ ọkàn tàbí ìka ríro.
in the toes and fingers to paralysis. It is Àkọsílẹ̀ fi yéwa pé ìdá
estimated that 35 per cent of people márùndínlógójì àwọn tó n gbé
with HIV disease have some form of pẹ̀lú KASA máa n ní ààrùn
neuropathy. A "peripheral neuropathy" Ìmọ̀lára.
refers to the peripheral nerves outside
the spinal cord.
1099 Neutralization The process by which an antibody Ìpaṣẹ́ Ìgbéṣẹ̀ bí i sójà ṣe sopòò mọ́
binds to specific antigens, thereby àjèjì adáralóró kan pàtó, kí i ó
"neutralizing" the microorganism. sì sọ kòkòrò àìfojúrí di ìpaṣẹ́.
1100 Neutralizing An antibody that keeps a virus from Sójà ara Sójà ara tí ó n ṣe ààbò kí
antibody infecting a cell, usually by blocking apasẹ́ kòkòrò máa baà ran hóró nípa
receptors on the cell or the virus. mímọ odi mọ́ hóró.
1101 Neutralizing The section of the HIV envelope Sàkàní pípasẹ́ Apákan purotéénì gp120 tí
domain protein gp120 that elicits antibodies èèpo KASA tí ó n yọ àwọn
with neutralizing activities. sójà jade níbi ìpaṣẹ́.
1102 Neutropaenia An abnormally low level of circulating Ẹ̀ yà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àìbójúmu ipò ìṣànyíká ẹ̀yà
white blood cells (neutrophils) that funfun hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tó n yọ batéríà
remove bacteria. pátápátá.
1103 Neutrophil Also called polymorph nuclear Ẹ̀ ya hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ẹ̀ ya hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí ó n
neutrophil (PMN). A white blood cell funfun dáàbòbò olùgbàlejò láti kó
that plays a central role in the defence ààrùn. A máa pa àwọn kòkòrò
of a host against infection. Neutrophils àjèjì.
engulf and kill foreign
microorganisms.
1104 Niger Delta AIDS The secret of the success of NiDAR is Ìdásí Niger Àsírí àṣeroyí NIDAR ni pé,
Response (NiDAR) that the communities are in charge. Delta sí ààrùn àwùjọ ni ó wà ní ojú ọpọ́n.
Each of the hospitals is managed by a ìṣọdọ̀lẹ Ìgbìmọ̀ yìí wà fún ìṣàkóso ilé
committee headed by a nominee of the Àjẹsára ìwòsàn àti ìpèsè iṣẹ́ ìrànwọ́.
community. The committee is
responsible for the efficient
management of the hospital and
provision of the required services.
1105 Nigeria Business NIBUCAA’s vision is to help develop Àjọ A dá ẹ̀ka yìí sílẹ̀ láti ró àwọn
Coalition Against a private sector which is informed and NIBUCAA oníṣẹ́ aládàáni láti dẹ́kun ìsòro
AIDS (NIBUCAA) committed to addressing the growing ajẹmọ́ KASA àti ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ
challenges of HIV & AIDS in the ajẹsára ní ibi-iṣẹ́ àti àwùjọ ní

workplace and in the broader àpapọ̀. Àjọ ilé-iṣẹ́ tí wọ́n jẹ́
community. Member companies ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ àjọ yìí máa n sapa
ensure that employees living with HIV pé òṣìṣẹ́ tí ó ń gbé pẹ̀lú KASA
are given the same rights, benefits and náà ní ẹ̀tọ́ kan náà pẹ̀lú àwọn
opportunities as their colleagues. akẹgbẹ́ tí ó kù.
1106 Nigeria Centre for The Nigeria Centre for Disease Àjọ NCDC Ọdún 2005 ni wó ̣n dá Àjọ yí
Disease Control Control (NCDC) was established in sílẹ̀. Ó wà fún ìkúnpá ìdènà
(NCDC) 2005. NCDC's mission is to identify, ìkóràn àwo ̣n ààrùn ní orílè ̣ èdè
assess and communicate current and Nàìjíríà.
emerging threats to human health
posed by infectious diseases.
1107 Nigeria National The Nigeria National Response Àjọ NNRIMS Àjọ NNRIMS wà láti máa
Response Information Management System mójútó ìpèníjà sí àṣeyọrí àwọn
Information (NNRIMS) was put in place to track ilànà àti igbékalẹ̀. Àfojúsùn
Management the successes and challenges of NNRIMS gan-an nípé ilànà
System (NNRIMS) strategic plans. The primary goal of the ìmúṣẹ́ṣe ni láti pèsè ìmójútó tí
NNRIMS Operational Plan is to ó rọrùn tí ó sì múnádóko làti
provide a simple and robust monitor- mọ ibi tí iṣẹ́ gbé dúro gan-an
ing and evaluation system that will nípa dídásí KASA àti ààrùn
facilitate (a) tracking of progress in the ìsọdọ̀lẹ Àjẹsára nípa lílo
implementation of the National HIV/ ìfitónilétí àwọn ètò ẹ̀rí-máa-
AIDS response and (b) using informa- jẹ́mi-nìsó àti àti àwọn ìlànà
tion to inform programmes, policies ìmúṣẹ́se láti orísìí ọ̀nà dídásí
and service delivery as part of the KASA àti ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára ní
multi-sectoral HIV and AIDS response orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà.
in Nigeria based on the National
Strategic Framework (2005-2009).
1108 Nipah fever This is a virus transmitted to humans Ibà nípà Ààrùn tí ènìyàn n kó lára
via animals. ẹranko.
1109 Nocardia Nocardia is the causative agent of an Batéríà Ó lè jẹ́ ààrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró nokádíà
infectious disease affecting either the nokádíà tàbí gbogbo ara.
lungs (pulmonary nocardiosis) or the
whole body (systemic nocardiosis).
1110 Nocardiosis A generalized disease in humans and Ààrùn ajẹmọ́ Ààrùn gbogboogbò tí ó n ràn
other animals caused by nocardia nokadíà láti ara ẹranko bí i nokadíà.
asteroides characterized by primary
pulmonary lesions that may be
subclinical or chronic hematogenous
spread to deep viscera, including the
central nervous system; most
commonly occurs in
immunosuppressed patients.
1111 Non-infectious Any disease that cannot be transmitted Ààrùn Èyí ni ààrùn tí kò le ràn láti
disease from one person to another. áìkóràn ara ẹnìkan sí ẹlòmíràn.
1112 Non- A non-profit organization dedicated to Àjọ tí kìí ṣe ti Ilé isẹ́ tí kìí ṣe fún èrè jíjẹ tí ó
Governmental helping individuals and families ìjọba ń pèsè iṣẹ́ ìrànwọ́ fún àwọn
Organization overcome poverty. ènìyàn àti ẹbí láti bọ́ lọ́wọ́ òṣì.
(NGO)
1113 Non-Hodgkin's Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a cancer Àìsàn
̣ jẹjẹrẹ Jẹjẹrẹ tí ó n bẹ̀rẹ̀ láti ara hóró
lymphoma that starts in cells called lymphocytes, Hodgkin tí ó wà lára àjẹsára.
which are part of the body's immune
system.
1114 Non-reactive test Behavioural patterns of individuals ̣

Èsì àyèwò Èsì àyè ̣wò aláìfihànní àyẹ̀wò tí
when a test result is good. aláìfihàn kò ṣe àwárí atako KASA nínú
ẹ̀jẹ̀
1115 Nonsteroidal Anti- A distinct class of analgesic drugs Ọ̀wọ́ òògùn Ọ̀wọ́ òògùn apàrora wíwú.
Inflammatory which provide pain relief by Apàrora
Drug (NSAID) counteracting the body’s inflammation (NSAID)
process.
1116 Nucleic acid Molecule consisting of many Èròjà inú Mólékù tí ó ní èròjà kòkòrò
nucleotides chemically bound together; kókó hóró púpò tí a yí kẹ́míkà bíi DNA
e.g. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and àti RNA pọ̀ mọ́.
ribonucleic acid (RNA). Biologically
occurring polynucleotides in which the
nucleotide residues are linked in a
specific sequence by phosphodiester
bonds.
1117 Nucleoli Bodies in the nucleus that become Èso kókó hóró Kókó hóró tí ó di wíwú ní
enlarged during protein synthesis and àsìkò ìsiṣẹ́ purotéénì tí ó ní
contain the DNA template for àwòṣe DNA fún RNA.
ribosomal RNA.
1118 Nucleoside Nucleosides are related to nucleotides, Ẹ̀yà èròjá Ajẹmọ́ èròjà kókó hóró 2 ni
analogue the subunits of nucleic acids; however, kókó hóró 1 ẹ̀yà èròjá kókó hóró 1.
they do not carry the phosphate groups
of the nucleotides. Nucleoside
analogues generally are synthetic
compounds similar to one of the
components of DNA or RNA; a
general type of antiviral drug (e.g.
acyclovir and AZT).
1119 Nucleotide A subunit of DNA or RNA that Ẹ̀yà èròjá Ìpín DNA tàbí RNA tí ó ní
consists of a nitrogenous base (A, G, kókó hóró 2 nitirojin (A,G,T, tàbí C nínú-
T, or C in DNA, AG, U or C in RNA), DNA; AG, U, tàbí C nínú
a phosphate molecule, and a sugar RNA) èròjà kókó hóró tí a rí
molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, and nínúèròjà inú kókó hóró .
ribose in RNA).
1120 Nucleus (1) The central controlling body within Kókó hóró Gbùngbun ìṣèdarí àwọn àyè
a living cell, usually a spherical unit hóró nínú ara tí ó wà ní ìhámọ́
enclosed in a membrane and awọ tí ó ní àwọn kóòdú jinni
containing genetic codes for fún ídàgbàsókè àti ìbísí.
maintaining the life systems of the
organism and for issuing commands
for growth and reproduction. (2) The
nucleus of a cell is an organelle (i.e. a
cellular organ) that is essential to such
cell functions as reproduction and
protein synthesis.
1121 Null cell A lymphocyte that develops in the Hóró aláìlámì Hóró omi-ara tí ó dàgbà nínú
bone marrow and lacks the mùndùnmúndùn eegun èyí tí ó
characteristic surface markers of the B ṣe aláìní àwọn àmì omi-ara B
and T lymphocytes. Null cells àti T. Hóró aláìlámì dúró fún
represent a small proportion of the horo omi-ara kékeré. Èyí a
lymphocyte population. Stimulated by máa dí àyè sójà ara, hóró
the presence of an antibody, null cells aláìlámì lè dojúkọ àwọn hóró
can attack certain cellular targets kan pàtó tí a mọ́ sí àdámọ̀
directly and are known as "natural apani tàbí àwọn hóró NK.
killer" or NK cells.
1122 Nurse Somebody trained to look after sick or Nọ́ọ̀sì Ẹni tó n ṣe ìtọ́jú àwọn aláìsàn
injured people, especially somebody ní ilé ìwòsàn, páàpáààwọn tó n
who works in a hospital or clinic, ṣe àbójútó àti ìtọ́jú wọn gẹ́gẹ́
administering the care and treatment bí dókítà ṣe pá ní àṣẹ.
that a doctor prescribes.
1123 Nylon A class of synthetic polyamide Ọ̀rá Àkójọpọ̀ ohun èròjà àtọwọ́dá
materials made by copolymerizing ohun kíkan tí ó jẹ́ oníbejì.
dicarboxylic acids with diamines.
1124 Ocular Pertaining to the eye. Ẹ̀ yinjú Ajẹmọ́ ojú.
1125 Onion A monocotyledonous plant of genus Àlùbọ́sà Ohun ọ̀gbìn inú ilẹ̀ tí a nlò fún
Alium allied to garlic, used as ìsebẹ̀ èyí tí ó n mú oúnjẹ dùn.
vegetable and spice.
1126 Open-label trial A clinical trial in which doctors and Ìwádìí àjọmọ̀ Ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọ́jú ní èyí tí
participants know which drug or àwọn dókítà àti ọ̀wọ́ akópa mọ
vaccine is being administered. irú òògùn àti ajẹsára tí a le lò.
1127 Opportunistic An illness caused by an organism that Ìkóràn ajìfà Àìsàn tí ó wá láti ara
infection usually does not cause disease in a ẹyawuuru tí kìí sábà fa àrùn
person with a normal immune system. lára ènìyàn tí ó ní ètò àjẹsára tí
People with advanced HIV infection ó dápé. Àwọn tíwọ́n ní ìkóràn
suffer opportunistic infections of the KASA ajìfà tí ó ga nínú
lungs, brain, eyes and other organs. ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, ọpọlọ, ojú àti àwọn
ara mìíràn.
1128 Opt-in HIV testing This is a condition of voluntary testing Afaramọ́ Àyẹ̀wò KASA wò ̣fún tí a n ṣe
̣ KASA
which targets the screening of pregnant àyèwò fún olóyún lọ́nà àti dènà
women for HIV infection to avoid ìkóràn ran ọmọ.
transmission to the baby.
1129 Opt-out HIV This is a condition of performing Ànfààní ìyẹra Síṣe àyẹ̀wò fún àwọn tó n gbé
testing an HIV test after notifying the patient fáyẹ̀wò KASA pẹ̀lú KASA ṣùgbọ́n tí wọ́n ní
that the test is normally performed but ànfààní ìye ̣ra fún àyẹ̀wò.
that the patient may elect to decline or
defer testing. Consent is then assumed
unless the patient declines testing.
1130 Oral Polio Vaccine This is a drug used to prevent Ìtọ́lá ajẹsára Òògùn tó n dènà ààrùn ìkóràn
(OPV) infectious viral disease affecting the rọpá rọsẹ̀ èyí tí ó n ṣe ìpalára fún ètò
central nervous system that causes ààrin gbùngbùn tó n fa ààrùn
paralysis. rọpárọṣẹ̀.
1131 Organs A part of the body that has a specific Ẹ̀ yà ara inú Ẹ̀ yà ara inú tí ó ní iṣẹ́ kan
function. pàtó.
1132 Oropharyngeal Relating to that division of the pharynx Tẹnutọ̀fun Ajèmọ́ pínpín sí ọ̀fin láàárìn
between the soft palate and the òkè ẹnu àti ẹ̀kù ìpè-ọ̀fun
epiglottis. Pharynx is a tube that wíwú. ọ̀fun jẹ́ túúbù tí ó so
connects the mouth and nasal passages ẹnu àti imú pọ̀ mọ́ òòfà-ọ̀fun sí
with the oesophagus, the connection to ìsopọ̀ ikùn.
the stomach. Epiglottis is a thin, valve-
like structure that covers the glottis,
the opening of the upper part of the
larynx (the part of the throat
containing the vocal cords) during
swallowing.
1133 Orphan A child whose parents are both dead Ọmọ òrukàn Ọmọ tí kò ní ìyá àti bàbá tàbí
and who has been abandoned by his or tí àwọn méjèèjì kọ̀ sílẹ̀ tí ẹbí
her parents, especially a child not wọn gan-an kò tẹ́wọ́gbà.
adopted by another family.
1134 Orphan and The concept generally refers to Ọmọ òrukàn Ọmọ aláìnìyá àti àwo ̣n mìíràn
vulnerable orphans and other groups of children àti tí wó ̣n kángun sí ewu ju
children (OVC) who are more exposed to risks than akángunséwu ẹlẹgbé ̣ wọn lọ.
their peers.
1135 Outpatient A patient who comes to the hospital, Aláìsàn Aláìsàn tí ó wá sí ilé ìwòsàn
clinic, or dispensary for diagnosis and alálọbọ̀ fún ìdámọ̀ àìsàn tàbí ìtọ́jú
or/treatment but does not occupy a ṣùgbọ́n, tí a kò gbàyè ibùsùn
bed. fún ní ilé ìwòsàn
1136 Outpatient A section in the hospital where Ẹka ìgbàtọ́jú Aláìsàn tí ó n gba ìtọ́jú ní ilé
department outpatient cases are handled. alálọbọ̀ ìwòsàn, yálà ibi tí ẹnìkan dáwà
tàbí èyí tí ọ̀gọ̀rọ̀ ènìyàn wà,
ṣùgbọ́n, tí a kò gbàyè ibùsùn
fún-un ní ilé ìwòsàn fún
ènìyàn náà.
1137 Outreach kits The outreach kits include guidelines, Ohun èlò Ohun èlò ìta gbangba ní ìlànà,
practical tips, activities and other ìpolongo ìtanilólobó ní ojúkorojú pẹ̀lú
resources to help scientists participate àwọn ohun tí ó n ṣe ìranwọ́
more fully with youth groups, fún ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ àwọn ọ̀wọ́
community organizations, classroom akópa fún àwọn ọ̀dọ́, àjọ
teachers and students in kindergarten agbèègbè, tísà àti àwọn ọmọ
through high school (K-12). iléèwé jẹ́léosinmi.
1138 Ovary Part of the female reproductive system. Ibú ẹyin Ẹ̀ yà ìbísí ètò obìnrin. Ọ̀kan
One of a pair of female gonads (a lára ẹ̀yà ìbu ẹyin méjì tí a rí ní
gamete-producing gland) found on apá ìṣàlẹ̀ inú, ní ẹ̀gbẹ́ ilé ọmọ.
each side of the lower abdomen, beside
the uterus, in a fold of the broad
ligament. At ovulation, an egg is

extruded from a follicle on the surface
of the ovary under the stimulation of
certain hormones.
1139 Pain An unpleasant sensation that can range Ìrora Iyè aláìtẹ́nilọ́rùn tólè wá láti
from mild, localized discomfort to ohun yẹpẹrẹ, ìnira àyikasí
agony. Pain is a response to impulses ìrora. Ìrora ni èsì àìròtẹ́lè láti
from the peripheral nerves in damaged inú agbèègbè ìmọ̀lára sí ìṣù
tissue, which pass to nerves in the bíbàjẹ́, tó gba inú ìmọ̀lára nínú
spinal cord where they are subjected to ọ̀pá èyìn, níbi tíwọ́n dáwọn
a gate control. This gate modifies the lọ́wọ́ kọ́ sí. Níbí yìí sí ọ̀nà
subsequent passage of the impulses in àìròtẹ́lè mìíràn sí ìsọ̀kalè ìdarí
accordance with descending controls láti ọpọlọ.
from the brain.
1140 Pale Light in colour or shade; containing Jíjoro funfun Iná pupa tí ó ní àwọ̀ tàbí ohun
little colour or pigment. ayí àwọ̀ padà.
1141 Palliative A treatment that provides symptomatic Ẹ̀ rọ̀ Ìtọ́jú tó n pèsè ìrànlọ́wọ́ fún
relief, but not a cure. àìsàn aláìlámì ṣùgbọ́n, kò wà
fún ìtọ́jú.
1142 Palliative care Palliative care is a multidisciplinary Ìfúnnilẹ́rọ̀ Ìfúnnilẹ́rọ̀ ní gbogbo nìṣe fún
approach to specialized medical care ìtọ́jú àwọn aláìsàn. Ó tún pèsè
for people with serious illnesses. It iṣẹ́ ìtura fún ìdámọ́ àìsàn,
focuses on providing patients with ìrora, wàhálà ara àti ìpòrúru
relief from the symptoms, pain, ọkàn ajẹmọ-àìsàn-ìwádìí
physical stress, and mental stress of a yòówù ó jẹ́.
serious illness – whatever the
diagnosis.
1143 Pancreas A gland situated near the stomach that Àmọ́ Ẹṣẹ́ tó ṣe ìpínyà láàárìn oje ní
secretes a digestive fluid into the inú láti ìwọ̀ kan tàbí jùbẹ́lọ̀.
intestine through one or more ducts
and also secretes the hormone insulin.
1144 Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas that can Ààrùn àmọ́ Ààrùn àmọ́ wíwú tí ó n pèsè
produce severe pain and debilitating ìrora gíga àti àìsàn tó n dín
illness. agbára kù.
1145 Pancytopenia Deficiency of all cell elements of the Àìtó hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àìtó gbogbo hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀.
blood.
1146 Pandemic A disease prevalent throughout an Àjàkálè aàrùn Àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn tó n dàmú ti
entire country, continent or the whole káríayé onílé àti àlejò ní orílẹ̀-èdè.
world.
1147 Pap smear A method for the early detection of Àyèwò ẹnu Ọ̀nà àti tètè mọ jẹjẹrẹ àti sége
cancer and other abnormalities of the ọ́nà ilé ọmọ sège mìíràn ajẹmọ́ ojuara
female genital tract, especially of the obinrin paapaa ọ̀na ilé-ọmọ àti
cervix and uterus, employing ilé-ọmọ, èyí a maa mú yíyé
exfoliated cells (cells that have been hóró sinu oje oju-ara obinrin,
shed into vaginal fluid) and a special lilo àkànse irinsẹ amu-nnkan-
staining technique for microscopic tobi láti sayewo ìyàtọ̀ ìṣù
examination that differentiates àìsàn.
diseased tissue.
1148 Papilloma A benign tumor (as a wart or Jẹjẹrẹ ara Abẹ jẹjẹrẹ ara tójẹ́ àbájáde
condyloma) resulting from an ìdàgbàsókè ìṣù lórí ìsopọ̀ ìṣù.
overgrowth of epithelial tissue on
papillae of vascularized connective
tissue as of the skin.
1149 Parallel track A system of distributing experimental Ìfògùn sàánú Ètò pínpín àyẹ̀wò òògùn fún
drugs to patients who are unable to àwọn aláìsàn tí ó sòro fún láti
participate in ongoing clinical efficacy kópa nípa ìwádìí ajẹmọ́tọ́jú àti
trials and have no other treatment àwọn ọ̀nà ìtọ́jú mìíràn.
options.
1150 Parasite A plant or animal that lives and feeds Àfòmọ́ Ohun ọ̀gbìn tàbí ẹranko tó n jẹ
on or within another living organism; nínú àwọn ohun mìíràn ní èyí
does not necessarily cause disease. tí kòle fa àìsàn.
1151 Parenchyma The tissue of an organ (as Ìṣù Ìṣù ara tí a yà sọ́tọ̀ fún àtìlẹ́yìn
distinguished from supporting or àti ìsopọ̀ ìṣù.
connective tissue).
1152 Parent to child Concerning the connection between Òbí sí ọmọ Ajẹmó ̣ ìjọra ìwà, àìsàn àti
individuals and their offspring (e.g. ìkóràn láàrin àwọn ènìyàn àti
communication dynamics, transfer of ìran.
traits, or transmission of infection).
1153 Parent to children The transmission of HIV from an HIV- Ìkóràn òbí Ìkóràn àìsàn láti ara òbí sí ọmọ
transmission positive mother to her child during sọ́mọ ní àsìkò oyún, ìrọbí, ìbí tàbí
pregnancy, labour, delivery or fífún ọmọ lọ́yàn.
breastfeeding is called mother-to-child
transmission.
1154 Parenteral Not in or through the digestive system. Àìfẹnulò Kì í ṣe nípa ètò oúnjẹ.Àìfẹnulò
For example, parenteral can pertain to tó jẹ mọ́ ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí a fà nínú iṣan
blood being drawn from a vein in the tàbí ara. Ó sì le jẹ́ fífa òògùn
arm or introduced into that vein via a gba inú iṣan tàbí ara.
transfusion (intravenous), or to
injection of medications or vaccines
through the skin (subcutaneous) or into

the muscle (intramuscular).
1155 Paresthesia Any subjective sensation experienced Ségesège Ìrírí ségesège ìmọ̀lára tí a n
as numbness, tingling or a "pins-and- ìmọ̀lára kẹ́fín nípa ìfigún abẹ́rẹ́.
needles" feeling.
1156 Paternal mortality Paternal mortality is the number of Ònkà ikú Ònkà ikú bàbá ni iye ikú àwọn
deaths of fathers within a given period bàbá bàbá fún àkókò kan pàtó.
of time.
1157 Pathogen Any disease-producing microorganism Afàìsàn Ohunkóhun tí ó n fa ààrùn
or material. àìfojúrí.
1158 Pathogenesis The origin and development of a Orísun àti Orísun àti ìgbèrú àrùn .
disease. ìgbèrú ààrùn
1159 Pattern of spread This is a process by which diseases Bátàní Bátàní tí ààrùn n gbà tànkálẹ̀.
spread. ìtànkálẹ̀
1160 Peer counsellor Peer counsellors are compassionate Ojúgbà Ojúgbà agbaniníyànjú jẹ́
guides. They apply knowledge, use agbaniníyànjú ató ̣nisó ̣nà olóju àánú tí wó ̣n n
specific tools, and follow certain rules lo ìmò ̣, irinṣé ̣ àti ìlànà
to help people get pass obstacles and àfojúsùn yanjú ìs ̣òro àwo ̣n
reach their goals. èèyan títí dé èbúté ògo wo ̣n.
1161 Peer outreach Peer outreach is really about building Ojúgbà Ojúgbà ìpolongo jẹ́ ọ̀nà
relationships. There are many people ìpolongo ìbáraẹniṣepọ̀. Ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn tí a
we see frequently and we want them to n rí lóòrèkóòrè, tí a fẹ́ kí wọ́n
feel safe when we approach them. wà ní àìléwu nígbà tí a bá
It is an effort to bring services or súnmọ́ wọn. Ó tún aáyan titan
information to people of one’s socio- ìròyìn àti ojús ̣e ká láàrin e ̣gbé ̣
demographic group where they live or níbi tí wo ̣n n gbé tàbí tí wo ̣n ti
spend time. n lò sí.
1162 Peer review The process by which new scientific or Àyẹ̀wò ojúgbà Ìlànà tuntun fún ìwádìí ìmọ́-
medical findings, announced by one ìjìnlẹ̀ ṣáyẹ́nsì tàbí ìṣègùn tí
researcher, are reviewed by other olùwádìí kan kéde, ni àyẹ̀wò tí
scientists or physicians before these àwọn onímọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ ṣáyẹ́nsì tàbí
findings are published. oníṣègùn ṣe kí wọ́n tó gbé
ìwádìí yìí jade.
1163 Pelvic A term used to describe infections of Àìsàn odò Ìperí tí a nlò fi ṣe àlàyé ìkóràn
Inflammatory the uterus, the fallopian tubes and the ikùn t’obìnrin ti ilé-ọmọ, ìfun ẹ̀yìn àti àwọn
Disease (PID) ovaries. PID is usually the result of ìbu ẹyin. Àìsàn odò ikùn
untreated sexually transmitted disease, t’obìnrin jẹ́ àbájáde àìtọ́jú
primarily chlamydia or gonorrhoea. ààrùn ìbálòpọ̀ páàpáà ààrùn
ojú-abẹ́.
1164 Penis The external male sex organ. The penis Okó Ohun ìbálòpọ̀ o ̣kùnrin. Ó ní
contains two chambers, the corpora kórópọ̀n méjì.
cavernosa, and corpus spongiosum.
1165 Pentamidine An approved antiprotozoal drug used Òògùn Òògùn apa pòtósúà, èyí tí ó
for the treatment and prevention of pentamidin wà fún ìtọ́jú ìkóràn otútù àyà
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) ajẹmọ́ ìṣọdọ̀lẹ.
infection. It can be delivered
intravenously or intramuscularly or
inhaled as an aerosol. Aerosolized
pentamidine is approved for the
prophylaxis of PCP in HIV-positive
individuals with CD4+ counts below
200 per cubic millimetre or for those
with prior episodes of PCP.
1166 People Who Inject People who inject drugs continue to Agúnòògùn Agúnòògùn lábé ̣ré ̣ máa n fojú
Drugs (PWID) face punitive legal environments, a lábéré
̣ ̣ winá òfin è ̣ka tí n jàfún ẹ̀tọ́
variety of human rights abuses and ọmọnìyàn fún títẹ idà òfin iṣẹ́
have poor access to services; these and wọn lójú. Àwọn ohun tí ó
other factors combine to exacerbate rọ̀mọ́ ewu KASA kíkó nìyí.
their risk of acquiring HIV.
1167 Peptide Biochemical formed by the linkage of Hóró Kẹ́míkà oníbejì tí a ṣe nípa
up to about 50 amino acids to form a purotéénì ìdìpọ̀ tó kéré tán bí i àdọ́ta
chain. Longer chains are called asidi amino láti jẹ́ ìdìpọ̀.
proteins. The amino acids are coupled
by a peptide bond, a special linkage in
which the nitrogen atom of one amino
acid binds to the carboxyl carbon atom
of another. OR: peptide is the smallest
unit of protein.
1168 Percentage This is the level by which a patient Òsùwọ̀n Èyí ni kí i aláìsàn máa tẹ̀lé
adherence follows drug prescription. ìgbọ́ràn ìlànà òògùn lílò.
The degree to which a patient’s ìgbàtọ́jú
compliance with a recommended
regimen approaches full compliance
on a percentage grading scale.
1169 Perianal Around the anus. Ihò/Òmusu Agbèègbè òmusu.
1170 Pericarditis Acute or chronic inflammation of the Àpò ọkàn Ògidì àpò ọkàn wíwú tí ó yí
membranous sac (pericardium) wíwú ọkàn ká.
surrounding the heart.
1171 Pericardium A fibrous membrane that forms a sac Àpò ọkàn Àpò ọkàn wíwú tí ó yí ọkàn ká
surrounding the heart and attached àti ìpín òpó ẹ̀jẹ̀.
portions of the main blood vessels.
1172 Perinatal Pertaining to the period immediately Bèbè ìbí Tí ó ní ṣe pẹ̀lú àsìkò tó tẹ̀lẹ́ àti
before and after birth. ẹ́yìn ìbí.
1173 Peripheral Blood Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell. Hóró PBM Hóró PBM.
Mononuclear Cell
(PBMC)
1174 Peripheral Damage to or disease affecting nerves Ààrùn Ààrùn ìmọ́lára tí ó ń ṣe àìlera
neuropathy which may impair sensation, ìmọ́lára fún ìgbápágbé ̣sè ̣ àti àwo ̣n
movement, or other aspects of health, àrànkára abala àgó ̣ọ ara mìíràn.
depending on the type of nerves
affected.
1175 Pernicious A severe form of anaemia, found Àìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ ajẹmọ́ Ẹ̀ yà àìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ ńlá tí a máa n rí
anaemia mostly in older adults, that results from B12 lára àgbàlagbà, èyí tí ó jẹ́
the body's inability to absorb vitamin àbájáde àìlegbà fítámì B12 sí
B12. Symptoms include weakness, ara. Àwọn àmì àìsàn yìí ni
breathing difficulties, and weight loss. àìlera, ìnira láti mí àti ìwọ̀n
jíjá.
1176 Persistent Chronic, diffuse, non-cancerous lymph Pẹ́tẹ́lẹ́ Ògidi pẹ́tẹ́lẹ́ abárakú tí omi-
Generalized node enlargement. Typically, it has abárakú ara wíwú. A máa n ri nínú ètò
Lymphadenopathy been found in those with immune àjẹsára nípa bateria, kòkòrò àti
(PGL) system disturbances who develop ìkóràn osunwuuru.
frequent and persistent bacterial, viral
and fungal infections.
1177 Personal health This is the overall well-being of a Ìleraẹni Àkójọpọ̀ ìlera ènìyàn.
person.
1178 Personal safety Personal safety refers to freedom from Àbò ara ẹni Èyí túnmọ̀ sí òmìnira lọ́wọ́
physical harm and the threat of ìpalára àti ìdérùbà ewu àti
physical harm, and freedom from lọ́wọ́ ìkanra, ìfínràn àti
hostility, aggression, harassment, and ìjáwálẹ̀. Àbò ní àníyàn àìmá
devaluation. Safety includes worry farapa àti ìfarapa gaa-an.
about being victimized as well as
actual incidents.
1179 Persons Affected Persons who are not HIV infected but Ìbátan Àwọn èèyàn tí ìgbé ayé wọn
by AIDS (PABA) whose lives are touched by the HIV aláàrùn fara pẹ́ KASA nípa ìbátan pẹ̀lú
epidemic through close associates who ìsọdọ̀lẹ oníKASA.
are/were HIV infected. àjesára
̣
1180 Petechiae A pinpoint-sized purple or red spot on Ìdáranjẹ̀ Ìdáranjẹ̀ kékeré ní ojú ara.
the skin. kékeré
1181 Phagocyte A cell that is able to ingest and destroy Ajẹ batéríà Hóró tí ó ní agbára láti pa àjèjì
foreign matter, including bacteria. adáralóró pẹ̀lú bateria.
1182 Phagocytosis The process of ingesting and Ajẹ batéríà Ìgbéṣẹ̀ mímì àti pípa kòkòrò
destroying a virus or other foreign àjèjì adáralóró pẹ̀lú hóró
matter by phagocyte. àjẹsára.
1183 Pharmacists Pharmacists, also known as chemists, Apòògùn Apòògùn ni akọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ ètò
are health care professionals who ìlera tó kọ́ nípa ẹ̀kọ́ nípa
practise in pharmacy, the field of ìpoogùn adálórí ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀
health sciences focusing on safe and ṣáyẹ́nsì ọ̀nà lílo òògùn.
effective medication use.
1184 Pharmacokinetics The processes (in a living organism) of Ìpapòdà Àwọn ohun ìpapòdà ni yíya
absorption, distribution, metabolism òògùn nínú òògùn tàbí àjẹsára dànù.
and excretion of a drug or vaccine. ara
1185 Phlebotomy A surgical incision made in a vein, or a Ìfàjẹ́ láti òpó Abẹ́rẹ́ tí a n lò láti fa ẹ̀jẹ̀ nínú
puncture made by a needle to draw ìgbẹ́jẹ̀wọlé iṣan fún àyẹ̀wò.
blood for testing.
1186 Physical comfort This is the feeling of well-being Ìdẹ̀rùn ara Ìdẹ̀rùn tí a n rí nígbà tí a bá ní
brought about by internal and ìfọ̀kànbalẹ̀.
environmental conditions that are
experienced as agreeable and
associated with contentment and
satisfaction.
1187 Phytohaemag- Phytohaemagglutinin is a lectin found Asọ hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Asọ hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pọ̀. Ó wó ̣pò ̣
glutinin (PHA) in plants, especially certain legumes. pọ̀ láàrin ohun ò ̣gbìn bíi è ̣wà.
PHA actually consists of two closely
related proteins, called leucoagglutinin
(PHA-L) and PHA-E. The letters E
and L indicate these proteins
agglutinate erythrocytes and
leukocytes.
1188 Pill boxes Pill boxes are pill dispensers used in Àpótí òògùn Àpótí tí a n tọ́jú òògùn pamọ́
keeping drugs. lílò oníhóró sí.
1189 Pill count Pill count is a kind of strategy that can Ìkòògùn Ìka òògùn oníhóró ní ìgbésẹ̀ tí
be very helpful for confirming oníhóró a fi ń ṣe ìdámọ̀ òògùn gidi tí ń
medication adherence and helping to mú àdínkù bá ewu ìyípadà
reduce the risk of diversion.
1190 Pint of blood The average adult has about 10 pints of Àpò ẹ̀jẹ̀ Àgbàlagbà tí óní àpò ẹ̀jẹ̀
blood in his body. Roughly 1pint is mẹ́wà nínú ara. Hóró kan péré
given during a donation. A healthy ní a máa fún ènìyàn ní àsìkò
donor may donate red blood cells ìfúnni. Afúnnilẹ́jẹ̀ máa n fẹ̀jẹ́lẹ̀
every 56 days, or double red cells ní gbogbo ọjọ́ mẹ́rìndínlọ́gọ́ta
every 112 days. A healthy donor may tàbí ṣe ìlọ́po méjì àwọn hóró
donate platelets as few as 7 days apart, ẹ̀jẹ̀ ni gbogbo ọjọ́ àdọ́fàléméjì.
but a maximum of 24 times a year. Afẹ̀jẹ́lẹ̀ tí ó pé lè fí ẹ̀jẹ̀ sí lẹ̀
fún bí i ọjọ́ méje, ó pẹ́ jù ìgbà
mẹ́rìnlélógún láàárín ọdún
kan.
1191 Pituitary gland The pituitary gland regulates the Ẹṣẹ́ pìtúrì Ẹṣẹ́ pìtúrì máa n fòpin sí iṣẹ́
activities of other endocrine glands and míìràn. Ó dàbi ẹṣẹ́ afajọ ewa
many body processes. It is a pea-sized tókọ́ ọpọlọ.
gland hanging from the base of the
brain. It is attached by a short stalk.
The pituitary consists of three parts:
anterior lobe, intermediate lobe and
posterior.
1192 Placebo An inactive substance against which Pasẹ́bò Èròjà àìsiṣẹ́ lòdì sí ìwádìí ìtọ́jú
investigational treatments are ní afínwéra fún agbára.
compared for efficacy.
1193 Placebo controlled A method of investigation of drugs in Ìwádìí ajẹmọ́ Ọ́nà ìwádìí òògùn ní èyí tí a
study which an inactive substance (the pàsẹ́bò fún àwọn aláìsàn ní pàsẹ́bò
placebo) is given to one group of nígbà tí a fún àwọn mìíràn ní
patients, while the drug being tested is òògùn tí a ti ṣe àyẹ̀wò fún.
given to another group. The results Àwọn èsì wọn ni a gbé yẹ̀wò
obtained in the two groups are then síra.
compared.
1194 Placebo effect A physical or emotional change Àtunbọ̀tán Ìyípadà ara tabí ẹ̀dùn tó ṣẹlẹ̀
occurring after a substance is taken or pàsẹ́bò lẹ́yìn ìgbà tí a lo òògùn tí kìí
administered that is not the result of ṣe èsì àkànṣe ara òògùn yíi.
any special property of the substance. ìyípadà lè jẹ́ ànfàní tó n ṣe
The change may be beneficial, ohun àfojúsọ́nà aláìsàn, ní ọ̀pọ̀
reflecting the expectations of the ìgbà ó lè jẹ́ àfojúsùn ẹni tí a n
patient and, often, the expectations of fún ní òògùn.
the person giving the substance.
1195 Plasma The liquid part of the blood and Oje ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ẹ̀ yà oje ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti hóró omi- ara,
lymphatic fluid in which the blood níbi tí ati pa hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ ti.
cells are suspended.
1196 Plasma cells Large antibody-producing cells that Hóró oje/ Hóró omi-ara tí sójà ara n gbé
develop from B cells. Omi-ẹ̀jẹ̀ jade láti ipaṣe hóró B.
1197 Plasmapheresis The selective removal of certain Ìyọ oje ẹ̀jẹ̀ Yíyọ àwọn purotéénì tàbí sójà
proteins or antibodies from the blood nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ nípa pípadà fisínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
(followed by reinjection of the blood). A n lò ó fún ìtọ́jú KASA.
This process is sometimes used in the
treatment of some peripheral
neuropathies and is an integral part of
passive immunotherapies for HIV.
1198 Platelets An irregularly shaped disc-like Hóró amẹ́jẹ̀dì Kòkòrò tí ó dà sínú
cyctoplasmic fragment of mùndùnmúdùn tí a rí lóri
megakaryocyte that is shed in the ìpèpele ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó sọwọ́n di dídì.
marrow sinus and subsequently found
in the peripheral blood where it
functions in clotting.
1199 Platelet count This is the number of cytoplasmic Òǹkà hóró Ìye ònkà ìdọ̀tí tí a n rí nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀
body in the blood that aids in clotting. amẹ́jẹ̀dì èyí tí o sọwọ́n di dídì.
1200 Pneumocystis Pneumocystis jiroveci (previously Pòtósúà òtútù Pòtósúà òtútù àyà ajẹmọ́
classified as Pneumocystis carinii), àyà ajẹmọ́ ìsọdọ̀lẹ máa n fa otútù àyà lára
causes pneumonia in immuno- ìsọdọ̀lẹ aláìsàn tó ṣe aláìní àjẹsára.
suppressed patients, usually following
intensive chemotherapy.
1201 Pneumocystis The kind of pneumonia that happens to Otútù àyà Àkànṣe otútù àyà tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ sí
carinii pneumonia people living with HIV/AIDS. OR: A ajẹmọ́ ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àwọn tó n gbé pẹ̀lú KASA àti
(PCP) life-threatening lung infection that can ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
affect people with weakened immune
systems, such as those infected with
HIV. More than three-quarters of all
people with HIV disease will develop
PCP if they do not receive treatment to
prevent it.
1202 Pneumocystis It is found everywhere in the soil, but Otútù àyà A lè ri ní gbogbo ilẹ̀ erùpè,
jiroveci only causes disease in immuno- ṣugbọn ó n fa àìsàn lára àwọn
pneumonia suppressed people (like HIV and tí ó ní KASA àti ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
AIDS). Causes fever, a dry cough and àjẹsára. Ó lè fa ibà, ikọ́ gbígbẹ
shortness of breath that gets worse ati aìlèmí sókè dáadáa tí ó le
over days to weeks. Can be fatal if not burú jọjọ fún ọjọ́ pé́ ré́ te sí ọ̀sè.
treated. Ólè la ikú tí a kò bá tètè se
ìtọ́jú ẹ̀.
1203 Pneumonia Inflammation of one or both lungs, Òtútù àyà Ọ̀kan lára ẹ̀dọ̀fóró wíwú .
with dense areas of lung inflammation.
1204 Poliomyelitis This is an infectious viral disease Ààrùn Èyí ni kòkòrò ààrùn ìkóràn tí ó
affecting the central nervous system rọpárọsẹ̀ n ṣe àkóbá fún àarìn gbùngbùn
that causes paralysis. ìmọ̀lára tí ó lè fa rọpárọsẹ̀.
1205 Polymerase Any of several enzymes that catalyze Ẹnsáìmù Èyíkèyí nínú àwọn ẹnsáìmù tó
the formation of DNA or RNA from DNA n ṣe àlékún bá ìṣesí DNA tàbí
precursor substances in the presence of RNA láti sáájú ohun èròjà
pre-existing DNA or RNA acting as DNA tàbí RNA tí ó jẹ́ àwòṣe.
templates (i.e. patterns).
1206 Polymerase Chain (1) A laboratory process that selects a Àyẹ̀wò PCR (1) Àyẹ̀wò tí a fí n pín DNA sí
Reaction (PCR) DNA segment from a mixture of DNA ìṣọ̀rí lọ́nà àti dènà ìdàpọ̀ síṣe
chains and rapidly replicates it; used to ẹ̀dà. À n lo èyí fún ìpèsè ẹ̀yà
create a large, readily analyzed sample DNA lọ́pọ̀ yanturu fún àlàyé.
of a piece of DNA. It is used in DNA À n lò ó láti ṣe ìdámọ̀ ààrùn
finger-printing and in medical tests to láàárin àwọn asojú DNA.
identify diseases from the infectious (2) Ajẹmọ́ KASA: jẹ́ irinṣẹ́
agent's DNA. (2) As related to HIV: A yàrá àyẹ̀wò tí ó n ṣe ìdámọ̀ àti
sensitive laboratory technique that can ìwọ̀n KASA nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ ènìyàn
detect and quantify HIV in a person's tàbí hóró omi-ara.
blood or lymph node.
1207 Polyneuritis Inflammation of many nerves at once. Àìsàn wíwú Àìsàn wíwú òpó ìmọ̀lára
òpó ìmọ̀lára lẹ́kansoso.
1208 Polyvalent vaccine A vaccine that is active against Òògùn Àjẹsára tí ótó kojú ọlọ́pọ̀
multiple viral strains. àjẹsára ọlọ́pọ̀ kòkòrò ààrùn.
ààrùn
1209 Porcupine A large rodent covered with long sharp Òòrẹ̀ Eku ńlá tí ó ní àwo ̣n è ̣gún
quills. gígùn, tí ó sì mú sómús
̣ ̣ómú
lára.
1210 Postnatal Relating to or denoting the period after Ìtọ́jú lẹ́yìn Ajẹmọ́ àsìkò lẹ́yìn ibímọ.
childbirth. ìbímọ
1211 Post-test This is counselling that is done after Ìgbaníyànjú Ìgbaníyànjú tí a ṣe lẹ́yìn
counselling undergoing a HIV test. atẹ̀láyẹ̀wò àyẹ̀wò.
1212 Premarital This is an act of avoiding having sex Ìsẹ́ra ìsaájú-
̣ Ṣíséra fún ìbálòpọ̀ s ̣aájú
abstinence before marriage especially when HIV ìgbéyàwó ìgbéyàwó páàpáà nígbà tí a kò
status is not a certain. mọ ipò KASA dájú.
1213 Premarital HIV This is a condition of going for HIV Àyẹ̀wò KASA Ipò lílọ fún àyẹ̀wò bóyá
test test to know one’s status before ṣaájú ènìyàn ní KASA tàbí kò ní
marriage. ìgbéyàwó ṣaájú ìgbéyàwó.
1214 Precautionary This is an act of temporarily isolating Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ Ọ̀nà yíyàsó ̣tò ̣ e ̣ni tí a fura sí pé
quarantine for observation an asymptomatic afurasí ó ní ààrùn ìkóràn fún àyè ̣wò.
individual who is suspected of having
a contagious disease.
1215 Precaution A measure taken beforehand to ward Ìṣọ́ra Ìgbéṣẹ̀ tí a n gbé s ̣aájú ibi tàbí
off evil or secure good or success; ṣe àṣeyọrí, tàbí kí aní
precautionary act; as to take mímúrasílẹ̀ sáájú ìjambá ewu.
precautions against risks of accident.
1216 Precursor cells Cells from which other cells are Olú hóró Olú hóró tí a tí n sẹ̀dá àwọn
formed by natural processes. hóró mìíràn nípa ìlànà abínibí.
1217 Pregnancy The state of carrying a developing Oyún Ipò gbígbé ọlẹ̀ tàbi ọmọ inú
embryo or foetus within the female obìnrin.
body.
1218 Pregnant Carrying a developing foetus within Lóyún Ipò gbígbé ọlẹ̀ nínú ara.
the body.
1219 Pregnant woman A woman carrying a developing Aboyún Èyí ni obìnrin tó ní o ̣lè ̣ tàbí
embryo or foetus. ọmọ nínú.
1220 Prescription A written order issued by a physician Ìwé ìlànà Ìwé ìlànà ìlòògùn tí àwọn
or other qualified practitioners that ìlòògùn oníṣègùn kọ èyí tí ó n sọfún
authorizes a pharmacist to supply a apoògùn láti fún aláìsàn ní
specific medication for a patient, with òògùn pẹ̀lú ìlànà bí a ṣe n lò ó.
instructions on its use.
1221 President’s This is a United States governmental Ètò ìdẹ̀rùn Ètò yìí wà fún ààbò àwọn tó n
Emergency Plan initiative to address the global pàjáwìrì fún gbé pẹ̀lú KASA àti ààrùn
for AIDS Relief HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára ní ilẹ̀ adúláwọ̀.
(PEPFAR) lives of those suffering from the àjẹsára
disease, primarily in Africa.
1222 Pre-test This is client counselling that is done Ìyànjú ṣáájú Ìgbaniníyànjú tí a ṣe s ̣áájú
counselling before undergoing a HIV test. àyẹ̀wò àyẹ̀wò KASA.
1223 Prevalence A measure of the proportion of people Òǹkà àpapọ̀ Òsùwọ
̣ ̀ n iye àwọn ènìyàn tó ṣe
in a population affected with a ìsẹ̀lẹ̀ àìsàn àgbákò ààrùn ní ìgbà kan
particular disease at a given time. pàtó.
1224 Prevention of Prevention of mother-to-child Ìdènà ìkóràn Ètò ìdènà ìkóràn ìyá sí í ọmọ
Mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programmes ìyá sí ọmọ pèsè ìtọ́jú òògùn apa KASA
Transmission provide antiretroviral treatment to lára aláboyún tó n gbé pẹ̀lú
HIV-positive pregnant women to stop KASA láti dènà kíkó kòkòrò
their infants from acquiring the virus. yìí ran ọmọ.
1225 Preventive These are services to prevent people Ìṣẹ́ ìdènà Èyí ni àwọn tí wọ́n wà fún
medical services from getting sick and detecting àìsàn àwọn ènìyàn tí wọn kòle dá
diseases and conditions before they ara wọn tọ́jú.
become serious.
1226 Preventive vaccine The branch of vaccines whose main Ìdènà àjẹsára Ẹ̀ yà àjẹsára tí ó ń ṣe iṣẹ́ ìdènà
aim is the prevention of disease. ààrùn.
1227 Primary These are people who are primarily Afúnninítọ̀ọ́jú Èyí ni àwọn tí wọ́n n sẹ ètò
caregivers responsible for members of the family alárọ̀wọ́tó ìtó ̣jú wà fún àwọn mọ̀lẹ́bí tí
who are unable to care for themselves. wọn kò sì le dá ara wọn tọ́jú.
A primary caregiver is the person who Afunninítọ̀ọ́jú alarọ̀wọ́tó jẹ
takes primary responsibility for ènìyàn tí ó ni pjuse láti ṣe itọju
someone who cannot care fully for ẹni ti ko le da ara rẹ tọ́jú. Ó lè
themselves. It may be a family jẹ́ mọ̀lẹ́bi, akọ́sẹ́-mọ́sẹ́ tabi
member, a trained professional or ẹnikẹ́ni. Eyi wa lori aṣa
another individual. Depending on ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ mọlẹbi ni o le se iṣẹ́
culture there may be various members yìí.
of the family engaged in care.
1228 Primates A member of an order of mammals Ẹ̀ dá ènìyàn àti Ẹgbẹ́ àwọn afọ́mọlọ́mú tí wọ́n
with a large brain and complex hands ọ̀bọ ní ọpọlọ ńlá, ọwọ́ àti ẹsẹ̀ aṣéṣe
and feet, including humans, apes, and ohun púpọ̀ bíi ènìyàn, ìnàkí àti
monkeys. ọ̀bọ.
1229 Proctitis Inflammation of the rectum. Wíwú abọ́dìí Wíwú abọ́dìí.
1230 Prodrome A symptom that indicates the onset of Àmì ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Àmì ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ààrùn.
a disease. Àìsàn
1231 Progenitor Parent or ancestor. Baba ńlá Òbí tàbí àwọn babanlá wa.
1232 Prognosis The forecast of the probable outcome Àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ohun tó seésẹ
̣ ̀ kó sẹlẹ̀ tàbí ìdí
or course of a disease. àbájáde àìsàn àìsàn.
1233 Progressive Progressive Multifocal Leukoencepha- Ààrùn PML Ààrùn PML jé ̣ èyí tí kò wó ̣pò ,̣
Multifocal lopathy is a rare and usually fatal viral ṣùgbó ̣n tí ó léwu jọjọ. Díè ̣díè ̣
Leukoencepha- disease characterized by progressive ni ó máa n pa e ̣ni tí àje ̣sára rè ̣
lopathy (PML) damage (-pathy) or inflammation of bá ti mé ̣he ̣.
the white matter (leuko-) of the brain
(-encephalo-) at multiple locations

(multifocal). It is caused by the JC
virus, which is harmless except in
cases of weakened immune systems.
1234 Prophylaxis Any means taken to prevent disease, Ìdènà Gbogbo ọ̀nà tá a mọ̀ láti ṣe
such as immunization against ìtọ́jú/ìdíwọ́ àìsàn bí abẹ́rẹ́
diphtheria or whooping cough or àjẹsára lọ́wọ́ ikọ́ líle tàbí ọ̀nà
fluoridation to prevent dental decay in gbígbèrú láti se ìdíwọ́ ehín
children. kíkẹ̀ fún ọmọde.
1235 Prostitution This is the exchange of sex for money. Òwò nàbì/Iṣẹ́ Iṣẹ́ síṣe ìbálòpọ̀ fún owó. Ọ̀pọ̀
The majority of prostitutes are women gbélépawó àwọn olówò nàbì yìí jẹ́
who sell their services to men. There obìnrin. Àwọn ọkùnrin mìíràn
are some men also who sell their náà wà tí máa ń siṣẹ́ òwò nàbì
services. yìí.
1236 Protease An enzyme that hydrolyzes (i.e. breaks Ènsáìmù afọ́ Ẹnsáìmú afọ́ purotéènì sínú
down) proteins to their component purotéènì peptide.
peptides.
1237 Protease inhibitors HIV protease is an aspartyl enzyme Adènà KASA Adènà KASA jẹ́ àkànṣe
essential to the replicative life cycle of afọ́ purotéènì ẹnsáìmù tí ó wúlò fún àtúnṣe
HIV. The three-dimensional molecular ìyípò KASA. Ìlànà mólékù
structure of the HIV protease has been oníṣepọ̀ mẹ́ta tí ó jẹ́ ẹnsáìmù
fully determined. Pharmaceutical afọ́ purotéénì ni ati dámọ̀.
developers are therefore able to
rationally design compounds to inhibit
it and thus interfere with the
replication of the virus.
1238 Protective barriers Any material that constitutes a shield Ìdènà aṣààbò Ohunkóhun tí ó le dènà ewu
for reducing the risk of exposure to ìkóràn.
harm.
1239 Protein One of the three nutrients used as Purotéènì Ọ̀kan lára ohun asaralóre méta
energy sources (calories) by the body. tí a n lò láti gba agbára
Protein molecule is a complex (kálórì) sí ara. Mólékù
structure made up of one or more purotéènì ni ó jẹ́ èyí tóní
chains of amino acids, which are ẹyọkan tàbí ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn amino
linked by peptide bonds. ásìdì, tó jàn mọ́ ìdì purotéènì.
1240 Protocol The detailed plan for a clinical trial Ìlànà Ìlànà kíkún fún ìwádìí
that states the trial's rationale, purpose, ajẹmọ́tọ́jú tí ó sọ nípa ọgbọ́n,
drug or vaccine dosages, length of ìdí, òògùn tàbí iye òògùn
study, routes of administration, who àjẹsára, ìwọ́n iye ẹ̀kọ́, ipa
may participate and other aspects of ìṣàkóso ti àwọn akópa àti
trial design. àwọn nǹkan míìràn.
1241 Protoplasm A general term for the colloidal Omi Pàtàkì ìperí tóní àkànṣe
complex of protein that constitutes the adáàbòbo purotéènì tó ní èròjà àyè hóró.
living material of a cell. It includes hóró
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
1242 Protozoa A group of one-celled animals. Some Kòkòrò Àkójọpọ̀ oníhórókan tí àwọn
protozoa can cause human disease. pòtósúà ẹranko. Àwọn pòtósúà kan
máa n fa àrùn sí ènìyàn.
1243 Provider Initiated Screening for HIV infection that Àyẹ̀wò àti Àyẹ̀wò àti ìgbìyànjú olùtọ́jú.
Testing and occurs on the recommendation of a ìgbìyànjú Wíwá ìkóràn KASA nítorí pé
Counselling health care provider such as a doctor or olùtọ́jú onímọ̀ ìṣègùn fọ́wọ́ síi.
(PITC) nurse.
1244 Pruritic Papular Pruritic papular eruption of HIV Sísúra ajẹmọ́ Èyí jẹ́ ìkóràn KASA nípa ara
Eruption (PPE) (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is ìṣọdọ̀lẹ sísú.
often reported as the most common
rash seen in HIV infection.
1245 Pseudovirion A virus-like particle. Ẹ̀ rùn ajọ Ẹ̀ rùn ajọ kòkòrò.
kòkòrò
1246 Psoriasis Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune Àrùn ìtìpẹ́pẹ́ Ààrùn ìtìpẹ́pẹ́ ara jẹ́ àpẹẹrẹ
disease characterized by patches of ara àìbójúmu ara tí ó lè jẹ́ pupa,
abnormal skin. These skin patches are yíyún àti aṣekale.
typically red, itchy, and scaly.
1247 Public Health The Public Health Service (PHS) is the Iṣẹ́ ilera Iṣẹ́ ilera gbogboogbò. Ilé is ̣é ̣
Service (PHS) operating division of the Health and gbogboogbò yìí ló n s ̣aáyan ìlékún
Human Services Department (HHS) ìdáàbòbò ìlera àwo ̣n ará
responsible for promoting the Amé ̣ríkà.
protection and advancement of the
American population's physical and
mental well-being.
1248 Public health Experts in the overall health of the Alámọ̀já ìlera Alámọ̀já nípa ìlera gbogbo
specialists community. gbogboogbò àwùjo ̣.
1249 Public health Community health workers (CHWs) Òsìṣẹ́ ìlera Òsìṣẹ́ ìlera gbogboogbo ni
workers are frontline public health workers gbogboogbo àwọn òsìṣẹ́ ìlera tí wọ́n ní ìmọ̀
who have a close understanding of the nípa agbèègbè tíwọn n siṣẹ́
community they serve. fún.
1250 Pulmonary Pertaining to the lungs. Ajẹmọ́ Ajẹmọ́ ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
ẹ̀dọ̀fórá
1251 Pulmonary artery Either of two arteries that carry blood Òpó Èyíkéyìí nínú àwọn òpó
in need of oxygen from the right side agbéjè ̣ jáde
̣ agbé ̣jè ̣jáde tí ó nílò até ̣gùn láti
of the heart to the lungs. ajẹmó ̣ èdò ̣ ̣fóró apá ò ̣tún ọkàn sínú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
1252 Pulmonary edema Accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Àrogún oje Ákójọpọ̀ ísọ̀n nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
nínú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró
1253 Pulmonary valve A device that controls the movement Ajẹmó fábù Irinṣẹ́ tó n darí ìrìn ṣíṣàn tàbí
of liquids or gases through pipes or ẹ̀dọ̀fóró gáásì nínú àwon ọ̀pá oníhò
other passages by opening or closing tàbí àwon àyè nípa ṣíṣí tàbí títì
of the channels. èbúté ọkọ̀ ojú omi àti ìsàlẹ̀
odò.
1254 Pulmonary vein One of the four veins that carry Òpó Ọ̀kan lára ọ̀pá mẹ́rin tó n pín
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to agbẹ́jẹ̀wọlé ẹ́jẹ̀ láti inú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró sí apá òsì
the left side of the heart. ajẹmọ́ ẹ̀dọ̀ ọkàn.
fóró
1255 Pulse The regular expansion and contraction Lílù ọkàn Ìnàlọ àti ìgékúrú ọ̀pá apín ẹ̀jẹ̀
of an artery, caused by the heart jade, tówá látipasè pípọ̀mpù
pumping blood through the body. It ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti inú ọkàn sí gbogbo ara.
can be felt through an artery that is
near the surface such as the one in the
wrist on the same side as the thumb.
1256 Pulse rate Number of peripheral arterial Ìwọn lílù ọkàn Ìwọn iye lílù tó wáyè nínú
pulsations palpated in a minute. ọkàn fún ìṣẹ́jú kan.
1257 Purpura This is any of several diseases Ìdáranjẹ̀ Ọ̀kan lára àrùn púpọ̀ tí ohun
characterized by small haemorrhages fẹ́rẹ́fẹ́ sokùnfa ẹ̀jẹ̀ wíwọ̀ lábẹ́ ara.
under the skin.
1258 Pyrazinamide Pyrazinamide is a drug used to treat Òògùn ikọ́ ife Oògùn tí a fí n ṣe ìtọ́jú ikọ́fe.
tuberculosis. The drug is largely
bacteriostatic, but can be bacteriocidal

on actively replicating tuberculosis
bacteria.
1259 Quarantine Enforced isolation of people or Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ Fífi agbára ṣe ìyàsọ́tọ̀ ènìyàn
animals that may have been exposed to tàbí ẹranko tóní àrùn ìkóràn,
a contagious or infectious disease, e.g. àpẹẹrẹ, tí a bá n wọ orílè-èdè
when entering a country. kan lọ.
1260 Randomized trial A study in which participants are Ìwádìí aláìlétò Ẹ̀ kọ́ ní èyí tí àwọn akópa
randomly assigned to either a aláìtò-lọ́wọ̀ọ̀wọ́ yálà sí apá
treatment arm or placebo arm of a ìtọ́jú tàbí apá pílásíbò ti ìwádìí
clinical trial. ìṣègùn.
1261 Rape The crime of using force to have Ìfipá báni Ẹ̀ sẹ̀ fífi ipá báni lòpọ̀.
sexual intercourse with somebody. lòpọ̀
1262 Rapid Diagnostic This is a fast test taken to find out what Àyẹ̀wò Àyẹ̀wò àìsàn kánkán láti mọ
Test (RDT) kind of disease a person has. kánkán irú ààrùn tí ènìyàn ní
1263 Rapid feedback Rapid-feedback evaluation is a method Ìgbèsì Ìgbéléwọ̀n yíyára egbò dẹ́kun
to improve the retention rates of an Kánkán ní ọ̀nà làti se ìmúgbòòrò bá iye
HIV/AIDS health care intervention. kòkòkò àti éèdì.
1264 Rapid test kit These are the materials used for Ohun àyẹ̀wò Àwọn ohun èlò tí à ń lò fún
actualizing same-day result test. kánkán àyẹ̀wò elésì òòjọ́ .
1265 Rash A temporary eruption on the skin, Ara sísú/èsì Bíbẹ́ fún ìgbà díè ní àgọ́ ara, ó
usually typified by reddening − either sábà n yọ bi pípọ́n − yálà
discrete red spots or generalized dídáwà àbàwọ́n pupa tàbí
reddening − which may be àkójọpọ̀ pípọ́n − tó lè mú
accompanied by itching. yíyún lọ.
1266 Reactive test When a test sample for HIV is positive Àṣàfihàn Àyẹ̀wò ààrùn KASA tó já sí
(HIV infected), it is called a reactive bé ̣è ̣ ni.
test.
1267 Reactogenicity The capacity to produce adverse Agbára ìṣe Agbára àti pèsè ìṣeṣí
reactions. ségesège alálánfàní.
1268 Receptor A molecule on the surface of a cell that Agbàwọlé Mólékù lórí pèpele hóró tó n
serves as a recognition or binding site siṣẹ́ síṣèdámọ̀ tàbí jẹ́ àbùdá
for antigens, antibodies or other fún àjèjì adáralóró, sọ́jà tàbí
cellular or immunological components. àwon hóró mìíran tàbí ẹyọ-
inú àjẹsára.
1269 Recipient In medicine, someone who receives Olùgbà Ní ti ìṣègùn, eni tó gba nkan
something from a donor, such as a lọ́wọ́ ọlọ́rẹ, bi gbígba ẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbi
blood transfusion or a kidney ìpàrọ̀ iwe.
transplant.
1270 Recombinant An organism whose genome contains Àpapọ̀ ẹ̀yọ́ Àwon oníye tí ètò ara ènìyàn
integrated genetic material from a iran tóní àwon ohun èlò ese jinni
different organism. láti ara orísirísi oníye.
1271 Rectum The last 6 to 8 inches of the large Abọ́dìí Ìwọ̀n ìda mẹ́fà sí mẹ́jọ ìfun
intestine. The rectum stores faeces nlá. Abọ́dìí máa n tọ́jú ìgbẹ́ títí
until defecation. di ìgbà tí a yà á dànù.
1272 Red blood cell Any red-coloured cell in blood that Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa Èyíkéyì hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ tóní atégùn tó
contains haemoglobin and carries n gbẹ́ ẹ̀dá ara sínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
oxygen to the tissues.
1273 Red zone A particular area that is prone to Ibi ewu Ibi tó sése kóní ààrùn ìkóràn.
infectious disease.
1274 Redness of the eye This is a condition by which the eyes Ojú pípọ́n Ipò kí ojú máa pọ́n.
become hyperaemic and appears to
turn red.
1275 Referral form A document for directing a patient Fọ́ọ́mù Fọ́ọ́mù tí a fí n rán aláìsàn lọ
to an appropriate specialist or ìfisọ́wọ sí ibùdó ìtọ́jú tó dántọ́ fún síṣe
agency for definitive treatment. ajẹmọ́lera ìdámọ̀ àìsàn àti ìtọ́jú ààrùn
wọ́n.
1276 Regulatory genes As related to HIV: Three regulatory Àwọn ẹ̀yọ́ Ajẹmọ́ KASA, ẹyọ-ìran
HIV genes − tat, rev and nef − and ìran KASA nígbà gbogbo àti àwon
three so-called auxiliary genes − vif, aṣèrànwọ̀ ẹyọ-ìran tóní ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rí
vpr and vpu − contain information for nípa ìpèsè purotéènì tó n darí
the production of proteins that control agbára kòkòrò láti kó ààrùn
(i.e. regulate) the virus' ability to infect ran hóró, kí ósì wá pèsè ẹ̀dà
a cell, produce new copies of the virus kòkòrò tuntun tàbí fa àrùn.
or cause disease.
1277 Regulatory T cells T cells that direct other immune cells Hóró T atọ́nà Àwo ̣n hóró T tó ṣè ìdarí àwon
to perform special functions. The chief hóró àjẹsára mìíran láti máa
regulatory cell, the CD4+ T cell or T pèsè ìṣẹ́ àkàns ̣e. Olórí àwon
helper cell, is HIV's chief target. adarí hóró, ni olùrànlọ́wọ́ hóró
T ni olórí àfojúsùn KASA.
1278 Rejection by Rejection by family is the physical and Ìkọ̀sílẹ̀ ẹbí Ìkọ̀sílẹ́ ẹbí ni yíyẹra nípa ara
family or emotional distancing between at àti ẹ̀dùn, ó kéré tán láàrin ẹbí
least two family members in an méjì tó jẹ́ àkànṣe ohun tí kò
arrangement which is usually tẹ́nilọ́rùn nípa ẹnìkan.
considered unsatisfactory by at least
one involved party.
1279 Relapse of Ebola Little is known about Ebola relapse Ìfàṣẹ́yìn Díè ̣ la mò ̣ nípa ìfàṣẹ́yìn àrùn
disease because this is considered to be rare. ààrùn Ebola Ebola nítorí kò wó ̣pò ̣. Ní o ̣dún
Severe, sudden illness associated with 2015 ni a s ̣è ̣s ̣è ̣ rí àko ̣sílè ̣ nípa
the detection of the Ebola virus in the àárè ̣ líle tó n s ̣e e ̣ni tó jà bó ̣
body of a person who has recovered ló ̣wó ̣ às ̣è ̣sẹ̀ ̣kó Ebola.
from an initial infection was first
documented in 2015.
1280 Relapsing fever An acute infectious disease caused by Ìba lílọ-bíbọ̀ Kíkó ààrùn ńlá ibà iná orí nípa
spirochetes of the genus borrelia and ohun tó tani.
transmitted by the bite of the genus
ornithodoros and of body lice.
1281 Remissions The lessening of the severity or Ìtàdímẹ́yìn Ṣíṣe àdínkù bá ohun ìdíbàjẹ́
duration of outbreaks of a disease, or tàbí iye àkókò àjàkálè ààrùn,
the abatement (diminution in degree or tàbí ìfàsẹ́hìn àìsàn l’ápapọ̀ fún
intensity) of symptoms altogether over ìgbà àkókò kan.
a period of time.
1282 Renal Pertaining to the kidneys. Ajẹmọ́ Nípa ti kíndìnrín.
kíndìnrín
1283 Replacement Alternative to breastfeeding. Ìrọ́pò Ìrọ́pò ìfọ́mọlọ́yàn.
feeding ìfọ́mọlọ́yàn
1284 Replication A turning back, repetition, duplication, Ìṣẹ̀dà Yíyí ṣéyìn, àṣetúnṣe, àtúntè,
reproduction. It is a process by which bíbí. Ìgbésè tí DNA se ẹ̀dà
DNA makes copies of itself when the púpọ̀ nígbà tí hóró bá pín. Ìpín
cell divides. The two strands of the mólékù DNA yi dẹ̀, léyì tí ìpín
DNA molecule unwind and each kọ̀ọ̀kan darí ìsopọ̀ ìpín tuntun
strand directs the synthesis of a new sí ìdàkejì ara rẹ̀.
strand complementary to itself.
1285 Reproductive Reproductive health is defined as a Ìlera ajẹmọ́ Ìlera bíbí ẹ̀dá túmọ̀ sí ipò ìlera
health state of physical, mental, and social ìbí ara, ọpọlọ, ayọ̀ àti àláfìa àwùjọ
well-being in all matters relating to ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ọ́rọ̀ tó jẹmọ́ ètò
the reproductive system, at all stages bíbí, ní gbogbo ìpele láyé.
of life.
1286 Resistance The degree of immunity that the body Átakò Àmì iye àjẹsára tí ara ní: ìwọ̀n
possesses: a measure of its ability to iye agbára láti foríti àìsàn.
withstand disease.
1287 Respiratory arrest Respiratory failure is inadequate gas Ìdádúró èèmí Ìsòro ìmísímú-ìmísíta jẹ́
exchange by the respiratory system, pàsípàrọ̀ ètò ìmísímú-ìmísíta
with the result that levels of arterial fún àító gáásì pẹ̀lú ìrètí pé
oxygen, carbon dioxide or both cannot àtẹ́gùn inú ọkàn kòle
be maintained within their normal sàmúdúró síṣe déédé wọn.
ranges.
1288 Response to Ebola The way in which the body or part of Ìdáhùn sí Ọ̀nà tí ara tàbí apá kan lára ṣe
the body reacts to the symptoms of ààrùn Ebola ṣesí sí àmí àìsàn Ebola.
Ebola.
1289 Response to HIV/ The way in which the body or part of Ìdáhùnsí Ọ̀nà tí ara tàbí apá kan lára ṣe
AIDS the body reacts to the disease of KASA àti ṣesí sí KASA àti ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
HIV/AIDS. ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
àjẹsára
1290 Reston Ebolavirus Reston virus is one of five known Kòròrò Ebola Kòròrò ààrùn Ebola Reston jé ̣
viruses within the genus Ebolavirus. Reston ò ̣kan lára àwọn kòkòrò márùn-
Reston virus causes Ebola virus ún tó n fa Ẹ̀bólà. Ṣùgbó ̣n lára
disease in non-human primates; unlike ẹranko ni ó ti n fà á. Ọdún
the other four ebolaviruses, it is not 1990 ni ó sẹ̀ ̣s ̣è ̣ hànde.
known to cause disease in humans, but

has caused asymptomatic infections.
Reston virus was first described in
1990 as a new "strain" of Ebola
virus (EBOV).
1291 Reticulo- A system of interstitial cells that Ètò ìpalẹ̀mọ́ Ètò àwón hóró tóní oje ara, èyí
endothelial cells includes all the phagocytic cells, which máa n yọmijáde, ó tún ní
trap and consume foreign agents, gbogbo àwọn hóró tó n mú
except the leukocytes circulating in the àwọn ohun èlò tí kò fẹ́, èyí
bloodstream. This system forms a máa n pa asojú àjèjì yàtọ̀ sí
network throughout the body and is hóró omi ara tó ṣànyíká
another of the body's defence systems gbogbo inú ẹ̀jẹ̀. Èyí wá jẹ́
against invading organisms in the ìsopọ̀ sí gbogbo ara, tí ó si jẹ́
connective tissues of the body. àbò fún ara mìíràn lòdí sí ìkọjú
ìjà sí àwọn oníye tó n so ìṣù
mọ́ ara.
1292 Retina Light-sensitive tissue at the back of the Agbe (Òji) inú Kókó iná ìṣù lẹ́yìn ojú tó jẹ́
eye that transmits visual impulses via ojú àtagbà agbára ìrọlù rírí nípa
the optic nerve to the brain. ẹ̀sọ ti ojú sí ọpọlọ.
1293 Retinitis Inflammation of the retina, linked in Ìwú agba Agbòji wíwú tó sopọ̀ mọ́ àrùn
AIDS to CMV infection. If it becomes (Òji) inú ojú ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára sí àrùn CMV.
untreated, it can lead to blindness. Tó bá fi lè di aláìṣetọ́jú, ó lè
yọrí sí ìfọ́jú.
1294 Reused syringe Non-smart syringes that have been Àlòtúnlò Ṣíṣe àlòtúnlò abẹ́rẹ́ tí a ti lò
used once before for any purpose and abẹ́rẹ́ té ̣le ̣ yálà a so ̣ ó ̣ dò ̣tun tàbí a kò
reintroduced for use again with or sọ ó ̣ dọtun.
without sterilization.
1295 Rev One of the regulatory genes of the HIV Ẹ̀ yọ́-ìran REV Ọ̀kan lára aṣèdarí ẹyọ-ìran
virus. Three HIV regulatory genes − KASA. Mẹ̀ta àṣèdarí ẹyọ- ìran
tat, rev and nef − and three so-called KASA àti àwon aṣèrànwọ̀
auxiliary genes − vif, vpr and vpu − ẹyọ- ìran tí óní ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rí nípa
contain information necessary for the ìpèsè purotéènì tó n darí
production of proteins that control the agbára kòkòrò láti kó àrùn ran
virus's ability to infect a cell, produce hóró, kí ósì wá pèsè ẹ̀dà
new copies of the virus or cause kòkòrò tuntun tàbí fa àrùn.
disease.
1296 Reverse An enzyme that permits DNA to be Ẹ́nsàìmù Ẹ́ nsàìmù tó n fàyè gba DNA
transcriptase made, using RNA as the template. An aparadà kó seése nípa lílo ẹ̀yà RNA).
enzyme found mainly in retroviruses Ẹ́ nsàìmù tá a rí nínú òògùn
that catalyses the synthesis of DNA kòkòrò tó n pín ìdá DNA láti
from RNA. It enables the viral RNA to RNA. Ó mú kí kòkòrò RNA
be integrated into the host DNA. láti dàpọ̀ mọ́ agbàlejò DNA.
1297 Rhesus factor A group of antigens that may or may Ìpín résọ́ọ̀sì Àkójọpọ̀ àjèjì adáralóró tóle
not be present on the surface of the wà tàbí àìsí nínú pèpele àwọn
blood cells, it forms the basis of the hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀, ló n dígun ilé fún ètò
rhesus blood group system. Most ìṣọ̀rí ẹ̀jẹ̀ résọ̀sì. Ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn
people have the rhesus factor, i.e. they lóní ìpín résọ̀sì.
have Rh-positive.
1298 Rhesus negative The absence of Rhesus factor on the Àìní ìpín Àìní ìpín résọ́sì lójú hóró è ̣jè ̣
surface of an individual’s blood cells. résọ́sì ẹnìkan.
1299 Rhesus positive The presence of Rhesus factor on the Níní ipin Níní ìpín résọ́sì lójú hóró è ̣jè ̣
surface of an individual’s blood cells. résọ́ọ̀sì ẹnìkan.
1300 Rheumatic fever A non-contagious acute fever marked Ibà Ibà líle tí kì í ràn tí ó je ̣ mó ̣
by inflammation and pain in the joints. aromọléegun eegun títa àti ríro. Ó wó ̣pò ̣
It chiefly affects young people and is láàrin àwo ̣n ò ̣dó ̣.
caused by a streptococcal infection.
1301 Ribonucleic acid A nucleic acid, found mostly in the Èròjà RNA Ásìdì ìwò ààrùn ojú tí a sábà n
(RNA) cytoplasm of cells, which is important rí nínú oje hóró tó ṣe pàtàkì
in the synthesis of proteins. The fún ìdá purotéènì. Iye RNA
amount of RNA varies from cell to máa n yàtọ̀ láti ara hóró kan sí
cell. RNA, like the structurally similar hóró mìíràn, RNA jẹ́ oníbátan
DNA, is a chain made up of subunits DNA nínú okùn tóní àwọn ẹ̀ka
called nucleotides. In protein tí a n pè ní agbéròjà inú hóró.
synthesis, messenger RNA (mRNA)
replicates the DNA code for a protein
and moves to sites in the cell called
ribosomes.
1302 Ribosome A cytoplasmic organelle composed of Agbéròjà inú Oje hóró tóní ilé ásídì àti ìkójọ
ribonucleic acid and protein that hóró purotéènì tó n siṣẹ́ ìdá
functions in the synthesis of protein. purotéènì. Agbéròjà inú hóró
Ribosomes interact with messenger máa n ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú òjíṣẹ́
RNA and transfer RNA to join RNA, kí ó sì gbẹwọ inú RNA
together amino acid units into a láti jànpọ̀ mọ́ hóró peptide
polypeptide chain according to the gẹ́gẹ́ bi ìlànà tí kóòdù jinni
sequence determined by the genetic múwá.
code.
1303 Rifampicin Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is Òògùn Òògùn apa kòkòrò batéríà là
an antibiotic used to treat a number of rifampicin ńlò láti tọ́jú ọ̀pọ̀ àrùn ìkóràn
bacterial infections. batéríà.
1304 Right auricle (of The right auricle of the heart is a small, Káà agbẹ́jẹ̀ Ẹ̀ yà etí ìta tó yọrí jáde láti orí.
the heart) cone-shaped pouch which comes out apá òkè ọ̀tún Ó jẹ́ ìyẹ̀wù tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ n gbà wọnú
from the upper and front part of the ọkàn.
atrium and overlaps the root of the
aorta. It is muscular, and pumps
deoxygenated blood from the
bloodstream into the heart's right
ventricle.
1305 Right ventricle The right ventricle pumps blood Káà agbẹ́jẹ̀ Ìyẹ̀wù- odò ọ̀tún máa gba ẹ̀jẹ̀
received from the vanae cavae (via the abèémí apá tí wọn n pọ́mpù látara ìyẹ̀wù
right atrium) into the pulmonary ìsàlẹ̀ ọ̀tún òkè ọkàn ọ̀tún sínú ọ̀pá apín
artery. ẹ̀jẹ̀ jáde sínú ẹ̀dọ̀fóró.
1306 Risk The process by which national and Ìbára-ẹni-sọ̀rọ̀ Ọ̀nà tí orílẹ̀-èdè àti ìjọba ibílẹ̀
communication local government authorities provide améwu-dání ń gbà ṣe ìfitónilétí fún
information to the public in an gbogboogbò lọ́nà tí yóó yéni,
understandable, timely, transparent and ní àkókò lọ́nà tóyè koro àti ní
coordinated manner before, during and ètò tí ó gáyátà sáájú, ní àsìkò
after a crisis; also promotes effective àti lẹ́yìn ewu, tí ó sì ń ṣe
exchange of information and opinion ìgbélárugẹ pàsípàrọ̀ tí ó
among scientists, public health and múnádóko fún ìfitónilétí àti
veterinary experts during the alert èrò àwọn onímọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀,
phase to better assess, manage and akọ́sẹ́mọṣẹ́ fún ìfitóniléti àti
coordinate preparedness and response èrò àwọn onímọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀,
activities. akọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ nípa ẹranko àti
ìlera gbogboogbò lásìkò
ìfitónilétí fún sísàmúlò, àti
ìdarí ìgbaradì pẹ̀lú èsì ìṣẹ́.
1307 Risk factor Something that increases a person's Òǹfa ewu Ohun tó n mú ọ̀pọ̀ ànfàní
chances of developing a disease, such ààrùn ènìyàn pọ̀ láti kó àrùn. Bi àsà
as a habit (cigarette smoking) or (sìgá mímu) tàbí ìfihàn sí ewu
exposure to some environmental àyíká, tó n mú kíi ènìyàn ní
hazards, that leads the individual ore-ọ̀fẹ́ láti ṣe àìsàn.
concerned to have a greater likelihood
of developing an illness.
1308 Risk reduction In epidemiology, risk reduction can be Àdínkù ewu Nínú è ̣kó ̣ àjàkálè ̣ àrùn, àdínkù
absolute or relative.The absolute risk ààrùn ewu le ní ìdí, ó sì le má ní ìdí.
reduction is the change in the risk of
an outcome of a given treatment or
activity in relation to a comparison
treatment or activity. The relative risk
reduction is a measure calculated by
dividing the absolute risk reduction by
the control event rate.
1309 Ritonavir (RTV) Ritonavir (RTV) is an antiretroviral Òògùn A máa n lo òògùn apa kòkòrò
medication used along with other ritonavir pẹ̀lú àwọn òògùn mìíràn fún
medications to treat HIV/AIDS. This ìtọ́jú KASA àti àrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
combination treatment is known as àjẹsára. Ìdàpọ̀ òògùn ìtọ́jú yìí
highly active antiretroviral therapy ni amọ̀ sí òògùn KASA líletí a
(HAART). Often, a low dose is used máa ń lò mọ́ adènà KASA afọ́
with other protease inhibitors. purotéènì.
1310 Roots of infection A root canal procedure is performed Gbòǹgbò Ìlànà gbòngbò odò lílà ni a n
when the nerve of the tooth becomes ìkóràn ṣe nígbà tí ìmọ̀lára eyín bá kó
infected or the pulp becomes damaged. ààrùn tàbí tí kò ìs ̣ù rè ̣ bá ti
bàjẹ́.
1311 Rubella An acute contagious disease that is Ààrùn Ààrùn tó n ràn tí kò le tó

milder than typical measles but is Rubella gbajúgbajà àrùn kítìpí lọ,
damaging to a baby when occurring ṣùgbọ́n ó le somọ́ ìdì alábò-
early in pregnancy. Can cause a flu- ara tóbá tètè yọ ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀
like disease with joint pain in adults. oyún. Ó lè fa àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn tó n
fa orikèríkè ara ríro fún àwọn
àgbàlagbà.
1312 Ryan white CARE The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Òfin Ryan Ìdí ìgbésè yìí ni ṣe ìmúgbòrò
Act Resources Emergency (CARE) Act of white dídára àti fún wíwà ìtọ́jú tó
1990 represents the largest dollar péye fún gbogbo énìyàn àti
investment made by the US Congress àwọn tó n gbé pẹ̀lú ìkóràn
to date specifically for the provision of KASA.
services for people with HIV infection.
1313 Sadness The state or emotion of being sad. Ìbànújẹ́ Ipò tàbí ẹdùn bíbanújẹ́.
1314 Safe/Safer sex Safe sex is a sexual activity engaged in Ìbálòpọ̀ Ìbálòpọ̀ aláìléwu tí àwọn
by people who have taken precautions aláìléwu tó ènìyàn n ṣe ní ò ̣nà àtidènà kíkó
to protect themselves against sexually dájú àrùn ìbálòpọ̀ bi KASA.
transmitted infections (STIs) such as
HIV.
1315 Safety box These are the things that are needed to Àpótí ohun Ìgbéṣẹ̀ tó n dènà ìjàmbá tàbí
prevent accident in the company or ìdáàbòbò ìpalára ní iléeṣẹ́ tàbí ilé
hospital. ìwòsàn.
1316 Saline solution In medicine, saline (also saline Omi iyọ̀ Tí a bá lo omi iyọ̀, à máa n rí
solution) is a general phrase referring ipò ìlera nígbà tí a bá lò sínú
to a sterile solution of sodium chloride iṣọ̀n-ẹ̀jẹ̀, àyábẹ̀, àbàjáde omi
(NaCl, more commonly known as iyọ̀ a máa yọrí sí àbàjáde omi.
table salt) in water, but is only sterile

when it is to be placed parenterally
(such as intravenously); otherwise,
a saline solution is a salt water
solution.
1317 Saliva A watery secretion in the mouth Itọ́ Omi sísun láti ẹnu tó jẹ́ ìpèsè
produced by the salivary glands that ẹṣẹ́ itọ́ tó n ṣèrànwọ́ àti fó ̣
aids in the digestion of starch. oúnje ̣ aje ̣mó ̣ s ̣úgà sí wẹ́wẹ́.
1318 Salmonella Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Batéríà Batéríà Salmonella jẹ ọ̀kan
Gram-negative bacteria of the Salmonella lára ẹbí batéríà.
Enterobacteriaceae family.
1319 Salt and warm A readily available aqeous solution Iyọ̀ àti omi Èyí ni ọ̀nà lílo àpòpò ̣ omi tó
water with potentials for use as a home alọ́wọ́rọ́ lọ́wọ́rọ́ àti iyọ̀ fún ìtọ́jú nínú
remedy. ilé.
1320 Salvage therapy Salvage therapy, also known as Ìtọ́jú ìgbẹ́mílà Ìtọ́jú àgbẹ́milà ni a tún mọ̀ sí
rescue therapy, is a form of therapy ìtọ́jú adóòlà ẹ̀mí. Ọ̀kàn lára
given after an ailment does not ìtọ́jú tí a máa n fún aláìsàn
respond to standard therapy. The most lẹyin ìgbà tí ara ba kọ ìgbékalẹ̀
common diseases that require salvage ìlànà ìtọju. Àwọn àìsàn tí a
therapy are HIV and various tumors. sábà maa n lọ itoju agbèmílà
The word is not clearly defined; it is fún ni KASA àti orísìírísìí ìsù-
used both to mean a second attempt èèmọ́. Ọ̀rọ̀ yìí kò ni oríkì kan
and a final attempt. tí o gúnmọ́, a máa n lò ó láti
túmọ̀ si ìgbìyànjú keji ati
igbiyanju ìkẹyìn.
1321 Samples A small part or quantity of something, Ohun àyẹ̀wò Ìwọ̀n kékeré nǹkan bíi ẹ̀jẹ̀ tàbí
such as blood or soil, for scientific or péréte ilẹ̀ fun ìwádìí àti àlàyé ajemọ́-
medical examination or analysis. sáyènsì tàbí ìlera.
1322 Sanitary condition Sanitation generally refers to the Ipò ìmọ̀tótó Ìmó ̣tótó ni pípèsè ohun èlò àti
provision of facilities and services for iṣẹ́ fún dida ìdọ̀tí ọmọnìyàn nú
the safe disposal of human waste. ní aláìmú ewu dání.
1323 Sanitation Ìmọ́tótó Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa ìtọ́jú ìlera
The study and maintenance of public
gbogboogbo àti ìmọ̀tótó
health and hygiene, especially the
páàpáà ètò fífúnni lómi àti omi
water supply and sewage systems.
sísàn lọ.
1324 Sanitizer Sanitizers are substances or Ohun èlò Ohun èlò ìmọ́tótótó ní àwọn
preparation designed to kill germs. ìmọ́tótó èròjà tàbí ìpalẹ̀mọ́ tí a la kalẹ
láti pa àwọn kòkòrò.
1325 Sanitizer gel Sanitizer gel is a supplement or Ìpawọ́ apa Ìpawọ́ apa-kòkòrò ni ọnà
alternative to hand washing with soap kòkòrò mìíràn sí fifi ọsẹ àti omi fọ
and water. Many preparations are ọwọ́ ẹni. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìpèsè rẹ ni ó wa
available, including gel, foam, and tí o fi mọ́ ìpawọ́, fóòmù àti
liquid solutions. ohun olómi.
1326 Saquinavir (SQV) Saquinavir (SQV) is an antiretroviral Òògùn Òògùn Saquinavir jẹ́ òògùn
drug used together with other Saquinavir apa kòkòrò. A máa n loó pẹ̀lú
medications to treat or prevent àwọn ẹ̀yà òògùn mìíràn fún
HIV/AIDS. ìtọ́jú tàbí ìdènà KASA àti
ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára.
1327 Sarcoma One of a group of tumors usually Jẹjẹrẹ iṣu ara Ọ̀kan lára ẹ̀yà jẹjẹrẹ tí ó sábà
arising from connective tissues. These máa n jẹyọ lára ìmọ̀lára. Jẹjẹrẹ
tumors may occur in any part of the yìí lè jẹyọ nibikíbi ni àgọ́ ara,
body, as they arise in the tissues that bí wọ́n ṣe maa jẹyọ lára
make up an organ rather than being ìmọ̀lára tí o parapọ̀ di ẹ̀yà ara
restricted to a particular organ. dípò kí wo wà pẹ̀lú ẹ̀yà ara
kan ni pàtó.
1328 Scarlet fever Infectious disease caused by a Iba amúnipọ́n Ààrùn àkóràn tí batéríà tí a mọ̀
bacterium called group A sí streptococcus maa n fà.
streptococcus.
1329 Screening of blood This is the process of exposing a Yíyẹ̀jẹ̀wò Ìgbésè síṣe àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ ní kíkún
sample of the blood specimen to láti mò ̣ irúfé ̣ ìkóràn tí ó le
investigative analysis for the detection dènà lílò ó fún ìwòsàn.
of relevant infections that may dis-
qualify the specimen for clinical use.
1330 Screening test This is a test designed to identify Yíyẹ̀wò Àyẹ̀wò láti ṣe ìdámọ̀ àwọn tí
those that are not affected by a disease. ààrùn kò tíì mú.
1331 Scrotum It is a pouch that hangs below the Ẹpọ̀n Àpò aláwo ̣ fé ̣lé ̣fé ̣lé ̣, tí ó hunjo ̣,
penis and contains the testes. It ní abé ̣ okó. Inú ré ̣ ni àwo ̣n
consists of an outer thin, widely kórópò ̣n wà.
wrinkled skin.
1332 Seborrheic Excessive secretion of sebum by the Ẹsẹ́ ọ̀rá Àpọ̀jù ìsun ti ohun elépo látara
sebaceous gland. The glands are èyíkéyì ẹṣẹ́ oje-ara. Àwọn ẹṣẹ́
enlarged, especially on the nose and oje-ara niwọ́n tóbi, páàpáà ní
central face. The condition predisposes imú àti ààrin ojú. Ipò yìí wọ́pọ̀
to acne and is common at puberty, ni àkókò ìgbà àgùnbánirọ̀
usually lasting for a few years. ìwọn ọdun díẹ̀ náà ni yóó si fi
wà.
1333 Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the Ààrùn ẹsẹ́ ọ̀rá Ààrùn ara wíwú ńlá tí orirun
dermatitis skin of unknown etiology (i.e. cause or rẹ̀ ò lálàyé alábùdà àwọ̀ pípọ́n,
origin) characterized by moderate gbígbẹ, tútù tàbí ìgbélọsókè
erythema; dry, moist or greasy scaling; ìlọra, àti àwọn ẹya ara mìíràn
and yellow crusted patches on various bii abẹ ojú, etí tábí agbegbe
areas, including the mid-parts of the ojú ara.
face, ears, supraorbital regions (above

the orbit of the eye), umbilicus (the
navel), genitalia, and especially the
scalp.
1334 Second-line Treatment that is given when initial Ìtọ́jú onípele Ìtọ́jú tí a fún- ni nígbà tí ìtọ́jú
Treatment treatment (first-line therapy) does not kejì àìsàn ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ kòbá ṣiṣẹ́ tàbí kọṣẹ́.
work, or stops working.
1335 Sedative Sedatives encompass a wide variety of Òògùn Ifinilọ́kànbalẹ̀ jẹ́ àkójọpọ̀
medications drugs with different mechanisms of ifinilọ́kànbalẹ̀ orísìírísìí àwon òògùn pẹ̀lú
action that can induce depression of àwọn ohun mìíràn tó n yọrí sí
the central nervous system (CNS). àìsedédé gbùgbun ààrin
ìmọ̀lára.
1336 Self genital A genital self examination is used to Ìyẹ abẹ́ ara- Àyẹ̀wò ojú ara ẹni ní a fí ń mọ
examination check for signs and symptoms that ẹni wò àmì àti àìsàn tí ó lè ṣàfihàn
might indicate the presence of a ààrùn ìbálòpọ́ tàbí ṣe àwárí
sexually transmitted infection (STI) or onírúrú ohun àìyẹ nínú ara.
to find any abnormalities.
1337 Semen The fluid that is released through the Àtọ̀ Oje tí ó n jáde láti ojú okó
penis during orgasm. Semen is made nígbà ìdà omi ara. Àtọ̀ jẹ́
up of fluid secreted by the prostate àkójọpọ̀ ìsun oje nípa ibú omi-
gland and seminal vesicles with a àtọ̀ àti àtọ̀ àpò-ara kékeré pẹlù
small contribution from Cowper’s àfikún kékeré láti ẹṣẹ́ oje-ara.
glands.
1338 Sensitization This is a process by which the Ìlanilọ́yẹ Eyi ni ìgbésẹ̀ ìgbèrú ìdáhùn
response to a stimulus increases with imọlara nipa àṣefúnse ìsàfihàn.
repeated presentation of that stimulus;
for example, increased behavioural

response to the same dose of a drug.
1339 Septicaemia The multiplication of pathogenic Oró inú ẹjẹ̀ Ìló ̣po kòkòrò àti oró inú ẹ̀jẹ̀
organisms or their toxins in the blood pè ̣lú àwọn àmì ìkóràn àìsàn.
along with signs of clinical infection.
1340 Seroconversion The development of antibodies to a Aṣàfihàn nínú Ìdàgbàsókè sọ́jà sí àjèjì
particular antigen. When people ẹ̀jẹ̀ adáralóró kan. Bí àwon ènìyàn
develop antibodies to HIV or an kan bání sọ́jà sí KASA tàbí
experimental HIV vaccine, they àyẹ̀wò àjẹsára KASA, wọ́n
"seroconvert" from antibody-negative máa ṣe ìyípadà omi ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti òdì
to antibody-positive. sọ́jà dídára.
1341 Serologic test Any of a number of tests that are Àyẹ̀wò ẹ̀jẹ̀ Èyíkèyí iye àyẹ̀wò tí a ṣe lórí
performed on the clear portion of ìka omi ẹ̀jẹ̀. A ṣábà máa n lò
blood (serum). Often refers to a test fún àyẹ̀wò mímọ bóyá sọ́jà wà
that determines the presence of fún àjèjì adáralóró, bi kòkòrò.
antibodies to antigens such as viruses.
1342 Seroprevalence As related to HIV infection: The Ònka àìsàn Ajẹmọ́ ìkóràn KASA: ìwọ̀n
proportion of persons who have aṣàfihàn nínú iye àwọn ènìyàn tóní omi ẹ̀jẹ̀
serologic (i.e. pertaining to serum) ẹjẹ bi ẹ̀rí ìkóràn KASA ní àkókò
evidence of HIV infection at any given kan pàtó.
time.
1343 Serostatus Result of a test for specific antibodies. Ipo aṣàfihàn Èsì àyẹ̀wò nínú è ̣jè ̣ fún sọ́jà
The state of either having or not àìsàn inu ẹjẹ ara kan pàtó.
having detectable antibodies against a
specific antigen, as measured by a
blood test (serologic test). For
example, HIV seropositive means that
a person has detectable antibodies to
HIV; seronegative means that a person

does not have detectable HIV
antibodies.
1344 Serum The clear, thin and sticky fluid portion Omi ẹ̀jẹ̀ Omi ẹ̀jẹ̀ tómó gaara tó ṣẹ́kù
of the blood that remains after lẹ́yìn ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì. Omi ẹ̀jẹ̀ kòní
coagulation. Serum contains no blood àwọn hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ rárá, hóró
cells, platelets or fibrinogen. amẹ́jẹ̀dì tàbí ohun asaralóre
nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì.
1345 Service delivery A service delivery framework (SDF) is Ìpèsè ojúṣe Ìlànà ìfijíṣẹ́ tí a n lò láti darí
framework a set of principles, standards, policies ìdàgbàsókè àti ífẹ̀yìntì lẹ́nu iṣẹ́
and constraints used to guide the tí a ṣàgbẹ́jáde lọ́wọ́ olùpèsè iṣẹ́
design, development, deployment, pẹ̀lú èrò láti pèsè ìrírí ìṣẹ́ fún
operation and retirement of services agbèègbè kan.
delivered by a service provider with a
view to offering a consistent
service experience to a specific user
community.
1346 Service Delivery This is a set of components that Ibùdó ìpèsè Àwọn tí wọ́n n pèsè èròjà iṣẹ́
Points (SDPs) provides service delivery architecture iṣẹ́ fún àwọn oníbàárà wọn.
(such as service creation, session
control and protocols) for a type of
service delivered to a consumer,
whether it is a customer or other
system.
1347 Service provider A company that provides a specific Olùpèsè iṣé ̣ Ìléeṣẹ́ tó n pèsè iṣẹ́ àkànṣe bí
service or services, e.g. health or life àkànsẹ ìlera tàbí adójútòfò-è ̣mí.
insurance.
1348 Severe Acute Severe acute respiratory syndrome Ààrùn SARS Ààrùn SARS jé ̣ ààrùn òtútù
Respiratory (SARS) is a serious form of àyà líle tí ó n fa ìnira mímí, tí
Syndrome (SARS) pneumonia. It is caused by a virus that ó sì lè já sí ikú.
was first identified in 2003. Infection
with the SARS virus causes severe
breathing difficulty) and sometimes
death.
1349 Severe anaemia Extreme reduction in the number of Aìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ Aìtó ẹ̀jẹ̀ paraku máa n wáyé
circulating red blood cells (RBCs), the paraku nígbà tí ìwọ̀n hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa bá
amount of haemoglobin, or the volume dínkù gan-an.
of packed red blood cells
(haematocrit).
1350 Severe Extreme shortage of fluids within the Àìsàn ìgbẹmi Omi ara gbẹ kọjá bóṣeyẹ lọ.
dehydration body. ara
1351 Severe exudative Severe inflammation of the pharynx Ọ̀fun dídùn Bí ọ̀fun bá n tani. Àwọn àmì
pharyngitis (throat). Symptoms may include: àìsàn yìí ni: ò ̣fun wíwú, tàbí
enlarged or sore areas in your throat ọgbẹ́ ní ọ̀fun tó máa fa ìnira tí
that might be uncomfortable when a bá n gbé oúnjẹ tàbí omi mì.
swallowing food or water.
1352 Sex Biological maleness and femaleness, Akọ-n-bábo Ti ìbí ọkùnrin àti obìnrin tí a
determined by genetic endowment and pèsè nípa jínnì tí a bí mọ́ni àti
hormones. oje-ara.
1353 Sex worker Someone who makes a living through Aṣéwó/Gbélé
̣ Àwọn tí wọ́n n fi òwò asẹ́ ̣wó
having sex. pawó/Olówò ṣiṣẹ́ ṣe.
nàbì
1354 Sexual and This includes the external and internal Ètò ìbálòpọ̀ Àkójo ̣pò ̣ è ̣yà ara tìta àti tinú
Reproductive sex organs. àti ìbísí fún ìbálòpọ̀ tìta àti tinú
System (SRS)
1355 Sexual debut/First This is an act of introducing young Ìbálòpọ̀ àkọ́kọ́ Èyí ni ìgbésẹ̀ gbígba àwọn
sexual experience women to sexual life for the first time. kògbókògbó ọmọge sí òwò
OR: The first sexual experience. nàbì fún ìgbà àkọ́kọ́.
1356 Sexual health Sexual health is a state of physical, Ìlera ìbálòpọ̀ Èyí ni ipò ìlera ara, ọpọlọ àti
mental and social well-being in àláfia àwùjọ ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú
relation to sexuality. ìbálòpọ̀.
1357 Sexual networking A sexual network is a social network Ìbálòpọ̀ Ìbálòpọ̀ alátagbà ni àtagbà
that is defined by the sexual relation- alátagbà àwùjọ tó túnmọ̀ sí ìbásepọ̀
ships within a set of individuals. ìbálòpọ̀ láárìn àwọn ènìyàn
kan.
1358 Sexually Also called venereal disease. A Ààrún Ààrùn tí a kó láti ara ìbálòpọ̀
Transmitted contagious disease usually acquired by ìbálòpọ̀ bíi sífílì àti àtọ̀sí.
Disease (STD) sexual intercourse or genital contact.
Historically, the five venereal diseases
are: gonorrhoea, syphilis, chancroid,
granuloma inguinale and
lymphogranuloma venereum.
1359 Sharps box or A sharps container is a container that is Àpótí Àpótí ìdabẹ́rẹ́nù jẹ́ ibi tí a n kó
sharps containers filled with used medical needles (and ìdabẹ́rẹ́nù àwọn abẹ́rẹ́ tí wọ́n ti lò àti
other sharp medical instruments. àwọn irinṣẹ́ ìṣègùn tó mú sí.
1360 Sharp object An object that can cause injury to a Ohun mímú Ohun mímú tó lè ṣe èèyàn
person. léṣe.
1361 Sheep A woolly ruminant of the genus ovis. Àgùtàn Ẹran tó ní ẹnu àti iké ẹ̀yìn.
1362 Shingles Herpes Varicella Zoster Virus. Aléfọ́ ọlọ́jàá Kòkòrò herpes farisila Zoster.
1363 SHIV Genetically engineered hybrid virus Àkàndá Àtúnṣe jínnì kòkòrò àdàmọ̀dì
having a HIV envelope and a SIV KASA tóní èèpo KASA àti àkàndá
core. KASA.
1364 Shock Shock is a life-threatening condition Ìdínà ìṣàn-ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ìjayà jẹ́ ipò tí ó la ẹ̀mí lọ, èyí
that occurs when the body is not amẹ́mìílọ́wọ́ máa n wáyé nígbà tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ ò bá
getting enough blood flow. ṣàn dáadáa ní àgọ́ọ́ ara.
1365 Shortness of Difficulty in breathing. Medically Àìlèmíkanlẹ̀ Ìsòro láti mí. Tí àwọn
breath referred to as dyspnea. oníṣègùn n pèní ìsòro èèmí.
1366 Sickle cell A red blood cell that is crescent- Làkúègbé/ Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ pupa tó jẹ́ àbàjáde
shaped as a result of an inherited Fòníkúfọ̀la- àjogúnbá ìyípadà DNA tó n
mutation in the cell's haemoglobin. dìde gbé ẹ̀dá ara sínú hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀.
1367 Sickness An illness or a disease. Àìsàn Àìsàn tàbí ààrùn.
1368 Side effects The action or effect of a drug (or Àyọrísí Ìṣe tàbí ipá àjẹsára òògùn ju
vaccine) other than that desired. The mìíràn èyí tí a fẹ́. Ìtumọ̀ yìí ni ohun
term usually refers to undesired or àìfẹ́ tàbí ipa òdì bi ẹ̀fọ́rí, ara
negative effects, such as headache, yíyún, tàbí bíbàjẹ́ ẹ̀dọ̀. Àyẹ̀wò
skin irritation or liver damage. òògùn gbó ̣dọ̀ fi ìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ fún
Experimental drugs must be evaluated àbàjáde ẹsẹ́kẹsẹ̀ tàbí ọlọ́jọ́
for both immediate and long-term side pípẹ́.
effects.
1369 Simian An HIV-like virus that infects KASA ara Ààrùn kòkòrò ọ̀bọ, ìnàkí àti
Immunodeficiency monkeys, chimpanzees and other non- ọ̀bọ àwọn ẹ̀dà onírunlára.
Virus (SIV) human primates.
1370 Simple medication Medication (also called medicine Òògùn ìtọ́jú Èyí ni ìlo òògùn tóní ìwè àṣẹ
or pharmaceutical drugs) is the use of pérété fún ìtọ́jú tàbí ìwòsàn aláìsàn.
licensed drugs to treat or cure an Ọ̀pọ̀ òògùn ni kò ní ìwè àṣẹ
illness. Some drugs are freely sold. ṣùgbọ́n tí a n tàwọ́n.
1371 Single orphan A child with one of the parents dead. Ọmọ Ọmọ tí ọ̀kan lára àwọn òbí rẹ̀
aláìlóbìíkan tikú.
1372 Skin peeling Peeling skin is unintended damage to Ara Sísí Ara ṣíṣí ní ìbàjẹ́ tí a kò lérò àti
and loss of the upper layer of your àdánù ìpele òkè ara.
skin (epidermis).
1373 Skin scraping Skin scraping is a technique in Ayẹ̀wò ajẹmọ́ Ayẹ̀wò ajẹmọ́ ara híhani ìlànà
dermatology that is applied in a high ara híha ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ààrùn ara tí a n lò ní
proportion of cases to obtain samples ọ̀pọ̀ ìgbà.
of the uppermost layers of the skin for
analysis.
1374 Smallpox Highly contagious disease caused by a Ìgbóná Ààrùn ìkóràn nlá nípaṣè
poxvirus and marked by fever and the kòkòrò tó n fa ibà àti àléébù.
formation of scar-pustules. A world-
wide inoculation programme has
almost eradicated the poxvirus from
the human population.
1375 Social group A social group is a collection of people Ojúgbà Ẹgbẹ́ àwùjọ ni àkójọpọ̀ àwọn
who interact with each other and share ènìyàn tó n bára wọn sọ́rọ́ lórí
similar characteristics and a sense of ohun kannáà.
unity. A social category is a collection
of people who do not interact but who
share similar characteristics.
1376 Soiled linen These are contaminated clothes as a Aṣọ ìdọ̀tí Àwọn ni aṣọ tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ yí tàbí tó
result of blood stain or worn by gbó lára ẹni tóní ọgbẹ́ tàbí
infected people that had injury. ìpalára.
1377 Sore throat Pain in the throat. Sore throat may be Egbò/Ọgbẹ́ Ẹ̀ dùn ní ọ̀fun, egbò/ ọgbẹ́ ọ̀fun
caused by many different causes, ọ̀fun lè wá ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọ̀nà bíi
including bacterial or viral infection of batéríà tàbí kòkòrò ààrùn

the tonsils or pharynx. ìkóràn ti ẹ̀yà arídìmú omi-ara
eṣé tàbí ọ̀fun.
1378 Source This means originate from: reveal the Orísun Ibi tí ó ti ṣẹ̀wá, fífi ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀ hàn.
origin of something; obtain from a
particular supplier.
1379 Sperm Also called semen: (1) the generative Àtọ̀ (1) Àwọn ohun tó n dà lára
substance of male animals. (2) The ọkùnrin. (2) Àwọn hóró ìbísí
reproductive cell or gamete of the tàbí hóró ìbálòpọ̀, tí amò sí
male; a spermatozoon. àtọ̀.
1380 Spinal tap A lumbar puncture, also known as a Igba-oje ọpa Èyí jẹ́ ìlànà ìṣègùn níbi tí a tí n
spinal tap, is a medical procedure in ẹ̀yìn fi abẹ́rẹ́ gún ọ̀pá-ẹ̀yìn, ní ọ̀pọ̀
which a needle is inserted into the ìgbà láti gba oje ọpọlọ àti ọ̀pá
spine, most commonly to collect ẹ̀yìn fún àyẹ̀wò ìdámọ̀ àìsàn.
cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic
testing.
1381 Spirit (1) Any distilled alcoholic liquor such Ọtí líle (1) Àfẹ́sẹ́ ọtí alágbára bi
as brandy, rum, whisky, or gin. burandí, rọ́ọ́mù, wisikí, tàbi
(2) An aqueous solution of ethanol, gíínì.
especially one obtained by distillation. (2) Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ olómi ti ọtí ẹmu,
pàápàá èyí tí a gbà látara ìfẹ́sẹ́.
1382 Spiritual care Spiritual care is a person-centred Itọ́jú Ìtọ́jú tẹ̀mí ni ìtọ̀jú tó n fúnni ní
care which seeks to help people ajẹmọ́gbàgbọ́ ìrètí, afúni ní okun lásìkò
(re)discover hope, resilience and inner àìsàn, ìpalára, ìpárọ̀ àti àdánù.
strength in times of illness, injury, Ìtọ́jú tẹ̀mí ní a n pèsè láti ọwọ́
transition and loss. Spiritual care is gbogbo àwọn òsìṣẹ́ ìlera,
provided by all who work in health and àwùjọ àti aláìsàn, alábòjútó àti
social care as well as by patients, àwọn ẹbí.
carers and friends.
1383 Spiritual support Offering spiritual support for family or Atìlẹyìn Fífún ni àtìlẹyìn ẹ̀mí fún ẹ́bí
friends. People who are very ill often ajẹmọ́gbàgbọ́ tàbí ọ̀rẹ́. Àwon tí wọ́n bá ṣe
ask spiritual questions in seeking àìsàn máa n fí wálẹ̀ lọ́nà tẹ̀mí,
comfort, meaning and hope. wíwá ìrọ̀rùn, ìtumọ̀ àti ìrètí.
1384 Spiritualist Someone who believes that the spirits Abẹ́mìísọ̀rọ̀ Ènìyàn tó gbàgbọ́ pé òkú le bá
of dead people can communicate with alàyè wíjọ́.
the living, especially through
mediums.
1385 Spleen A ductless vascular organ in the left Ọlọ inú Ìṣọ̀n-ara àìlọ́pọ̀ ní òkè inú
upper abdomen of humans and other ènìyàn àti ẹranko ọlọ́pàá-ẹ̀hìn
vertebrates that helps to destroy old tó n sẹ̀ ìrànwọ́ láti pa àwọn
red blood cells, form lymphocytes, and hóró omi-ara, èyí tó n tọ́jú ẹ̀jẹ̀
store blood. pamọ́.
1386 Splenomegaly An enlarged spleen. Ọlọ-inú fífẹ̀ Àmọ́/ọlọ-inú fífẹ̀.
1387 Sputum Substance coughed up from the Kẹ̀lẹ̀bẹ̀ Èròjà ti a pọ̀ jáde pẹ̀lú
respiratory tract and usually ejected by ìmísímú-ìmísóde láti ẹnu, bi
mouth, e.g. saliva, phlegm, or mucus. itọ́, kẹ̀lẹ̀bẹ̀ tàbí ikun.
1388 Sputum for gene A sample of phlegm that is collected Ìṣàyẹ̀wò Kẹ̀lẹ̀bẹ̀ tí a gbà sílè ̣ fún àyè ̣wò
expert testing for laboratory testing from a patient kẹ̀lẹ̀bẹ̀ láte ̣nu e ̣ni tí a fura sí pé ó ní
with suspected tuberculosis. ikó ̣o ̣fe.
1389 Stage I-IV cancer Cancer staging is the process of Ìpele kìíní sí Ìpele jẹjẹrẹ ni ìlànà mímọ bi
determining the extent to which Ìkerin
̣ Jẹjẹrẹ jẹjẹrẹ ṣe tànká sí. Às ̣à yíyan
a cancer has developed by spreading. nọ́mbà láti ọ̀kan sí ìkẹ́rin sí

Contemporary practice is to assign a ààrùn jẹjẹrẹ ló wó ̣pò ̣ lode-òní,
number from I-IV to a cancer, with I tí ònkà àkọ́kọ́ máa jé ̣ ìbè ̣rè ̣, tí
being an isolated cancer and IV being ìkẹ́rin yóó sì jẹ́ jẹjẹrẹ tó tànká
a cancer which has spread to the limit ju bí ó tiyẹ lọ.
of what the assessment measures.
1390 Standards of care Treatment regimen or medical Ìdiwọ́n Àwọn òògùn ìtọ́jú tàbí ìṣàkóso
management based on state-of-the-art àmójútó ìṣègùn adálórí ìṣẹ́ ọnà ìtọ́jú
patient care. aláìsàn.
1391 State Agency for In Nigeria, SACA is the agency solely Àjọ SACA Ní orílẹ̀-èdè Nigeria, SACA jẹ́
Control of AIDS authorized to facilitate all stake-holder àjọ tí ó n ṣe akitiyan fún ìmọ̀
(SACA) HIV/AIDS activities in every state. kíkún nípa kòkòrò KASA àti
ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára fún àwọn
ènìyàǹ, ẹbí àti agbègbè ti
àjàkálẹ̀ ààrùn ń bájà.
1392 State Blood The SBTS provides blood to its Àjọ agbẹ̀jẹ̀sílẹ̀ Ẹ̀ ka yìí máa ń pèsè ẹ̀jẹ̀ ni
Transfusion members in an emergency. The blood ní ìpínlẹ̀ pàjàwírì fún ẹgbẹ́ agbẹ̀jẹ̀sílẹ̀.
Service (SBTS) is collected from their blood bank in in À ń gba ẹ̀jẹ̀ yìí ní olú ìpínlẹ̀
a state and is hand-carried, normally láti ọwọ́ àwọn onímọ̀ nípa ẹ̀jẹ̀
by a trauma-trained anaesthetist, to the sí ọ̀dọ̀ dókítà.
treating doctor.
1393 Statistical A term based on statistical tests that is Ìsirò alámì Ìtumọ̀ adálórí àyẹ̀wò ìṣirò tí a
significance used to denote the probability that the n lò fún ìṣééṣe tí àkíyèsí
observed association could have àkójọpọ̀ lè ṣelẹ́ lọ́nà àìròtẹ̀lẹ̀.
occurred by chance alone. Does not Kò tunmọ̀ sí ìṣègùn tàbí ti àmì
refer to medical or biological ìbí ti àkójọpọ̀.
significance of an association. For
example, a statistical significance at
the 1-percent level indicates a 1-in-100

chance that a result can be ascribed to
chance.
1394 Stavudine (D4T) Stavudine (D4T) is a HIV treatment Òògùn Òògùn safudini wà fún ìtó ̣ju
drug which works by inhibiting HIV safudini KASA tó máa n s ̣is ̣é ̣ nípa
replication. dídójúti ìs ̣ẹ̀dà KASA.
1395 Stem cell An undifferentiated cell that is able to Hóró òpá igi Ẹ̀ yà hóró kannáà to séése láti
renew itself and produce all tún ararẹ̀ ṣe àti pé kí ó pèsè
specialized cells within an organ. gbogbo hóró àkànse nínú ẹ̀yà-
ara.
1396 Stevens-Johnson A severe and sometimes fatal form of Àìsàn Steven Èyí ni àìsàn tóle bi àìbójúmu
Syndrome erythema multiforme that is Johnson ara pípọ́n tí èso ààrin ara tójẹ́
characterized by conjunctivitis (eye ẹ̀yà ojú wíwú èyí tó n fa ìfọ́jú,
inflammation) and often results in yàrà ẹnu àti ọgbẹ́ ojú abẹ́ àti
blindness, Vincent's angina (trench ihò-ìdí.
mouth) and ulceration of the genitals
and anus.
1397 Stigma The shame or disgrace attached to Ìdẹ́yẹsí Ìtìjú tó rọ̀mọ́ nǹkan èyí tí kò jẹ́
something regarded as socially ìtẹ́wọ́gbà láwùjọ.
unacceptable.
1398 Stigmatization This is an act of characterizing Àdẹ́yẹsí Èyí jẹ́ ìgbéṣẹ̀ títàbùkù nǹkan.
something as disgraceful.
1399 Stomatitis Any of the numerous inflammatory Egbò ẹnu Ààrùn ẹnu wíwú tó n ṣe
diseases of the mouth having various okùnfà bi ìbanilọ́kànjẹ́, híhún,
causes, such as mechanical trauma, ẹ̀hun, àìtó fítáámì tàbí àrùn.
irritants, allergy, vitamin deficiency or

infection.
1400 Stool test A stool analysis is a series of tests Àyẹ̀wò ìgbẹ́ Orísirísi àyẹ̀wò ìgbẹ́ tí a se láti
done on a stool (faeces) sample to help mọ ipò àìsàn tó n dàmú dídà
diagnose certain conditions affecting oúnjẹ nínú ara.
the digestive tract.
1401 Stooling Faeces discharged from the anus. Ìgbé gbuuru Ìgbẹ́ tí a n yà láti ojú ihò-ìdí.
1402 Stratification A layered configuration. Ìsọdìpele Ìṣètò ní ìpèlé.
1403 Strengthening Multi-level systems support for Ìkúnpá KASA Àkójo ̣po ̣ aáyan fún ìkúnpá lórí
Nigeria HIV/AIDS integrated delivery of HIV/AIDS àti àrùn ìdènà KASA àti àrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
Response (SNR) services in Nigeria. ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára ní Nigeria.
àjẹsára ní
Nigeria
1404 Stroke The sudden death of brain cells due to Rọmọlápá- Dídákẹ́ àwọn hóró ọpọlọ lójijì
lack of oxygen caused by blockage of rọmọlẹ́sẹ̀/Ààr fún ìdí aìsí atẹ́gùn, tí ó wá
blood to the brain. It is a sudden attack ùn ẹ̀gbà nípaṣẹ̀ ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídí sí ọpọlọ. Èyí ni
of weakness affecting one side of the ójijì àwọ̀n jíjá tó n ṣe àkóbá
body. fún apá àgọ́ ara kan.
1405 Subarachnoid The space through which the spinal Àyè oje ọ̀pá Àyè tí ọ̀pá oje n gbà ṣọ̀n
space fluid circulates. ẹ̀yìn kákìri.
1406 Subclinical An infection or phase of infection, Ìkóràn Ìkóràn tàbí ìpele ìkóràn, láìsí
infection without readily apparent symptoms or aláìlámì àmì àìsàn tàbí àmì ààrùn rárá.
signs of disease.
1407 Subcutaneous Beneath or introduced beneath the skin Ìsàlẹ̀ àwọ̀-ara Ìṣàlẹ́ ìwọ̀-ara. Àpẹẹrẹ awọ
(e.g. subcutaneous injections). abẹ́rẹ́.
1408 Substitution Substitution treatment is a medical Ìtọ́jú ìfidípò Ìtọ́jú Ìfidípò jẹ́ ìtọ́jútó fàyè gba
treatment treatment that involves replacing an ìfidípò ohun àìda nínú ọpọlọ
illegal opioid, such as heroin, with a bi ìgbóná, tí a n fà gẹ́gẹ́ bi
longer acting but less euphoric àbójútó ìṣègùn.
opioid; methadone or buprenorphine
are typically used and the drugs are
taken under medical supervision.
1409 Subunit HIV A genetically engineered vaccine that Ìyàtọ̀ ajẹsára Àtúnṣe jinni àjẹsára tó dá lórí
vaccine is based on only part of the HIV KASA apá mólékù kòkòrò.
molecule.
1410 Sudan Ebola Virus Ebola virus found in Sudan. Kòkòrò Ebola Ẹ̀yà kòròrò Ebola tí wó ̣n rí ní
A virus of the genus Ebolavirus is a Sudan Sudan. Ìtànkálè ̣ rè ̣ kọ́kọ́yọ ní
member of the species Sudan Sudan àti Uganda.
ebolavirus if it is endemic in Sudan
and/or Uganda.
1411 Sudden fever A sudden fever is one of quick onset in Ibà òjijì Ibà òjijì ni ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àìsàn lára
a patient who was otherwise feeling aláìsàn tí kó dáápé tẹ́lẹ̀.
well.
1412 Sugar cane A tall tough-stemmed species of grass Ìrèké Ìrèké ni arí gẹ́gẹ́bi ìpèsè súgà
grown in warm regions throughout the tí a n rí lára aadùn ẹ.
world as a source of sugar, which is
obtained from its sweet sap.
1413 Suicidal thoughts Suicidal thoughts, also known as Èrò ìgbẹ̀mí Èrò ìgbẹ̀mí ara ẹni ló n bẹ̀ẹ̀rẹ̀
suicidal ideation, are thoughts about ara ẹni láti bi ìlànà èrò, tí o sì pàrì
how to kill oneself, which can range ìgbèsè ìgbẹ̀mí ara ẹni.
from a detailed plan to a fleeting

consideration and does not include the
final act of killing oneself.
1414 Sulfa drug Any of a class of synthetic chemical Oògùn sulfa Èyíkèyí kíláásì ohun ìdá
substances derived from sulfanilamide kẹ́míkà tí a tété rí òògùn sulfa
and used to treat bacterial infections. tí a n lò fún ìtọ́jú kòkòrò
These drugs inhibit the action of para- àìfójúrí. Òògùn yí máa dójúti
aminobenzoic acid, a substance ásídì, àwon ohun èlò kòkòrò
bacteria need in order to reproduce. àìfójúrí tí a n lò fún ẹ̀dà.
Sulfa drugs are used primarily in the Òògùn sulfa ní a n lò fún ìtọ́jú
treatment of urinary tract infections ààrùn ilé ìtọ̀ àti ọgbẹ́ asẹ́ ìfun
and ulcerative colitis. wíwú. Sọ́jà ara ló tì ṣe ìrọ́pò
wọn fún ààrùn kòkòrò àìfójúrí.
1415 Sulfonamides Sulfonamide (or called sulphonamide, Oògùn Òògùn sulfa ni ọ̀kan gbòógì
sulfa drugs, sulpha drugs) is the basis sulfanami de lára ẹgbẹ́ òògùn. Ògidì òògùn
of several groups of drugs. The kòkòrò àìfójúrí sulfa ni ìdá
original antibacterial sulfonamides are adójúti asojú ìdàgbàsókè
synthetic antimicrobial agents that ẹ̀yàwuuru tóní àkójọpọ̀ òògùn
contain the sulfonamide group. sulfa.
1416 Superantigen Investigators have proposed that a Ògbólógbòó Àwọn olùṣèwàdí dábáá pé
molecule known as a superantigen, àjèjì mólékù túmọ̀ sí pé àjèjì
either made by HIV or an unrelated adáralóró adáralóró dára jùlọ, yálà èyí tí
agent, may stimulate massive a ṣe nípa KASA tàbí asojú
quantities of CD4+ T cells at once, alábàgbépọ̀, ó lè lọ́wọ́ nínú
rendering them highly susceptible to ọ̀pọ̀ ìwọ̀n hóró sójà ìdábòòbò
HIV infection and subsequent cell 4+T lẹ́kàn ṣoṣo, tí ó sọwọ́n di
death. aláìlágbára sí ìkóràn KASA àti
ìtẹ̀lé ikú hóró.
1417 Support for health Strengthening the health care Àtìlẹ́yìn fún Ṣíṣe ìkúnpá fún ẹgbé ̣ òṣìṣé ̣
workers workforce. òṣìṣẹ́ ìlera ìlera.
1418 Support group In a support group, members provide Ẹgbẹ́ Nínú ẹgbẹ́ aṣèrànwọ́, àwọn
each other with various types of help, alátìlẹyìn ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ máa ń pèsè
usually non-professional and non- orísìírísìí ìrànlọ́wọ́ fún ara
material, for a particular shared, wọn, pàápàá àwọn tí kò kún
usually burdensome, characteristic. ojú òsùnwọ̀n àti èyí tí kìí gbé
ogun èlò fún ìpín kan pàtó,
pàápàá èyí tí ó lè pànìláyà
1419 Suppressor T cells (T8, CD8) Subset of T cells that halt Hóró T Àyọsílẹ̀ àwọn hóró T tó n ṣe
antibody production and other immune Alátẹ̀rí ìdàdúró ìpèsè sọ́jà ara àti
responses. gbígba àwọn àjẹsára mìíràn.
1420 Surrogate marker A parameter that can serve as a Atọ́ka Ìrọ́pó Àrọ́pó èníyàn tàbí nǹkan tó
substitute for an endpoint of interest. rọ́pò ìkéjì. Nínú ààrùn KASA,
In HIV disease, the number of CD4+ T iye àwọn hóró sójà ìdábòòbò
cells and CD8+ cells is a surrogate 4+ T àti hóró sójà ìdábòòbò 8
immunological marker of disease ni ìrọ́pò àmì ìjẹsára ti
progression. ìlọsíwájú ààrùn.
1421 Surveillance Close or continuous observation or Ìtọpinpin Àkíyèsí lẹmólẹmó tàbí àyẹ̀wò
testing (e.g. serosurveillance) used, tí a n lò láàrin àwon mìíràn.
among others, in epidemiology. Nínú ẹ̀kọ́ nípa mímọ ààrùn, ìṣọ́
àjẹsára fún ìgbésè ìbójúwò étò
àjẹsára kọlẹ̀ nínú àwon ènìyàn.
1422 Survivor of EVD One who survived the Ebola virus. Alárùlà Ebola Ẹnì tórí yọ nínú ewu ààrùn
A person who recovered from a kòkòrò Ebola lé ̣yìn ìtó ̣jú.
confirmed infection with the Ebola
virus.
1423 SWAAN Acronym for Society for Women and Ẹgbẹ́ SWAAN Ẹgbẹ́ àwọn obínrin tó n ṣe
AIDS in Africa. àmójútó àrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára
nílè ̣ Afirika.
1424 Swab A small piece of absorbent material Òwú ìsètọ́jú Ìpèlé kékeré tí ó lè gba inú ihò
attached to the end of a stick or wire ọ̀pá tàbí okùn wáyà, kí a wá lò
and used for cleansing of a surface, láti fọ pépele ìfọ̀wọ́ tí a n lò
applying medicine, or collecting a mọ́ òògùn tàbí àkójọpọ̀ ohun
sample of a substance. èlò àyẹ̀wò.
1425 Sweat The clear salty liquid that passes to the Òógùn Ìsàn
̣ oníyọ̀ tó n jáde látojú ihò-
surface of the skin when somebody is ara nígbà tí ara ènìyàn bá n
hot or as a result of strenuous activity, gbóná tàbí kó jẹ́ àbájáde is ̣é ̣
fear, anxiety, or illness. wàhálà, ẹ̀rù, àníyàn, tàbí àìsàn.
1426 Swelling Abnormal enlargement. Wíwù Ara wíwú àìbójúmu.
1427 Swimming pool This is a humanly constructed body of Adágún Adágún-odò tí àwo ̣n ènìyàn tí
water where people swim for pleasure. ìlúwẹ̀ẹ́ n wẹ̀ fún afẹ́.
1428 Symptoms Any perceptible, subjective change in Àmì àìsàn Àkíyèsí, gẹ́gẹ́bí èrò ìyípadà
the body or its functions that indicates nínú ara tàbí iṣẹ́ tó n tọ́kasí
disease or phases of disease, as ààrùn gẹ́gẹ́bí ìròyìn àláìsàn.
reported by the patient.
1429 Syncytia ("Giant Cells") Dysfunctional Àpapọ̀ hóró Aláìléye oní hóró púpọ̀ tí ó jẹ́
multicellular clumps formed by cell- (Òmìrán) ìsopọ̀ àkóso hóró sí hóró.
to-cell fusion. Cells infected with HIV Àwọn hóró tí ó kó ààrùn bá
may also fuse with nearby uninfected kòkòrò lè sopọ̀ mọ́ àwọn hóró
cells, forming balloon-like giant cells tí ààrùn kòràn, lára òmìrán
called syncytia. In test tube experi- àwọn hóró bàlúù tí a mọ̀ sí
ments, these giant cells have been òmìrán hóró. Nínú yìí ni afiwè
associated with the death of uninfected ikú hóró tí àrùn kòràn.
cells. The presence of so-called

syncytia-inducing variants of HIV has
been correlated with rapid disease
progression in HIV-infected
individuals.
1430 Syndrome A group of symptoms and diseases that Àpapọ̀ Ìdàpọ̀ àwọn àmì àìsàn àti
are together characteristic of a specific onírúurú àmì àwọn àmì tó papọ̀ sojú àkànṣe
condition. aìsàn ipò àìsàn.
1431 Synergism/ An interaction between two or more Ìbásepò Ìbáraẹnisepọ̀ láàrin asojú
Synergistic agents (drugs) that produce or enhance òògùn òògùn méjì tàbí jubẹ́lọ̀ tó n
an effect that is greater than the sum of amérèwá pèsè tàbí ṣe àlékún ipá tóju iye
the effects produced by the individual ìpèsè ipá àwọn asojú ènìyàn.
agents.
1432 Synthesis (1) In chemistry, the formation of a Dídá (1) Ibiyi tó dàpọ̀ mó ̣ra láti
compound from simpler compounds or dàpọ̀ mọ́ ìrọ̀rùn ibiyi tàbí
elements. (2) The production of a èròjà. (2) Ìpèsè àwon ohun èlò
substance (e.g. as in protein synthesis) bi ìdá ohun asalóre pẹ̀lú ìdàpọ̀
by the union of chemical elements, èròjà kẹ́míkà, àkójọpọ̀ tàbí
groups or simpler compounds, or by ìrọ̀rùn ibiyi tàbí bíbàjẹ́.
the degradation (i.e. breaking down) of
a complex compound.
1433 Syphilis A sexually transmitted disease caused Sífílì Ààrùn ìbálòpọ̀ tó wá láti pasè ̣
by a spirochaete bacteria called treponema pallidum, tó mú
Treponema pallidum, resulting in the ìdásílè ̣ ọgbẹ́ wá sí gbogbo ara.
formation of lesions throughout the
body.
1434 Syringe A tube with a nozzle and piston or Abẹ́rẹ́ Irinṣé ̣ tẹ́ẹ́rẹ́ tí a fí n fa nǹkan
bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid olómi sínú ara tàbí jáde kúrò
in a thin stream, used for cleaning lára.
wounds or body cavities, or fitted with
a hollow needle for injecting or
withdrawing fluids.
1435 Systemic drug An unpredictable, generalized adverse Ìlòdìsóògùn Ìlòdìsóògùn ajẹmó ̣ ara títa.
allergy reaction due to the triggering of an akárí-ara
immune-mediated inflammatory
process by a medication.
1436 Systole Systole is a regular contraction of the Ìgba ìfúnpọ̀ Ohun ni ìgba ìṣóki ọkàn.
heart. OR simply means when the Ọkàn
heart pumps.
1437 T lymphocytes A lymphocyte of a type produced or Hóró omi ara Hóró omi ara T tí a pèsè lọ́wọ́
processed by the thymus gland and T ètò àjẹsára ara tí a rí nínú hóró
actively participating in the immune ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí ó kópa nínú
response. àjẹsára gbígbà.
1438 Table cover/mat This is a material used for covering a Abotábìlì Èyí ní ohun tí a n ló fi bo tébù
table. tàbí tábìlì.
1439 Tablet A small solid pill containing a Òògùn Èyí ní óró egbògi kékeré tí ó
measured medicinal dose, usually oníhóró ní ìwọ̀n ní èyí tí a lè lò sí ẹnu.
intended to be taken orally.
1440 Tai Forest Ebola Virus found in Tai Forest. Kòkòrò Ebola Ẹ̀yà kòkòrò Ebola tí a rí ní
Ebola virus TAFV Taiforest Taiforest.
1441 Target A progress charting method which logs Àfojúsùn ọ́jọ́ Ipò àfojúsùn ojoojúmọ́ tí a
reached/Day on a daily basis the achievement of ṣètò.
predefined objectives.
1442 Tat One of the regulatory genes of the HIV Ẹ̀ yọ́-ìran TAT Ọ̀kan olùdarí ẹ̀yọ́- iran ti
virus. Three HIV regulatory genes – kòkòrò. Olùdarí ẹ̀yọ̀- iran
tat, rev and nef – and three so-called kòkòrò mẹ́ta bi tat, rev, àti nef
auxiliary genes – vif, vpr and vpu – àti ẹ̀yọ̀- iran aṣèrànwọ́ mẹ́ta bi
contain information necessary for the vif, vpr àti vpu tóní ìfitónilétí
production of proteins that control the ìpèsè ohun asaralóre tó se
virus's ability to infect a cell, produce pàtàkì fún ìdarí agbára kòkòrò
new copies of the virus or cause láti ṣe ìkóràn bá kòkòrò, tó
disease. The tat gene is thought to pèsè ẹ̀dà hóró tuntun tàbí fa
enhance virus replication. ààrùn. ẹ̀yọ́-iran tat ni a rò pé ó
lè mú èsì sí ìdáhùn sí kòkòrò.
1443 Tattooing Mark (a part of the body) with an Ìse ọnàsára Àmì tí a se sí ara pẹ̀lú onírúrú
indelible design by inserting pigment ohun tí kò se parẹ́ nípa lílo
into punctures in the skin. ohun ayí àwọ̀ padà sí ara.
1444 Technician A person employed to look after Amojú ẹ̀rọ Alábòjútó ìmọ̀ ẹ́rọ tàbí tó n
technical equipment or do practical siṣẹ́ ní yàrá àyẹ̀wò.
work in a laboratory.
1445 Template A gauge, pattern or mould used as a Àwòṣe Òṣùwọ̀n, àpẹẹrẹ, tàbí mímọ̀ tí
guide to the form of the piece being a n ló láti dábòbò nkan tí a ṣe.
made. In biology, a molecule (such as ní ẹ̀kọ́ nípa oníyè, mólékù bi
DNA) that serves as a pattern for the DNA tójẹ́ àpẹẹrẹ mólékù nlá.
generation of another macromolecule Àpẹẹrẹ, òjíṣẹ́ RNA.
(e.g. messenger RNA).
1446 Teratogenicity The production of physical defects in Oyún /Ọlẹ̀ Ìpèsè àbàwọ́n ara nínú bíbí
offspring in utero (i.e. causing birth alábàwọ́n ọmọ.
defects).
1447 Terry Beirn The National Institute of Allergy and Ajọ CPCRA Ilé ẹ̀kọ́ nípa Ìmò ̣lára àti àrùn
Community Infectious Diseases (NIAID) started àkóràn ní orílẹ̀-èdè bẹ̀rẹ̀
the CPCRA in 1989, adding Terry CPCRA ní ọdún 1989, tí ó fi
Beirn's name in 1991 in honour of the orúkọ Terry Beirn sí ní ọdún
late, former manager of the American 1991 ní ọ̀nà àti bu ọlá fún
Foundation for AIDS Research and olùdásílẹ̀ ìpílẹ̀sẹ̀ ìmúlò ìlera àti
health policy consultant for Senator ìwádìí nípa ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ
Edward Kennedy. CPCRA is one of àjẹsára ni ilẹ́ America fún
four HIV clinical trials programmes Senator Edward Kennedy.
supported by NIAID.
1448 Tertiary hospital These are the hospitals that specialize Ilé-ìwòsàn Àwọn ni ilé-ìwòsàn tó n sè
in complicated cases, e.g. provincial or gíga ìtọ́jú àwọn àìsàn tó gbópọn.
national hospitals.
1449 Test result The outcome of an investigation. Èsì àyẹ̀wò Àbájáde ìwádìí kan.
1450 Testicles The male reproductive gland. Kórópọ̀n Àpò ìbísí àti ìbálòpò ̣
ọmọkùnrin.
1451 Testicular A disorder or disease of the testis or Ìsòro
̣ kórópọ̀n Ìsòro
̣ tàbí ààrùn aje ̣mó ̣
problem testes. kórópò ̣n.
1452 Testing for This is an act of testing for turberclosis Àyẹ̀wò ikọ́ ife Ìlànà síṣe àyẹ̀wò fún ikọ́ ẹ̀gbẹ
tuberculosis infection.
1453 Tetanus (Lockjaw) This is an infectious disease caused by Àrùn ipá Ààrùn tí ó wọnú ara nípase
a bacteria Clostridium tetani which ọgbẹ́.
usually enters the body through
wounds.
1454 The social This is a process that engage Òpó ìtanijí Ìlànà kíkọ́ ènìyàn bí a ṣe n jẹ́
mobilization pillar individuals to be pillars that fight àwùjọ òpó tì n wọ̀yá jà ti ààrùn.
diseases.
1455 Therapeutic HIV A vaccine designed to boost the Òògùn Àjẹsára tí a ṣe láti ró àjẹsára
vaccine immune response to HIV in persons àjẹsára KASA gbígbà ni agbára sí ẹni tó n
already infected with the virus. gbé pẹ̀lú kòkòrò.
1456 Therapy The treatment of disease. Therapy is Ìtọ́jú àlera Ìtọ́jú ààrùn. Ìtọ́jú àìlera la tún
synonymous with treatment. n pè ní ìtọ́jú.
1457 Thiacetazone Thioacetazone is used in the treatment Òògùn Òògùn tí a fí n s ̣e ìtọ́jú ikọ́fe, a
of tuberculosis; it has only weak thiacetazone sábà máa nlò o papọ̀ pẹ̀lú
activity against Mycobacterium àwọn òògùn ikọ́fe mìíràn láti
tuberculosis and is only useful in dènà àìs ̣isẹ́ ̣ àwo ̣n ògbóntagí
preventing resistance to more powerful òògùn mìíràn.
drugs like isoniazid and rifampicin. It
is never used on its own to treat
tuberculosis.
1458 Third-line Third-line therapy, sometimes called Ìpele ìtọ́jú Ìgbéṣẹ̀ ìtọ́jú kẹta, ìgbà mìíràn
treatment salvage or rescue therapy, is a term kẹta wọ́n máa ń pè é ní ìtọ́jú ìdóòlà
describing treatment regimens for (ẹ̀mí) ni ọ̀rọ̀ ìperí tí wọ́n ń lò
people who have few or limited anti- fún àwọn tí àǹfààní òògùn apa
HIV drug options. KASA péréte.
1459 Throat The throat is the anterior (front) Ọ̀fun Ọ̀fun ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ iwájú ìta ọrùn ní
portion of the neck beginning at the ẹ̀yìn ọrùn.
back of the neck.
1460 Thrombo- A decreased number of blood platelets Àdínkù hóró Àdínkù ní iye adèèpà- ẹ̀jẹ̀
cytopenia (cells important for blood clotting). amẹ́jẹ̀dì (hóró tó se kókó fún ẹ̀jẹ̀ dídì).
1461 Thrush Sore patches in the mouth caused by Egbò tì ò máa Egbò ẹnu tí ààrùn ọ̀súnwúrú
the fungus Candida albicans. Thrush ńwà ní ẹnu máa ń fà. Ààrùn egbò ẹnu yìí
is one of the most frequent early nítorí jẹ́ ààmì ìtètè mọ àìṣedédé
symptoms of an immune disorder. The ọ̀súnwúrú ajẹsára. Ọ̀súnwúrú máa n gbé
fungus commonly lives in the mouth, ní ẹnu ṣùgbọ́n a máa fa ìsòro
but only causes problems when the nígbà ti agbara àti gbógun mìí
body's resistance is reduced either by bá ti dínkù nípa lílo òògùn apa
antibiotics that have reduced the sójà ara.
number of competitive organisms in
the mouth, or by an immune deficiency
such as HIV disease.
1462 Thymosin A polypeptide hormone of the thymus Homonu amú Oje ara tí ó ní ètó àjẹsára ara tí
that influences the maturation of T hóró T dàgbà ó ní agbára ipá ogbó àwon
cells destined for an active role in cell- hóró T tí o lọ́wọ́ nínú hóró
mediated immunity. àjẹsára.
1463 Thymus A mass of glandular tissue located in Ẹsẹ́ ọrùn Ibi ẹṣẹ̀ iṣù tó wà nínú ọrùn tàbí
the neck or chest of most vertebrates. àyà ẹranko ọlọ́pa-ẹ̀hìn. A n ri
Found in the upper chest under the ní òkè àyà ní àbẹ́funfun tí
breastbone in humans, the thymus is igbáyà nínú ènìyàn, ètò àjẹsára
essential to the development of the ara ló ṣe kókó fún ìdàgbàsókè
body's system of immunity beginning ètò ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àjẹsára sáájú ara ti
in fetal life (i.e. before birth). The àwọn hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ amọ̀ sí hóró
thymus processes white blood cells, omi ara, tí ohun pa àjèjì hóró
known as lymphocytes, which kill àti rú àwon hóró àjẹsára
foreign cells and stimulate other mìíràn láti pèsè sọ́jà ara. ẹṣẹ
immune cells to produce antibodies. máa n dàgbà látigbà kékeré títí
The gland grows throughout childhood di àgbàlagbà, tí ósì n dínkù ní
until puberty and then gradually ìwọ̀n.
decreases in size.
1464 Timing Timing is a selection for maximum Dídá akoko Sísáré ni àsàyàn ipá tí ó pọ̀jù
effect of a particular moment for doing lọ fún àsìkò síṣe nǹkan.
something.
1465 Tiredness Weariness, state of being exhausted. Agara Ipò rírẹni.
1466 Tissue A collection of similar cells acting Ìmọ́lára Àkójọpọ̀ àwon hóró tó jọra tó
together to perform a particular n siṣẹ́ papọ̀ fún iṣẹ́ kan pàtó.
function. There are four basic tissues Orísirísi ìṣù mẹ̀ta ni ó wà nínú
in the body: epithelial, connective, ara: ẹpilálíà, ìsopọ̀, isan àti
muscle and nerve. ẹ̀ṣọ.
1467 Titer (Also "titre") A laboratory measure- Òsùnwọ̀n Wíwọn àyẹ̀wò iye ìsopọ̀ èsì.
ment of the amount (or concentration)
of a given compound in solution.
1468 To gasp To draw in breath with a sudden short Pọ̀kàkà Gbígbà èémí kẹ́kẹrẹ́ tí a lè gbọ́
audible intake. ketekete.
1469 Toremifene Toremifene is an oral selective Alátakò Èyí ni àsànyàn ibùdó àwòse
estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) Esfrogen oje ara tó n se ìrànlọ́wọ́ láti
which helps to oppose the actions of tako iṣẹ́ oje nínú ara.
estrogen in the body.
1470 Total Lymphocyte A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes Àpapò ónkà Hóró omi ara jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ẹ̀yà
Count (TLC) of white blood cell in a vertebrate’s Hóró T hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun nínú ètò
immune system. àjẹsára ẹranko ọlọ́pa- ẹ̀hìn.
1471 Toxic epidermal Toxic epidermal necrolysis also known Ìdíbàjé ̣ àwò ̣ Àjàkálè ̣ olóró ìkúu hóró ara ni
necrolysis as Lyell’s syndrome is a rare, life- ajẹmó ̣-oró àìsàn tó lè mú ẹ̀mí dání tó n
threatening skin condition that is wá láti ara ìṣesẹ́ àwọn oògùn.
usually caused by a reaction to drugs. Àìsàn yí a máa fa kí ìwọ̀ òde
The disease causes the top layer of the yọ lára inú ìwáara ní gbogbo
skin (the epidermis) to detach from the ara, tí ó le fa ààrùn kíkó.
lower layers of the skin (the dermis),
all over the body, leaving the body
susceptible to severe infection.
1472 Toxicity Degree of virulence of a toxic microbe Oró Ìyára siṣẹ́ òògùn kòkòrò ìtọ́jú
or the degree of being harmful to the àìlera tí ó ní oró nínú, ipá
body of a poison; the capacity of a òògùn láti pa iṣù ara tàbí kó ba
drug to damage body tissue or àwọn iṣẹ́ ara kan jẹ́.
seriously impair body functions.
1473 Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is an infection that is Àrùn Èyí ni ààrùn tí a kó lára
caused by the protozoan parasite toxoplasmosis ológbò, ẹyẹ àti àwọn eranko
Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite is mìíràn. Ó tún le wà nínú ìgbé ̣
carried by cats, birds and other animals ológbò àti e ̣lé ̣dè ̣. Ó máa n ran
and is found in soil contaminated by è ̣dò ̣fóró, ojú, ọkàn, àmó ̣, è ̣dò ̣,
cat faeces and in meat, particularly ìfun àti kórópò ̣n.
pork. The parasite can infect the lungs,
retina of the eye, heart, pancreas, liver,
colon and testes.
1474 Traditional Birth A traditional birth attendant (TBA) is Agbẹ̀bí ìbílẹ̀ Agbẹ̀bí ìbílẹ̀.
Attendant (TBA) also known as a traditional midwife,
community midwife or lay midwife.
1475 Traditional burial Tradition is important, but everyone Ìlànà ìsìnkú Ìlànà ìsìnkú ìbílẹ̀.
rituals must find a way to respect the dead ibílẹ̀
and observe burial rites without putting
themselves or anyone else in danger of
catching Ebola.
1476 Traditional Traditional medicine, as it is well Oníṣègùn Oníṣègùn ìbílẹ̀ ní gbogbo

healers known, is a cultural gem of various àbáláyé ìlẹ̀délẹ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn
communities around the world and lẹ́gbẹ̀, tí wọ́n ní ìlànà ìbílẹ̀ ní
encompasses all kinds of folk agbèègbè tàbí ẹ̀yà.
medicine, unconventional medicine
and indeed any kind of therapeutical
method that had been handed down by
the tradition of a community or ethnic
group.
1477 Traditionalist Someone that has deep respect for Asègbèfásà Ẹni tóní ìbọ̀wọ̀ fún àṣà
tradition, especially for cultural or àtọwọ́dọ́wọ́, páàpáà fún àṣà
religious practices. tàbí olùfọkànsìn.
1478 Transaminase A liver enzyme. A laboratory test that Ẹsáìmù ẹ̀dọ̀ Ẹnsàìmù ẹ̀dọ̀. Àyẹ̀wò tó n ṣe
measures transaminase levels is used òsùnwọ̀n ìlera ẹ̀dọ̀.
to assess the health of the liver.
1479 Transcription When the double stranded DNA Sísẹ̀dà nkan Ìlànà kíkọ́ òjíṣẹ́ mólékù RNA
molecules unwind and form mRNA. nípa lílo mólékù DNA gẹ́gẹ́ bi
àwòṣe pẹ̀lú ìdápadà èsì
ìfitóniletí jinni sí mólékù
RNA. Ní ìbátan mọ́ kòkòrò:
ójẹ́ ìlànà tí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ kòkòrò se
ìpèsè àwọn kòkòrò tuntun.
Àwọn ẹ̀dà RNA tí a n pè ní
òjíṣẹ́ RNA gbúdọ̀ jẹ́ àwọn
ohun ìpèsè olùgbàlejò irinṣẹ́
ohun asaralóre hóró.
1480 Transfer factor A fraction of white blood cells that Asèràwọ́ fún Ìdà hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ funfun tí ó hàn
apparently "transfers" capability to hóró ajẹsára gbangba pé a gbé àjẹsára
mount an immune response to a gbígbà sínú àjèjì adáralóró kan
specific antigen. pàtó.
1481 Transfusion The transfer of blood or blood Gbígbà ẹ̀jẹ̀ Fífún ni lẹ́jẹ̀ tàbí ìsun ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti
products from one person (the donor) ọwọ́ ẹnìkan (ọlọ́rẹ) láti ṣòn sí
into the circulation of the patient (the alarẹ (olùgbà) tí ẹ̀jẹ̀ rẹ̀ kò tó
recipient) whose blood is deficient in níwọ̀n tàbí níye látipasẹ̀
quantity or quality through accident or ìjàmbá tàbí àìsàn.
disease.
1482 Transfuion of HIV This is a condition of giving HIV Gbígba ẹ̀jẹ̀ Gbígbà ẹ̀jẹ̀ ẹni tó ní KASA sí
infected blood infected blood through blood oní-KASA ara ẹni tí kò ní.
transfusion to an uninfected person.
1483 Transgender Transgender people are people who Ṣakọṣabo Èyí ni ẹni tí ó ní ìwà ìṣebí akọ
People (TG) experience a mismatch between their àti abo.
gender identity, or gender expression,
and their assigned sex.
1484 Translation As related to HIV: The process by Ìṣètúmọ̀ Ní ìbátan mọ́ kòkòrò: ìlànà yìí
which HIV messenger RNA is ní èyí tí òjíṣẹ́ mólékù RNA ní
processed in a cell's nucleus and ìlọsíwájú nínú àgọ́ọ́- hóró kí ó
transported to the cytoplasm, the sì gbe sínú ohun inú hóró,
cellular material outside the nucleus. ohun èlò hóró ní ìta àgọ́. Nínú
In the cytoplasm, the cell's protein- ohun inú hóró, àwọn ohun
making machinery translates the ìpèsè olùgbàlejò irinṣẹ́ ohun
messenger RNA into viral protein and aṣaralóre hóró yí òjíṣẹ́ RNA
enzymes. padà sí kòkòrò asaralóre àti
ẹ́nsàìmù.
1485 Transmission These are channels used to convey Ọ̀nà ìtànkálẹ̀ Èyí ni ọ̀nà tí a n gbà láti fí
channels messages. àwọn ìfiránṣẹ́ múlẹ̀.
1486 Transmit (V) Convey. Kóràn Kóràn.
1487 Transplant The implantation of organ or tissue Ìfidípò Ìgbégbìn ẹ̀yà ara tàbí ìṣù láti
from one part of the body to another or ẹ̀yà ènìyàn kan sí ẹlòmíràn
from one person (the donor) to another (Ọlọ́rẹ) sí (olùgbà).
(the recipient).
1488 Treatment centre Centres where Ebola patients are taken Ibùdó ìtọ̀jú Ibùdó tí à tí ń mú àwọn
to for treatment. elébòólà lo ̣ fún ìtọ́jú.
1489 Treatment for This is a kind of treatment for yeast Ìtọ́jú ààrùn Irú ìtọ́jú fún ààrùn ìwúkàrà
candida infections infection that results from an ìwúkàrà tójẹ́ àbájáde ìdàgbàsókè
overgrowth of yeast (a type of fungus) ìwúkàrà níbikíbi ní àgọ́ọ́ ara.
anywhere in the body. Candidiasis is Ààrùn ìwúkàrà wà ní orísirísi
by far the most common type of yeast ìpele.
infection.
1490 Treatment for This is a treatment for an illness Ìtọ́jú àkóràn Èyí ni ìtọ́jú àìsàn tí ó wá
opportunistic caused by an organism that usually akófà nípaṣè oniye tí kì í sàbá fa
infections does not cause disease in a person with ààrùn lára ẹni tí ó ní àjẹsára
a normal immune system. People with pipe. Àwon tíwọ́n ní ààrùn
advanced HIV infection suffer from kòkòrò tó gara máa n jìyà
opportunistic infections of the lungs, àwọn ààrùn àfẹ́wá bi ẹ̀dọ̀ , ojú
brain, eyes and other organs. àti ní àwọn ẹ̀yà ara.
1491 Treatment for Treatment for prevention refers to Ìtọ́jú fún Èyí jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà kòkòrò
prevention HIV prevention methods that use ìdènà nípa lílo òògùn ìtọ́jú kòkòrò
antiretroviral treatment (ART) to láti ṣe àdínkù bá ewu ìtànkálẹ́
decrease the risk of HIV transmission. kòkòrò.
1492 Treatment for This is the treatment for tuberculosis Ìtọ́jú ikọ́ ife Èyí ni ìlànà ìtọ́jú ààrùn ikọ́ ife.
tuberculosis diseases. Anti-tuberculosis drug Ìlò òògùn ikó ̣ ife lè jé ̣ àkànpò ̣
treatment can be first-line or second- rè ̣ mó ̣ àwo ̣n òògùn apa kòkòrò
line, and typically involves combina- mìíràn.
tion therapy with antimicrobial drugs.
1493 Treatment partner Treatment partners also known as Ìtọ́jú ẹnìkejì Ìtọ́jú ẹnìkejì aláìsan láì jẹ́ pé
Expedited Partner Therapy (EPT) is ẹni olùwòsàn fojú rí ẹnìkejì rè ̣
the clinical practice of treating the sex pàápàá jùlọ nígbà tí aláìsàn
partners of patients diagnosed with bẹ́ẹ̀ bá ní ààrùn ìbálòpọ̀ àtọ̀sí.
chlamydia or gonorrhoea by providing
prescriptions or medications to the
patient to take to his/her partner
without the health care provider first
examining the partner.
1494 Tricuspid valve A heart valve consisting three flaps Fáàfù ọkan Èkú-ara ọkàn tí ó ní ìlùgbà
that prevent blood from flowing back oní káàmẹ́ta mẹ́ta tó n se ìdíwọ́ fún ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti
into the right atrium when the right sàn padà sínú ìyẹ̀wù òkè ọkàn
ventricle contracts. ọ̀tún nígbà tí a bá ní ìfarakàn
ìyẹ̀wù-odò ọ̀tún.
1495 Tropical fever Tropical fevers are defined as Ibà ilẹ̀ olóoru Ibà ilẹ̀ ìta-oòru túnmọ̀ sí ààrùn
infections that are prevalent in, or are tó wọ́pọ̀, yàtọ̀ sí agbèègbè ilẹ̀
unique to tropical and subtropical ìta- oòrun. Èyí máa n wáyé
regions. Some of these occur fún gbogbo ọdún àti àsìkò òjò
throughout the year and some àti ìrékọjá òjò.
especially in rainy and post-rainy
season.
1496 Tuberculosis Active disease caused by Myco- Ikọ́ ife Ààrùn tó ń wáyé nípasẹ̀
bacterium tuberculosis, as evidenced kòkòrò àìfojúrí iko-ife
by a confirmatory culture, or, in the Mycobacterium, èyí tí a rí ẹ̀rí

absence of culture, suggestive clinical rẹ̀, ìfẹ̀sẹ̀múlẹ̀ ìwòṣesí kòkòrò
symptoms, including productive cough náà tàbí bí kò bá sí ìwòṣesí
lasting >3 weeks, chest pain, kòkòrò àwọn ààmì afunilára
hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, ajẹ́mọ́ ààrùn ní ikọ́ tí ó pẹ́ ó
weight loss, and easy fatigability. kéré tán ọ̀sẹ̀ mẹ́ta, àyà ríro, ikọ́
ẹ̀jẹ̀, ibà, òógùn alaalẹ́, ìwọ̀n
jíjá àti àárẹ̀.
1497 Typhoid fever A serious and sometimes fatal bacterial Ibà Ààrùn àìfójúrí ti ètò ẹ̀dà oúnjẹ
infection of the digestive system, jẹ̀funjẹ̀fun ara tí ó wá láti ipasẹ̀ gígún
caused by ingesting food or water oúnjẹ ni òògùn tàbí kí omi kó
contaminated with the bacillus dọ̀tí pẹ̀lú kòkòrò àìfójúrí.
Salmonella typhi.
1498 Ulcer An open sore on an external or internal Ọgbẹ́ Egbò ìta ní pèpele ìta tàbí inú
surface of the body, caused by a break nípa ìlà ara tàbí ìwọ̀ aṣekun tó
in the skin or mucous membrane kọ̀ láti jinná.
which fails to heal.
1499 Undernourish This is a condition of getting less than Àìjẹ́ Èyí ni ipò ká máa jẹ àìtó oúnjẹ
the required food needed for health asaralóoretó fún ìlera àti ìdàgbàsókè.
and growth.
1500 Undulant fever Also known as Brucellosis, it is an Ajẹmo Ààrùn tí a kó láti ara kòkòrò
infectious disease caused by various brucella àìfojúrí tí a mò sí batéríà tó
species of bacteria of the genus ràn ènìyàn látara ẹranko,
Brucella transmitted to humans from páapáa màálù, ajá àti ewúrẹ́.
lower animals, especially, cattle, dogs
and goats.
1501 Unexplained Blood spots under the skin may be Ìdáranjẹ̀ Àwárajẹ̀ aláìnídìí.
bruising or either purpura or petechiae. Purpura aláìnídìí
haemorrhaging might look like bruises, but they are
not caused by an injury as most regular
bruises.
1502 Unigold This is a patented test kit used in Irinṣẹ́ ìsáré Èyí ni irinsẹ́ ̣ tí a n lò fún síṣe
running rapid HIV test in hospitals. ṣàyẹ̀wò KASA àyẹ̀wò kánkán fún KASA ní
ilé ìwòsàn.
1503 United Nations The General Assembly of the United Àjọ UNGASS Àjọ yìí wà fún títẹramọ́ ọ̀nà
General Assembly Nations is expected to agree on a láti kojú kòkòrò KASA àti
Special Session on declaration of commitment that will ààrùn ìsọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára kárí-ayé
HIV and AIDS strengthen political commitment and
(UNGASS) intensify efforts in the global fight
against HIV/AIDS.
1504 UNMEER United Nations Mission for Ebola Ajọ Èsì pàjáwìrì Ebola fún pàtàkì
Emergency Response. UNMEER iṣẹ́ United Nation.
1505 Unprotected sex This is an act of having sex without Ìbálòpọ̀ Àìsí àbò nígbà ìbálòpọ̀ tí kò s ̣e
using a condom in order to prevent aláìláàbò ìdílọ́wọ́ fún àtilóyún àti
pregnancy and the spread of infectious ìtànkálẹ́ ààrùn kíkó.
diseases.
1506 Unscreened blood Donor blood that has not undergone Ẹ̀jè ̣àìyẹ̀wò Ẹ̀jè ̣ tí a gbà, tí a kò tíì s ̣e
recommended tests to certify it free of àyè ̣wò rè ̣ pé kò ní àbà wó ̣n.
infection or contamination.
1507 Unsterilized object An instrument, device or material that Àìpa kòkòrò Irinṣé ̣ tàbí ohun èlò tí a kò tíì
has not undergone a process to render ara irinṣẹ́ pa kòkòrò àti àbà wó ̣n ara rè ̣.
it free of microbial contamination.
1508 Urinalysis The analysis of the physical, chemical, Ìyẹ̀tọ̀wò Àlàyé ara, kẹ́míkà, àti ẹ̀kọ́ ìní
and microbiological properties of ẹ̀yàwuuru ti ìtọ̀ àyẹ̀wò ìtọ̀ àti
urine, carried out to help diagnose mímó ìdí ààrùn aláìsàn, láti lè
disease, monitor treatment, or detect jẹ́ ìrànlọ́wọ́ fún ìtọ́jú, tàbí fi
the presence of a specific substance. mo àwon ohun èròjà kan nínú
ara.
1509 Urine The fluid excreted by the kidneys Ìtọ̀ Ìṣòn tó jáde láti ara iwe tí ó ní
which contains many of the body’s ọ̀pọ́lọ́pọ́ ìdọ́tí ara.
waste products.
1510 Urticaria Urticaria, commonly referred to as Ẹ̀ gbẹ̀sì Ìlé agbọ́n/oyin jẹ́ ara ṣíṣú tó n
hives, is a kind of skin rash notable for fa ṣíṣú pupa, dìde, kókó yíyún.
pale red, raised, itchy bumps.
1511 User-friendly These are machines or systems or Ojúṣe aṣeélò Àwọn irinṣẹ́ tí o sòro àtilò tàbí
services items that are easy to use or mọ́.
understand.
1512 Uterus A hollow muscular organ located in Ilé ọmọnú Iṣan ara tó wà ní ihò ìkòkò ìdí
the pelvic cavity of female mammals ti abo oníwàrà ní èyí tí ọlẹ́ tó
in which the fertilized egg implants gbìn tàbí dàgbà. A tún n pèní
and develops. Also called womb. ilé- ọmọ.
1513 Vaccination It is an active immunization in which Ìgba abẹ́rẹ́ Gbígba abẹ́rẹ́ àjẹsára sí ara fún
dead or weakened microorganisms are àjẹsára ìdí ìṣelọ́pọ̀ àjẹsára lòdì sí
introduced into the body. The ààrùn. Àjẹsára jẹ́ àsà àìlera
microorganisms sensitize the immune asojú ààrùn, gbígba àjẹsára ni
system and if they enter the body next akọ́kọ́ lò ní China, India àti
time they are destroyed by already Persia, tí a ṣàfihàn sí ìlà-òòrùn
produced antibodies. ní 18th C látọwọ́ E. Jenner.
Abẹ́rẹ́ àjẹsára ló n pa kòkòrò

àti láti dènà àrùn ọ̀fun, àrùn
ọpọlọ àti ọ̀pá-ẹ̀yìn, àrùn
dìgbòlugi àti ibà jẹ̀funjẹ̀fun.
Àyẹ̀wò àjẹsára fún àwon jẹjẹrẹ
kan ní ó sàwárí fún àyẹ̀wò
eku.
1514 Vaccine A substance that contains antigenic Òògùn Àwọn ohun elo tó ní àwọn
components from an infectious àjẹsára èròjà àjèjì adáralóró láti ara
organism. By stimulating an immune ààrùn oniye. Nípa ṣíṣe àfinkún
response (but not disease), it protects fún àjẹsára gbígbà (súgbọ́n kìí
against subsequent infection by that se ààrùn), ohun dabòbò ààrùn
organism. kíkún ní iwájú nípa oniye.
1515 Vagina The muscular canal that extends from Òbò/Ojú ara Ọ̀nà oníṣán tó gùn láti ọrùn
the cervix to the outside of the body. It obìnrin ilé o ̣mo ̣ sí ìta ara. Ó n fi àyè
receives the erect penis during coitus: gba okó líle nígbà ìbálòpọ̀: àtọ̀
semen is ejaculated into the upper part á dà sí ibi òkè òbò, láti ibè, àtọ̀
of the vagina and from there the gbó ̣dọ̀ gba ojú ọrùn ilé o ̣mo ̣ àti
sperms must pass through the cervix ilé- ọmọnú láti di ọlẹ̀ nínú ìfun
and uterus in order to fertilize an ovum ẹyin.
in the fallopian tube.
1516 Vaginal Related to the vagina. Ajẹmó ̣ òbò Èyí ni ojú ihò ìbísí tààrà
obìnrin.
1517 Vaginal secretions This is the variable amounts of Oje ojú òbò Iye oje tó n jáde láti ojú nǹkan
secretions from the glands in the obìnrin àti ìlé ọmọ.
vagina and cervix.
1518 Variable antibody The part of an antibody's structure that Agbègbè Apákan nínú ọ̀nà sọ́jà ara tí ó
region differs from one antibody to another. ìdáyàtọ̀ sójà yátọ̀ sí sọ́jà mìíràn.
ara
1519 Varicose vein A condition in which the surface veins, Nínú òpójè Ipò ojú iṣan páàpáà ẹsẹ̀ tó díjú
especially of the legs, become knotted agbẹ́jẹ́ wọlé wú nípasẹ̀ àbàwọ́n ẹ́kù-ara ojú
and swollen, as a result of flaws in the iṣan tó ṣéṣe. Wíwà níru ipò yí
valves of the affected veins. le jẹ̀ àjogúnbá, ìpalára, wíwú,
tàbí dídì ẹ̀jẹ̀.
1520 Vector A nonpathogenic bacterium or virus Alákòóká Àwọn kòkòrò àìfójúrí afáìsàn
used to transport an antigen into the ààrùn tí a n lò láti gbé àjèjì adáralóró
body to stimulate protective immunity sínú ara láti lọ́wọ́ nínú àbò
(e.g. in a vaccine). àjẹsára.
1521 Vein A blood vessel that carries blood to the Òpójè ̣ Ọ̀pá apín ẹ̀jẹ̀ wọkàn.
heart.
1522 Velum A thin layer of tissue that covers or Àwọ̀n inú ara Ìṣù ìpèlè tínrín tó bó nkan tàbí
separates something. láti pín ǹkan níyà.
1523 Vertical A vertically transmitted infection is an Ìtànkálẹ̀ Ààrùn ìtànkálẹ̀ ìnàrò ni ààrùn
transmission infection caused by bacteria, viruses, olóròó tí ó wá láti ara bateria, kòkòrò,
or in rare cases, parasites transmitted lọ́nà tí ó wọ́pọ̀, a máa jẹ́ láti
directly from the mother to an embryo, ara ìyá sí oyún, ọmọ inú, tàbí
foetus, or baby during pregnancy or ọmọ ní àsìkò oyún tàbí ìbí. Ó
childbirth. It can occur when the lè wáyé nígbà tí ìyá bá kó
mother gets an infection as an ààrùn gẹ́gẹ́ bi ààrùn tí ó wá
intercurrent disease in pregnancy. nígbà kannáà lásìkò oyún.
1524 Violence Behaviour involving physical force Jàgídíjàgan Ìwà tí ó ní agbára tí a ti pinnu
intended to hurt, damage, or kill láti farapa, bàjẹ́, tàbí pa ènìyàn
someone or something. tàbí ǹkan.
1525 Violence against Violence against women with AIDS. Jàgídíjàgan sí Ìfipálòdì sí àwọn obìnrin tó n
women with AIDS obìnrin gbé pẹ̀lú éèdì.
onísọdọ̀lẹ
àjẹsára
1526 Viral Of or pertaining to a virus. For Ajẹmọ́ kòkòrò Nípa ti kòkòrò. Àpẹẹrẹ tí
example, if a person has a viral rash. ènìyàn bá ní kòkòrò ara.
1527 Viral burden The amount of HIV virus in the Òǹka kòkòrò Iye kòkòrò tí ó n sàn nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
circulating blood. Monitoring a KASA Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti ibójúwó
person's viral burden is important ènìyàn tí ó ní ìnáwó kòkòrò
because of the apparent correlation torí gbangba ìbámu láàrin iye
between the amount of virus in the kòkòrò inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ àtì ìdíbàjẹ́
blood and the severity of the disease: ààrùn : olùsọ́ aláìsàn lóní
sicker patients generally have more kòkòrò jù àwọn tóní ààrùn
virus than those with less advanced níwájú lọ.
disease. A new, sensitive, rapid test –
called the branched DNA assay for
HIV-1 infection – can be used to
monitor the HIV viral burden.
1528 Viral culture A laboratory method for growing Ìfúrúgbìn Ọ̀nà ayẹ̀wò fún ìdàgbàsókè
viruses. kòkòrò àwọn kòkòrò.
1529 Viral envelope As related to HIV: HIV is spherical in Èpoo kòkòrò Ní ìbátan mọ́ KASA: ìyípọ̀
shape with a diameter of 1/10,000 of a kòkòrò ní iwọ̀ pẹ̀lu àlàjá
millimetre. The outer coat, or 1/10,000 ti ìdá ọ̀kẹ́- mítà.
envelope, is composed of two layers of Èèpò ìta tàbí àpòòwé lóní
fat-like molecules called lipids, taken ìpèle méjì ti mólékù ọ̀rá tí amọ́
from the membranes of human cells. sí ọ̀rà, tí a yọ lára aṣekun àwọn
Embedded in the envelope are hóró ènìyàn.
numerous cellular proteins, as well as
mushroom-shaped HIV proteins that
protrude from the surface.
1530 Viral load A count of the amount of HIV virus in Òǹkà kòkòrò Òǹkà bí a sè lè mọ iye kòkòrò
the blood. It is measured in copies per nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀. Iye rẹ̀ se wọn ní ìdá-
millilitre and gives an idea of how ọ̀kẹ́ mítà, kí o sì fún wa ní òye
active the virus is. bí kòkòrò se láápọn sí.
1531 Viremia The presence of virus in the Kòkòrò inú Wíwà kòkòrò nínú ẹ̀jẹ̀.
(Alternative bloodstream. ẹ̀jẹ̀
spelling is
Viraemia)
1532 Virion A virus particle existing freely outside Ẹyọ hóró Kòkòrò ìdọ̀tí inú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó wá ní
a host cell. A mature virus. kòkòrò ìta olùgbàlejò hóró. Kòkòrò
tógbó.
1533 Virology The study of viruses and viral diseases. Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa Ẹ̀ kọ́ nípa kòkòrò àti kòkòrò
kòkòrò ààrùn.
1534 Virucide Any agent that destroys or inactivates Apa kòkòrò Èyíkèyí asojú tó n pa tàbí ṣe
a virus. àìsiṣẹ́ kòkòrò.
1535 Virus A self-replicating, infectious, nucleic Kòkòrò Oníye ní ẹ̀kan àgọ́ọ́-hóró
acid-protein complex that requires an láàrìn ohun eèpò purotéènì,
intact host cell for its replication; its láti ìwọ̀n ọgọ́rùn sí ẹgbẹ̀rún
genome is either DNA or RNA. méjì lára ọkan ìpari, ẹyọkàn
túmọ̀ sí mítà 10-10. Alè
sàfojúrí ẹ̀ nípa ẹ̀y-ara àfẹ̀ran.
Ní àsìkò ìyípo ayé, tíwọ́n

dòmìnira àti àrùn, àwọn kì í
jísẹ́ hóró àyè, bi ìpòyídà àti
ìdàgbàsókè, nígbà tíwọ́n bá
wọnú ọ̀gbìn àyè, ẹranko tàbí
kòkòrò àìfojúrí inu hóró, wọn
a máa lo olùgbàlejò atẹ́gùn
kẹ́míkà hóró asaralóre àti dídá
agbára láti ṣẹ̀dá ara wọn.
1536 Virus natural A natural reservoir or nidus (the latter Níní aajọ ara Ìfipamọ́ ààrùn fún ọjọ́ pípẹ́.
reservoir from the Latin word for “nest”) is the
long-term host of a pathogen of an
infectious disease.
1537 Visceral Pertaining to the major internal organs. Ajẹmọ́ ẹ̀yà inú Nípa ti inú ara.
ara
1538 Visual problem There are several problems that can Ìsòro ìríran Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìsòrò tólè ṣe àkóbá
affect the surface of the eye which can fún pèpele ojú èyí tólè ṣe
affect vision, although usually they àkóbà fún ìríran, lọ́pọ̀ ìgbà ló
mainly cause pain and redness. máa n fa ìrora àti ojú pípọ́n.
1539 Vital signs The sign that indicates life, e.g. pulse, Àmì pàtàkì Àmì tó túnmọ̀ sí ayé, àpẹẹrẹ,
body temperature, breathing, and ilu kìku ti ọkàn, ara tó n
blood pressure. lọ́wọ́rọ́, mímí àti ẹ̀jẹ̀ ríru.
1540 Vitamin C Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. Fítáámì C Fítáámì C ni a nílò fún ìdgbà-
It is needed for normal growth and sókè. Fítáámì olómi ló tú bí
development. Water-soluble vitamins omi. Iye àwon tókù ló n jáde
dissolve in water. Leftover amounts of gẹ́gẹ́bì ìtọ̀. Ọ̀pọ̀ fítáámì ni a
the vitamin leave the body through the nínú oúnjẹ wa.
urine.
1541 Voluntary Arising, acting, or resulting from Àtinúwá Èyí jẹ́ ohun àfinúfindọ̀ ṣe ju kí
somebody's own choice or decision ará ìta kàn-án nípa lọ
rather than because of external
pressure or force.
1542 Voluntary This is when a person chooses to Àyẹ̀wò àti Yíyàn láti gba ìgbaníyànjú lórí
Confidential undergo HIV counselling so that they ìgbaníyànjú KASA kí ó lè pínnú láti gba
Counselling & can make an informed choice about ìgbékẹ̀lé ìwòsàn tàbí kò ̣ láti gbà á.
Testing (VCCT) whether to be treated for HIV. It is aláìníkànnpá
now known as VCT (voluntary
counselling and testing) or HCT (HIV
counselling and testing).
1543 Voluntary When a person shares information Ifihàn Nígbà tí ènìyàn bá pín ipò
disclosure about his/her HIV status with others. aláìkànnípá kòkòrò rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú àwọn ènìyàn
mìíràn.
1544 Voluntary health These are freewill volunteers that work Òsìṣẹ́ ìlera Òsìṣẹ́ ìlera aláìníkanpá tó n
workers in the community. aláìníkanpá siṣẹ́ fún agbèègbè.
1545 Voluntary testing Arising, acting, or resulting from Àyẹ̀wò Èyí jẹ́ ohun àfìnúfíndọ̀ ṣe ju kí
somebody's own choice or decision àtinúwá / ara ìta kànnípá lọ.
rather than because of external Àyẹ̀wò
pressure or force. aláìníkànnípá/
Àyẹ̀wò
ìfìnufíndọ̀ se
1546 Volunteer To offer willingly. Olùyọ̀ọ̀da Ìfìnú-fíndọ̀ṣe.
1547 Vomiting To expel the contents of the stomach Èébì Ohun tí a pọ̀ jáde láti inú fún
through the mouth as a result of a ìdí àìsàn gìrì ẹran ara.
series of involuntary spasms of the

stomach muscle.
1548 Vomiting blood The reflex action from ejecting blood Pípọ̀ ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ògbọ́n lílé ẹ̀jẹ̀ inú ikùn jáde
from the stomach through the mouth. láti inú ẹnu.
1549 Vulva The female external genitalia. Ojú-òbò Ojú abbò obìnrin.
1550 WASH WASH is an acronym, standing for Ètò WASH Fífọ ọwọ̀ ni àdàpè omi,
“Water, Sanitation and Hygiene”. ìmọ́tótó àti ìtẹ́nilọ́rùn.
1551 Washing of hands This is an act of washing both hands to Fífọ ọwọ́ Èyí ni ọ̀nà fífọ ọwọ́ fún dídènà
minimize microbial contamination and kòkòrò àìfojúrí.
cross infection.
1552 Water yam Dioscorea alata, known as purple yam Ewùrà Ewùrà jẹ́ ẹ̀yà isu tí ó pupa,
and many other names, is a species of nígbà mìíràn wọ́n á jẹ́ funfun.
yam, a tuberous root vegetable. The
tubers are usually bright lavender in
colour, hence the common name, but
they may sometimes be white.
1553 Weak pulse Weak pulse is when a person is Lílù ọ̀kàn Lílù ọ̀kàn aláìlókun nínú nígbà
seriously injured or ill, one may have aláìlókun tí ènìyàn bá farapa tàbí ṣàìsàn,
difficulty feeling a pulse. The pulse is ó lè sòro láti mọ lílù ọkàn irú
the rate of one’s heartbeat. ènìyàn bẹ́ẹ̀. Lílù ọkàn ni
òdiwọ̀n bí ọkàn ṣe ń sisẹ́ sí
1554 Weakness of the It is also seen as body feebleness. Àìle ara Èyí ni a rí bi àìlera ara.
body
1555 Weight loss Weight loss is a decrease in body Rírù Ìmò ̣ó ̣mo ̣ tàbí àìmò ̣ó ̣mò ̣ ṣe
weight which can be voluntary or àdínkù ní ìwúwo ara.
involuntary.
1556 Western blot test A laboratory test for the presence of Àkànṣe àyẹ̀wò Àkànṣe àyẹ̀wò fún wíwà sọ́jà
specific antibodies, more accurate than sójà ara ara, ó se déédé ju àyẹ̀wò
the ELISA test. ELISA lọ.
1557 Wheezing A whistling noise in the chest during Mí gulegule Ẹjọ́ wẹrẹwẹrẹ nígbayà bí a bá
breathing. Wheezing occurs as a result n mí. Mímí gulegule n wáyé
of the narrowing of the air waves. nígbà tí a ná ní afẹ́fẹ́ ìjì. A
They are commonly heard in patients sábà máa n ri gbọ lára àwọn tí
with asthma. ó ní ikọ́fe.
1558 White blood cell One of the cells the body makes to Hóró ẹ̀jẹ̀ Ọkan lára hóró ara tó n
help fight infections. funfun wọ̀jàkadì ti ààrùn.
1559 Widespread Existing or happening in many places, Ìtànká Ohun tó n dàmú ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn
or affecting many people. níbi gbogbo.
1560 Window period The time before antibodies are Àsìkò Èyí ní àsìkò ìsaájú ̣ ìs ̣àkíyèsí
detectable in the blood and other body àìṣàfihàn sójà ara nínú è ̣jè ̣ àti omi ara
fluids of a person who was recently àìsàn alás ̣è ̣sẹ̀ ̣kó KASA. Ìs ̣àkíyèsí yìí
infected with HIV. Antibodies to HIV máa n wáyé láàrin ò ̣sè ̣ mé ̣fà sí
are detectable within 6-12 weeks after méjìlá lé ̣yìn ìkóràn KASA.
acquisition of HIV.
1561 Witchcraft Witchcraft (also called witchery or Ìṣàjẹ́ Ní ọ̀nà fífẹ́ lójú, ó túmọ̀ sí ìwà
spellcraft) broadly means the practice sí, ìgbàgbọ́, pípa idán àti
of, and belief in, magical skills and agbára àti ṣe ìdárayá lórí ẹgbẹ́
abilities that are able to be exercised ènìyàn pẹ̀lú làkáàyè ìmọ̀
individually by designated social ìdákọ́nkọ́.
groups, or by persons with the
necessary esoteric secret knowledge.
1562 Women These are rights and privileges given Ìróbìnrin Èyí ni ìrànwọ́ fún àwọn
empowerment to women. lágbára obìnrin.
1563 World Health The World Health Organization is a Àjọ WHO Àjọ yìí wà fún ìlera àwùjọ
Organization specialized agency of the United kárí-ayé.
Nations that is concerned with
international public health.
1564 Xerosis (dry skin) Dry skin (xerosis) is a condition of Ààrùn àwọ̀ Ààrùn ara àti ẹyinjú gbígbe ni
rough, dry skin with fine scaling of gbígbẹ ipò tó nira, ara gbígbẹ pẹ̀lú
skin and, occasionally, with small ìgbélọsókè ara gbígbẹ, pẹ̀lú
cracks in the skin. Dry skin is also ara síṣán.
known as winter itch or asteatosis.
1565 X-ray Electromagnetic radiation of extremely Fọ́tò àyà Ìtànká òòfà- àrá tí ó kéré ní
short wavelength (beyond the ìgbọ̀n- agbọ̀n tó n gba
ultraviolet), which pass through matter ohunkóhun tí a lè ojú rí kọjá ní
to varying degrees depending on its ìwọ̀n bíwọ́n bá ṣe wúwo tó.
density.
1566 XXX The Ebola hotline to speak to local Nọ́mbà fún Ẹ̀ fún ìrànwọ́ Ebolà
community leaders for advice if Ebola ìrànwọ́ Ebola fúàlámòjútó nígbà tí a bá ti ko.
is suspected in any community.
1567 Yeast infection Overgrowth of yeast can affect the Ìkóràn Àbadì ìdàgbàsókè ìwúkàrà lè
skin (yeast rash), mouth (thrush), etc. ìwúkàrà ní ipálára.
1568 Yellow fever Yellow fever is an acute viral Iba Ibà pọ́njú-pọ́ntọ̀ jẹ́ ààrùn
haemorrhagic disease transmitted by pọ́njúpọ́ntọ̀ ajẹmọ́ kòkòrò tí ó máa ń ràn
infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in ká nípa ìkóràn ẹ̀fọn. Pupa
the name refers to the jaundice that rẹ́súrẹ́sú tí ó wà nínú orúkọ rẹ̀
affects some patients. wà fún akọ-ibà tí ó máa ń
dàmú àwọn tí ó bá mú.
1569 Zaire Ebola virus Ebola Virus found in Zaire. Kòròrò Ebola Kòròrò Ebola Zaire.
Zaire
1570 Zidovudine (AZT) An antiviral drug used in the treatment Òògùn Oògùn ìtọ́jú ààrùn kòkòrò àti
of AIDS and HIV infection. The drug zibovudine ààrùn ìṣọdọ̀lẹ àjẹsára. Oògùn
slows the growth of HIV infection in yìí máa n lọ́ra ààrùn kòkòrò
the body, but is not curative. nínú ara, sùgbọ́n kì í muni
láradá.
1571 ZMapp ZMapp is under development as a Ìtọ́jú oníwádìí Àyọ́jú ìtọ́jú wà lábẹ́ ìdàgbà-
(Experimental treatment for Ebola virus disease. It Ebola sókè ìtọ́jú kòkòrò ààrùn Èbólà.
Treatment) was first used experimentally to Akọ́kọ́ sàmúlò rẹ̀ fún ìtọ́jú
treat some people with Ebola virus àwọn tí ó ní kòkòrò ààrùn
disease during the 2014 Ebola crisis. Èbólà ní àsìkò rúkèrúdò ààrùn
yìí.
1572 Zoonotic disease Common form of transmission of Ààrùn ẹranko Ọ̀nà tí ó wọ́pọ̀ fún ìtànkálẹ̀
Ebola through direct contact with a sénìyàn ààrùn Èbólà ni ìfarakínra pẹ̀lú
person who is symptomatic (i.e. ẹni tí ó ní ààmì àìsàn yìí lára.
showing symptoms).

English-Yoruba Glossary of HIV, AIDS and Ebola-Related Terms

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English-Yoruba Glossary of HIV, AIDS and Ebola-Related Terms

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English-Yorùbá Glossary of

HIV, AIDS and Ebola-Related Terms

Luqman Ayodele Yusuff

UNIVERSITY PRESS PLC

© Luqman A. Yusuff, Adedotun Adetunji, Clement Odoje (eds) 2017

First Published 2017

All Rights Reserved

ISBN: 978 978 940 259 5

Published by University Press PLC

Members of the research team

9 Abstinence Be A popular HIV/AIDS prevention Ìṣéra, jíjẹ́ Gbajúgbajà ìmọ̀ràn nípa

abraded, or afflicted with dermatitis – dáranjẹ̀ tàbí ní egbò – tí

infections. ACTG studies are àti àwọn ààrùn ìkóràn tí wọ́n

development, pathogenesis and ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àìsàn ara àti ẹ̀kọ́ nípa

certain types of immune system nínú àjẹsára tí a mọ̀ sí omi-

inflammation or damage from wíwú tàbí bíbàjẹ́ láti inú

fluid in which the embryo is pàtàkì tàbí mọ akọnbábo ọmọ

produced by special white blood cells

peliosis hepatis. BA and bacillary ènìyàn tí àjẹsára wọn ti dọ̀lẹ

application of the results of biological

HIV infection, opportunistic àwọn àìsàn ajìfà tàbí òògùn

upper end of the central nervous

reticuloendothelial system, but also ara mìíràn. Kòkòrò Epstein-

develop Guillain-Barré syndrome.

(bronchocandidiasis) and vagina

catheter into a vein) or withdrawal of

and maintains various HIV/AIDS

pregnant women infected with HIV, a ìfabẹgbẹ̀bí máa n ní ewu

are involved in many immune and

parasites in humans and other animals, àwọn ẹranko mìíràn, ní èyí tó

need to stay within the reach of a ẹni ó mú máa lọse ìgbọ̀nṣẹ̀, kí

in case a regimen needs to be changed sí òògùn mìíràn fún ọjọ́ iwájú.

truly latent. Even early in the disease,

321 Clomiphene Clomifene or Clomiphene is a Òògùn Òògùn Kílómufin ni àpapọ̀

CD4+ cells are predominantly T

need of outreach services at the

images made along an axis. Also

receptor and either the CCR5 or àti yà CCR5 tàbí CXCR4

currently being studied as a possible ni ìwádìí ń lọ lọ́wọ́ lórí rẹ̀ fún

instructions for the development and

fluid balance, while chronic diarrhoea

is sometimes called directly

expectations about the experimental

480 Drug abuse The recurrent use of illegal drugs, or Àsìlò

484 Drugs & A special programme for treating Ìyàsọ́tọ̀ àsìlò

membrane. HIV is usually R5-tropic

antiretroviral therapy. EWIs are quality KASA. Ìkìlọ̀ atako òògùn

the development of antibodies and thus ìdàgbàsókè sójà ara, kí ò sì ran

not eligible (exclusion criteria) to kópa ní ti ajẹmọ́-ìtọ́jú. Ìkúnjú

high blood pressure, and others fihàn nípa ìmọ̀lára tàbí

flu-like symptoms, to severe, such as

lesions (blisters), and reddening or

dimensions: (1) The theory of

tested for is not present when, in fact, pé ó wà. Bí àpẹẹrẹ, Àyẹ̀wò

quantity of capillary blood for testing.

of diseases in vertebrates (including

usually lying outside the central àṣàkóso n wà ní ààrin gbùngbùn

syphilis, and chancroid. Genital ulcer

initiating or changing antiretroviral

consisting of a bodice and

maintains function of the immune sì máa ṣe ìtọ́jú àjẹsára. A sì

meaning to keep blood within a

collectively) to adopt lifestyles that àwọn olùdánilẹ́kọ̀ gbàgbọ́ pé ó