MODULE IN CRIMINOLOGY

1( CRIM 1)

PREPARED BY: ARNEL B. LOSARIA JR.

6/9/2020
 Module 1

Topic 1: INTRODUCTION ( UNDERSTANDING THE TERM CRIMINOLOGY)

Time table: 2 hours

Topic learning outcome: at the end of the lesson, you should able to:

a. Determine the evolution and development of criminoogy

Class days: Daily

No. of Hours: 2 hour

Enabling activities: Say something

Instruction: Discuss the following the following question below

1. Why study the science of criminology

2. Concept of the study of criminology

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 Lecture /Discussion:

Introduction:

What is CRIMINOLOGY?

• Etymological Definition -Criminology (from Latin crīmen,"accusation"; and Greek -λογία, -logia)is
the scientific approach to studying criminal behavior.

• The term was coined in 1885 by Raffaele Garofalo, an Italian law professor.

What is CRIMINOLOGY?

Classic Definition – According to Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey: Criminology is a body of
knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.

It includes within its scope the processes of making laws, of breaking of laws, and of reaction
toward the breaking of laws

So How Criminology become a Science?

Criminology is a science in itself when applied to law enforcement and prevention of crimes under
the following nature:

1. It is an applied science - in the study of the causes of crimes, anthropology, zoology,

psychology, sociology and other natural sciences may be applied. While in crime detection,
chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, ballistics, photography, legal medicine, question
documents examination may be utilized.

2. It is a social science - in as much as crime is a social creation and that it exists in a society
being a social phenomenon, its study must be considered a part of social science.

3. It is dynamic- criminology changes as social conditions changes. It is concomitant with the

advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it.

4. It is nationalistic - the study of crimes must be in relation with existing criminal law within a
territory or country. Finally, the question as to whether an act is a crime is dependent on the
criminal law of a country.

. The Scope of Criminology

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1. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals.

2. Study of the origin and development of criminal laws.

3. Study of the different factors that enhances as:

a. criminal sociology- study the effects of social conditions on crime and criminals including the
machinery of justice and the evolution of criminal law and punishment.

b. criminal psychiatry- study of human mind in relation to criminality.

c. criminal ecology- the study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution on a community.

d. criminal demography- study of the relationship between criminology and population

e. criminal epidemiology- study of the relationship between environment and criminality.

f. Criminal physical anthropology- study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of humans.

g. Victimology- study of the role of the victim in the commission crime.

4. Study of the various process and measures adopted by society violation of criminal laws:

a. the detection and investigation of crimes,

b. the arrest and apprehension of criminals,

c. the prosecution and conviction of the criminal in a judicial proceeding,

d. the enforcement of laws, decrees and regulations,

e. the administration of the police and other law enforcement agencies,

f. maintenance of recreational facilities and other agencies and strategies that prevent the
development of crimes and criminal behavior.

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 Main task: Small group discussion

Instruction : Select at least 3 to 5 persons in a group and discuss the thr following question.based
in our previous discussion and write in the space provided ( For online learner record your group
discussion via Zoom application and send it to the target date.

1. What is the concept of criminology?

2. How Criminology become a Science?

Reinforcement activities: Question and answer

Instruction : Write your answer after the question.

1. What is criminology based to its:

a. Etymological definition
b. Classical definition

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Topic 2: FOUR PRINCIPAL DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY

Enabling activities: Say something

Instruction: Discuss the following the following question below

1. Why study the science of criminology

2. Concept of the study of criminology

Lecture /Discussion:

Four Divisions of Criminology

Criminal Etiology- it is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of the crime.

Sociology of Law- which is an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions which penal/criminal
laws has developed as a process of formal and social control.

Penology- which is concerned with the control and prevention of crime and the treatment of
offenders.

Victimology- study of the role of the victim in the commission crime.

Main task: short answer

Instruction:discuss the connectivity of the four division of criminology base to its contribution in
the society.

Topic 3:(THE MULTY-FACTOR THEORY OF CRIME)

What is a multiple factor approach?

In order to modify the one-sided attempts to explain crime theories and to focus on the
aspect of the versatility of criminal actions, so-called multiple factor approaches were developed.
These include the explanation that the presence of several factors identified as relevant leads to an
additive reinforcement of the criminogenic threat. Accordingly, the causes of crime are considered
from a diversity perspective: A certain event is caused by a certain combination of circumstances.

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 There are numerous studies that have been developed on the basis of the multifactorial
approach. – As early as 1925, Cyril Burt associated crime with 170 different factors. One of the
best known researchers in this field is Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, who established prognostic
factors through longitudinal studies between 1939 and 1948. The couple was awarded the
Beccaria Medal in 1964 for, among other things, their work on predicting crime.

Main task: question and answer

1. Give the example of multi-factors theory of crime

Resources :

Laptop

Smartphone

References:

https://soztheo.de/theories-of-crime/biological-theories-of-crime/multiple-factor-approach-by-
sheldon-glueck-eleanor-turoff-glueck/?lang=en

https://www.slideshare.net/rsgrfn/adj-20163-criminology-lesson-1?qid=ea044ccd-9685-4609-b25f-
1950fb09ac64&v=&b=&from_search=1

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 Module 2: (SOCIOLOGY OF LAW)

Objective : Determine the principal theories of the origin of criminal law

Time frame: 2hours

Schedule: daily

Topic 1: SOURCES OF CRIMINAL LAW

Enabling activities: Say something

Instruction: Discuss the following the following terminologies below

3. Criminal law
4. Common law
5. Statutory law

Lecture /Discussion:

Sources of criminal law

Two major sources of criminal law

1. Common law
 Body of customs
 Precedents
 Tradition
 It becomes common to all jurisdiction as basis of good moral behavior.
a. Divine law
 Is that system of rules which regulate the operation of the universe according to
the will and command of god.
b. Natural law
 Is the body of rules of conduct that is inherent in human nature and is essential to
or biding upon human society.
c. Moral law
 Is the divinely prescribe rule regarding moral conduct.
2. Statutory law
 Includes those acts or omission define as crime through the legislative process.

In general, law construed as any rule of action or any expression of uniformity.

a. Law enforce by the state

 Positive law

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  Civil law
 State law
b. Law not enforced by the state
 Divine law
 Natural law
 Moral law

Main task : Short answer

Instruction : just use the link below to broaden you learning about the sources of criminal law, after
you watch that video, answer question below.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbEWlslGJXw

1. What are the two major sources of criminal law? Describe each of these law.

Topic 2: ORIGIN OF CRIMINAL LAW

Enabling activities: short answer

Instruction: Discuss the following the following terminologies below

1. Criminal law

Lecture /Discussion:

What is Criminal Law?

branch of law which defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their
punishment

Four principal theories regarding the origin of criminal law

1. Torts or wrong to individual ( consensus model)

 All wrong produce effort at self- redress in the injured parties and were
therefore treated as injurious to particular individuals
2. National process of unified society
 This theory emphasized the reaction of society when wrongs occur. Society
taken action, especially the government, and makes a regulation to prevents
repetition of such wrong.
3. Crystallization of the mores

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  The third theory discuss the origin of criminal law through crystallization of
the mores.
 Mores as the customs and habitual practices that group accept and follows
4. Conflict of interest of the different groups.
 Conflict interest of the different groups

Main task : Short answer

Instruction: Write your answer on the space provided below each statement.

1. Name and describe the two models in th

2.
3.
4. e origin of criminal law
Answer


5. What is law in general?

Answer


Reinforcement task : cut and paste

Instruction : Name the two major sources of criminal law and provide its example at least 20 each.

Resources :

Laptop

Smartphone

References :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbEWlslGJXw

S.KALALANG ( 2015) Introduction to criminology and psychology of crime

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 MODULE 3 : THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIME

Objective : Determine the formula of crime

Time frame: 2hours

Schedule: daily

Reinforcement activity: say something

Instruction : In your ow word Say something about the following term below.

1. Crime
2. Act
3. Felony
4. Criminal
5. Criminal behavior

Lecture /Discussion:

Topic 1.What is crime?

Please open this link to discuss what is crime ?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4nQcJ52_eM

Crime

 Any act or omission in violation of a law

 Any act or omission punishable by law
 An act or omission that endanger the public, is prohibited by law
 An intention act or omission , in violation of the law
 An act omission contrary to laws establish for the welfare of the public

Some are the terminologies use to refer crime

 Act- an positive( there was action done)

 Omission-an negative ( which means the result is not readily observable
Example:
a. filing of income tax return
b. payment of residential taxes
c. exercise of the right of suffrage
 felony

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 - transgression of criminal law
-as serious crime, usually punishable or imprisonment of more than one year
 felon
-refers to one who commit felony
 misdemeanor
 is a violation/infraction/ offense upon ordinance which not covered under criminal law
( example: city or municipal ordinance)
 misdemeanant
- refers to one who has violated /infracted or offended a city or municipal ordinance
 criminal
-refers to a person who had been investigated, arrested and convicted for violating a
criminal law.
 Criminal behavior
-refers to a behavior which is criminal in nature
Activity 1.
QUESTION: when can be a person called or labelled as criminal?
Answer: it is after his conviction or while e is confine in prison/ jail/ or it during the time of
commission of the crime.

Topic 2: Anatomy of crime

Three elements or ingredients of crime

1. Intent
- Refers to a state of mind or goal, desire or motivation
Examples of intent :
a. Intent to rob a bank
b. Intent to commit murder
c. Intent to rap
d. Etc.
 Motivation or desire could be:
a. Economic gain
b. Jealousy
c. Revenge
d. Thrill
e. Political gain
f. Etc.
2. Instrumentality
- Is the means or implement in the commission of the crime.
Example :
a. Bolo
b. An ice pick

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 c. Motor vehicle
d. Gun
e. Etc.
3. Opportunity
- Is a synonymous with carelessness, act of indiscretion and lack of crime-prevention-
consciousness on the part of the victims .(Coronel , 1996)

Activity 2. Short answer

Question: What are the anatomy of crime how does it operate?

Topic 3: The nature and extent of crime.

There are various methods in classifying crimes, frequently crime in the context in the study of
criminology. Are classified in respect to gravity of the act, motives of the offenders, for statistical
and theo

retical purposes.

1. Atrocity or gravity
- Crimes are committed at different degrees of seriousness. It can be observed on the
harm or damage that resulted from criminal act.
 It may be categorized as felony or misdemeanor.
2. Motives of the offender
- The reason or reasons of the offender for doing something or behaving in a specific
way is his/her motive in committing the act .
Example:
a. Economic motive
b. Sexual motive
c. Political motive
3. Statistical purposes
Example:
a. How many crime against person were committed in a quarter in a year?
4. Theoretical purposes
a. Professional crime.
Example:
a. Drug trafficking
b. Racketeering
c. Syndicated crime
b. Habitual crime
- Those that are committed by orderly drunkards: drug addict ;vagrants;;petty
thieves ;dope peddlers and prostitute
c. Recidivism

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 - It refers to the act of committing the same types of crime at a certain period of time.
d. Occasional
-commits crime perhaps only once, perhaps separated by long interval of crime

Topic 4: THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

- criminal behavior has been the focus of debate between nature and nature.it is the
responsibility of the individual genetic makeup that makes him/her a criminal or is it
the environment that predispose his characteristic.
- Genes and environment play a significant role in the criminality of individuals.

A behavior becomes a criminal behavior by considering the three factors

a. Tendency of the crime

b. Total situation
c. Mental and emotional resistance

When does one acquire criminal behavior ?

- At the time a violation is committed or deviance behavior is exhibited, criminal

behavior is acquired.

TOPIC 5: WHO IS CRIMINAL?

“If there is no crime, then, there can never be a criminal”

Criminal

-is referred to a person who has violated law

Legally term

- Refers to a person who had be convicted by the court for the commission of the
crime.

Ideally – a person can be branded a criminal under the following consummated circumstances.

a. That a person has actually committed the crime

b. That he must have been apprehend and investigated by the police
c. That due to the presence of prima facie evidence.
d. That the convicted person was confine in a correctional institution to serve his
sentence.

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Main task : short answer

1. What factors are considered before a behavior can be deem a crime

2. When can a person acquire criminal behavior

Reinforcement activity: illustrate the following figure and discuss briefly.

1. Anatomy of crime
2. Formula of crim

Resources :

Laptop

Smartphone

References :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbEWlslGJXw

S.KALALANG ( 2015) Introduction to criminology and psychology of crime

Module 4: Etiology of crime

Objective :

1. Present modern trends of causes of crime

2. Identify proponents/contributor in crime causation theory.
3. Appreciate the contribution of various proponents in crime causation.

Time frame: 2hours

Schedule: daily

Reinforcement activity: say something

Topic 1.theories and proponents of Causes of Crime

How do some people decide to commit a crime? Do they think about the benefits and the risks?
Why do some people commit crimes regardless of the consequences? Why do others never

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commit a crime, no matter how desperate their circumstances? Criminology is the study of crime
and criminals by specialists called criminologists. Criminologists study what causes crime and how
it might be prevented.

Throughout history people have tried to explain what causes abnormal social behavior, including
crime. Efforts to control "bad" behavior go back to ancient Babylon's Code of Hammurabi some
3,700 years ago. Later in the seventeenth century European colonists in North America considered
crime and sin the same thing. They believed evil spirits possessed those who did not conform to
social norms or follow rules. To maintain social order in the settlements, persons who exhibited
antisocial behavior had to be dealt with swiftly and often harshly.

By the twenty-first century criminologists looked to a wide range of factors to explain why a person
would commit crimes. These included biological, psychological, social, and economic factors.
Usually a combination of these factors is behind a person who commits a crime.

Reasons for committing a crime include greed, anger, jealously, revenge, or pride. Some people
decide to commit a crime and carefully plan everything in advance to increase gain and decrease
risk. These people are making choices about their behavior; some even consider a life of crime
better than a regular job—believing crime brings in greater rewards, admiration, and excitement—
at least until they are caught. Others get an adrenaline rush when successfully carrying out a
dangerous crime. Others commit crimes on impulse, out of rage or fear.

The desire for material gain (money or expensive belongings) leads to property crimes such as
robberies, burglaries, white-collar crimes, and auto thefts. The desire for control, revenge, or power
leads to violent crimes such as murders, assaults, and rapes. These violent crimes usually occur
on impulse or the spur of the moment when emotions run high. Property crimes are usually
planned in advance.

Classical school of criminology

The emergence of criminological thinking is often traced to eighteenth-century criminal law

reformers, such as Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, and John Howard who began to question
the legal constructions of crime. These early scholars were concerned with the legal protections of

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both the rights of society and those of the individual. Such principles are now considered part of the
classical school of criminology. They form the foundations on which many contemporary criminal
justice policies were founded and include the following notions:

 human beings have free will and are rational actors

 human beings have certain inalienable rights

 there is a social contract between citizens and the state.

The idea of a social contract is a key feature of the classical school and includes the notion that
transgressions that breach the social contract are seen by society as ‘crimes’ (Williams and
McShane, 1999). Accordingly, the punishment of individuals is justified as a deterrent from criminal
behaviour and to preserve the social contract. Within the classical school of criminology, crime is
seen as a moral transgression against society.

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/introduction-critical-criminology/content-
section-1.1

Neoclassical Theory http://terrytube.net/InterestingPages/PiagetKohlberg.htm

The neoclassical school of thought was first incorporated into the French Code of 1791 and
remained the cornerstone of criminal justice policy, but did not receive much attention until the
1980s and 1990s.  It experienced a resurgence of popularity in response due to the failure of
rehabilitation and a public outcry for a return to harsher punishment: longer prison sentences, a
return to corporal punishment, and even a reinstatement of capital punishment.  The demand was
for the punishment to fit the crime – a concept that keeps in line with the classical
school.  Neoclassical theory can be thought of as a ‘just desserts’ model.

While endorsing the major principles of classical theory, the neoclassical perspective entails two
major exceptions:

1. Rejection of the rigidity of the classical system of punishment

2. A degree of subjectivity, or discretion, when assessing criminal responsibility.

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Neoclassical perspective assumes that individuals choose to commit crime after calculation
whether crime’s potential rewards outweigh its potential risks. 

The plea bargain is characteristic of a neoclassical approach because it provides an opportunity for
the defence and Crown (or State) to reach an agreement in which the accused agrees to plead
guilty for certain considerations.

Positivist school of criminology

In the late nineteenth century, some of the principles on which the classical school was based
began to be challenged by the emergent positivist school in criminology, led primarily by three
Italian thinkers: Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele Garofalo. It is at this point that the
term ‘criminology’ first emerged, both in the work of Italian Raffaele Garofalo (criminologia) in 1885
and in the work of French anthropologist Paul Topinard (criminologie) around the same time.

Positivist criminology assumes that criminal behaviour has its own distinct set of characteristics. As
a result, most criminological research conducted within a positivist paradigm has sought to identify
key differences between ‘criminals’ and ‘non-criminals’. Some theorists have focused on biological
and psychological factors, locating the source of crime primarily within the individual and bringing
to the fore questions of individual pathology. This approach is termed individual positivism. Other
theorists – who regard crime as a consequence of social rather than individual pathology – have,
by contrast, argued that more insights can be gained by studying the social context external to
individuals. This approach is termed sociological positivism.

Table 1 Differences between individual and sociological positivism

Individual positivism Sociological positivism

Crime is caused by individual abnormality or Crime is caused by social pathology

pathology

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 Crime is viewed as a biological, psychiatric, Crime is viewed as a product of dysfunctions in
personality or learning deficiency social, economic and political conditions

Behaviour is determined by constitutional, genetic or Behaviour is determined by social conditions and

personality factors structures

Crime is a violation of the moral consensus Crime is a violation of a collective conscience

surrounding legal codes

Crime varies with temperament, personality and Crime varies from region to region depending on
degree of ‘adequate’ socialisation economic and political milieux

Criminals can be treated via medicine, therapy and Crime can be treated via programmes of social
resocialisation and the condition of the majority thus reform, but never completely eradicated
cured

Crime is an abnormal individual condition Crime is a normal social fact, but certain rates of
crime are dysfunctional

Cartographic/geographical theory

- This school concerned primarily with the distribution of crime in certain areas, both social
and geographical.

The psychiatric school

This theories says that certain organization of personality, developed entirely apart from criminal
culture will result in criminal behavior regardless of social situation.

Proponents; Sigmund freud. Pioneer of psychoanalysis, stated that personality is maid up of 3 core
elements:

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 1. Id
- Basic drives
2. Ego
- Balancer of id and super ego
3. The superego
- Acts as moral conscience

Socialist school/socialist theory

Proponents:

- Edwin Sutherland
 Criminal behavior learned through interaction with people
- Emile Durkheim
 Industrial socity promote isolation of the individual with advance development of
jobs, become specialized in their activities and are expected to survive on an
individual rather than group basis
- Toede
 One behaves according to the customs of his society
- It emphasized economic determinism
Economic determinism
- Concerned with crime as a by a product of variation in crime rates association with
variation in economic condition

Socio-social psycho theory

- Theory of imitation- criminal behavior by result from the same process as other social
behavior.

Main task : short answer

Instruction: write your answer in the space provided.

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 1. Name and explain the school of thought in criminology

Reinforcement activity: Say something

Instruction: discuss the following term.

1. Utilitarianism
2. Hedonism
3. Social contract

Resources :

Laptop

Smartphone

References :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbEWlslGJXw

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/introduction-critical-criminology/content-
section-1.1

http://terrytube.net/InterestingPages/PiagetKohlberg.htm

S.KALALANG ( 2015) Introduction to criminology and psychology of crime

Module 5: present theories of crime.

Objective :

4. Present modern trends of causes of crime

5. Identify proponents/contributor in crime causation theory.

Time frame: 2hours

Schedule: daily

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Reinforcement activity: say something

Topic 1:biological and physiological defects vs. environment

Biological theory emphasized heredity, defects/ deficiency in physiology/ endoctrine glands and
anatomical structure as the major causes of crime.

Some of the earliest positivist were convinced that convince that criminal behavior was a result of
genetic defects.

Heredity

- Is define as the transmission of traits from one generation to the next through the process
of reproduction.

Proponents:

Godard

- held that low intelligence compared to improper environment could create criminals.
intelligence is inherited and unchangeable.

Richard Dugdale

- conclude that inferior intelligence and crime were linked by breeding degenerate people

Eysenck

- believed that inherited different degrees of sensitivity to pain and punishment concentrate
on obtaining pleasure

William Sheldon

- associated curtained body type of a person with personality disposition, such as

endomorphs, mesomorphs, ectomorphs
 endomorphic
body type: Round, Soft, short

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 corresponding mental temperments: extrovert, social, relax .
 Mesomorphic
Body type: muscular, lean. Large
Corresponding mental temperaments: energetic, assertive, dynamic.
 Ectomorphs
Body type: small . thin, lean, fragile,
Corresponding mental temperaments: introvert, sensitive, fatigue, nervous type

Charles Goring

- he found out that criminal are inferior due to inherited traits.

Hooton

- theorized that criminality is not due to physical inferiority but rather due to biological
inferiority.

Environment

-is what every individual comes in contact after the hereditary pattern.it includes:

a. training
b. influence of the home
c. school
d. neighborhood
e. geographical location
f. hospital
g. church
h. play yard
i. climate.

Heredity lays down the essential foundation; while environment can alter this foundation for better
worse.

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Topic 2. Personality and crime

Personality

- is similar to the biological theory

- crime cause by lack of balance between intellectual and emotional capacities of the
individual.

Some type of personality

- sexual deviants
- egoists
- psychopathic personality
- neuropathic personality
- psychotic personality
- post- encephalitic personality

Topic 3 :psychological theory

- this theory is that potential criminal behavior is the result of the unstable psychological trait
of a person
- According this theory , the disposition to crime is the result of inadequate socialization.

Eysenck three major traits of personality:

a. Extraversion
- Is a dimension of human personality
b. Neuroticism
- A dimension that ranges, from normal, fairly calm and collected people to one that tend to
be quite nervous.
c. Psychoticism
- The kinds of qualities found in highly psychotic people that include certain, recklessness,
a disregards for common sense or conventions, and a degree of inappropriate emotional
emotion.

Topic 4: the primary social group theory

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Family and neighborhood are known as primary social group of society;

Neighborhood

- Is a essential components of a family.

The following are the significant psychological developmental aspect of the family.

1. Emotional development
- Show love and affection by parents to children constitute emotional stability.
2. Spiritual development
- Religious training and affiliation
3. Moral
- Parents must be models of good character and unquestionable integrity.
4. Intellectual
- Children should provide with good quality education for development of a pure conscience
and proper judgement.
5. Physical
- Healthful nourishment and healthcare should be given to children for their normal physical
development.

Sociological development

- Refers to a general environs of the child.

Institution in the community:

- Church
- School and educational institution
- Law enforcement agency
- Government
- Mass media
- Family
- Economics

Topic 5: broader social process theory

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Crimes are due to the some defects in social processes of social institution that influence human
behavior such as:

1. Loopholes in the penal system

2. Inefficiency and dishonesty of police and courts
3. Adverse economic and cultural condition
4. Mobility of population
5. Misrepresentation of news in mass media
6. Ineffectiveness of educational institution in inculcating good values
7. Failure of family and home relationship
8. Graft and corruption in the government

Economics institution processes

- Due to the lower economics status commit more crimes than people of higher economic
status, crime rates increase during periods of economics depression

Systems/ processes in the home and family

- The home must be the training ground for the developing the child in his relationship

System and process in the government

- The government is a model for good public service, governance of people respect human
rights, protection and safety of its people and obedience to law , policies and regulation.

System and process in mass media

- This institution is the best institution in disseminating information

Educational process

- This institution is the training ground of the child, like home

Religious and church system

-. Ois the positive force that can uplift the dignity, spiritual, and morality of the people.

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Main task: short answer

Instruction: discuss the following topic.

1. Give some type of personality and discuss how they are associated to criminality.

Reinforcement activity:

Instruction: explain the contribution of the following social institution to prevent criminality

1. Family
2. Church
3. School
4. Government.
Resources :
Laptop
Smartphone
References :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbEWlslGJXw
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/introduction-critical-criminology/
content-section-1.1

http://terrytube.net/InterestingPages/PiagetKohlberg.htm

S.KALALANG ( 2015) Introduction to criminology and psychology of crime

MODULE 6: VICTIMOLOGY

Objective :

1. Understand and determine the theoretical principle of victimology and victimization

2. Recognized the victims role in crime
3. identify and understand the multiple and diverse sources of vitimization

Time frame: 2hours

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Schedule: daily

Reinforcement activity: say something

1. victims
2. victimology
3. victimization

Discussion :

Topic 1: concept of victimization

Victims” means persons who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including
physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their
fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within
Member States, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of power.

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1349/Victims,-victimization-and-victimology.html

VICTIMIZATION
There is a large body of evidence that demonstrates a close relationship between
offending and victimization. One reason for this is that some kinds of crime arise out of mutual
interactions between people, to the extent that victims and offenders are almost interchangeable:
the clearest example would be fights in and around pubs on a Saturday night. Even where crimes
do not arise immediately out of interpersonal interactions, people often tend to commit offences on
others within their social circle, because these people are most accessible to them, or because
they are paying off an old score. This way we can say that victimization is the relation between
victim and the accuse, there is no exact definition

available on it http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1349/Victims,-victimization-and-
victimology.html

TOPIC 2. VICTIMS CATEGORY

primary victimization
The ‘primary victimization’ phase of the process, it may be helpful to begin by distinguishing
between the ‘effects’ or consequences that are known to result from crimes of different kinds and
their ‘impact’ on victims themselves. Certain crimes entail physical effects, which are likely to
involve some degree of pain and suffering, and may also entail loss of dexterity, some degree of

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incapacity and/or possible temporary or permanent disfigurement. Many crimes also have financial
effects, which may be either direct. Very often crime can result in additional costs that might be
incurred, for example, in seeking medical treatment or legal advice, or loss of income as a result of
attending to the crime and its aftermath, or possible loss of future earning potential. Certain crimes
can also have psychological and emotional effects upon victims including depression, anxiety and
fear, all of which can adversely affect their quality of life.

3.3 Secondary victimization

Secondary victimization refers to the victimization that occurs not as a direct result of the criminal
act but through the response of institutions and individuals to the victim. Institutionalized secondary
victimization is most apparent within the criminal justice system. At times it may amount to a
complete denial of human rights to victims from particular cultural groups, classes or a particular
gender, through a refusal to recognize their experience as criminal victimization. It may result from
intrusive or inappropriate conduct by police or other criminal justice personnel. More subtly, the
whole process of criminal investigation and trial may cause secondary victimization, from
investigation, through decisions on whether or not to prosecute, the trial itself and the sentencing of
the offender, to his or her eventual release. Secondary victimization through the process of criminal
justice may occur because of difficulties in balancing the rights of the victim against the rights of the
accused or the offender. More normally, however, it occurs because those responsible for ordering
criminal justice processes and procedures do so without taking into account the perspective of the
victim.

TOPIC 3. TYPES OF VICTIMIZATION

 Sexual Misconduct
 Rape
 Sexual Touching
 Sexual Harassment
 Stalking
 Physical Assault/Battery
 Dating/Relationship/Domestic Violence
 Theft
 Threat of Harm

Sexual Misconduct is an umbrella term that includes any non-consensual sexual activity that is
committed by force or fear or mental or physical incapacitation, including through the use of alcohol
or drugs. Sexual misconduct can vary in its severity and consists of a range of behavior, including
rape, statutory rape (sexual contact with a person under 18 years old), sexual touching, sexual
exploitation, sexual harassment, and conduct suggestive of attempting to commit any of the
aforementioned acts.

Engaging in any sexual activity, clear consent must be given.

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Rape - Rape is the sexual penetration (however slight) of the victim’s vagina, mouth, or rectum
without consent. Rape involves penetration with (a) the use of force/fear or the threat of force/fear;
or (b) with a person who is otherwise incapable of

giving consent, including situations where the individual is under the influence of alcohol or drugs
and this condition was or should have reasonably been known to the accused.

Sexual Touching- Sexual touching, also known as sexual battery, is the act of making unwanted
and sexually offensive contact (clothed or unclothed) with an intimate body part of another person
or action, which causes immediate apprehension that sexual touch will occur. Intimate body parts
include sexual organs, the anus, the groin, breasts or buttocks of any person. Sexual touching
includes situations in which the accused engages in the contacts described with a person who is
incapable of giving consent.

Sexual Exploitation- Sexual exploitation is the taking advantage of a non-consenting person or

situation for personal benefit or gratification or for the benefit of anyone other than the alleged
victim; and the behavior does not constitute rape, sexual touching or sexual harassment. Sexual
exploitation includes, but is not limited to:

 Photographing or making audio or video recordings of sexual activity without consent;

 Dissemination of images or recordings without consent of the participant(s);
 Allowing others to observe sexual activity without the knowledge or consent of the
partner;
 Voyeurism (peeping tom);
 Knowingly transmitting a sexually transmitted infection or HIV to another student;
 Prostituting another person;
 Giving alcohol or other drugs to another student with the intention of rending him or her
incapable of giving consent.
Sexual Harassment- Sexual Harassment is any unwelcome sexual conduct or behavior that
creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working or educational environment. A comprehensive
list of prohibited behaviors can be found in the Tiger Lore.

Stalking- Stalking is prohibited. It is willful, malicious and repeated following of a person or

harassing behaviors against another person, putting the person in reasonable fear for his or her
personal safety, or the safety of his or her family. This includes use of notes, mail, gifts,
communication technology (e.g. voicemail, text messages, internet and social networking sites -
using any electronic or telecommunication is also known as cyber-stalking) to harass or convey a
threat. This offense may also be treated as a type of sexual misconduct in certain situations.

Physical Assault/Battery - Physical assault or battery is prohibited. It is to touch or strike a person

against his or her will or to threaten violence against that person.

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Dating/Relationship/Domestic Violence- Dating/Relationship/Domestic Violence is prohibited. This
type of violence may be emotional, verbal, physical and/or sexual abuse by an intimate partner,
family members or parties in a dating relationship.

Theft - Theft is the unlawful and unauthorized removal of any personal property for ones own use.

Threat of Harm – Conveyances of threats, which result in, or may result in, harm to any person by
willful and deliberate means is prohibited.

Main task: short answer

1. What contribution do victims in the commission of a crime.

Reinforcement activity:

In your on word discuss briefly.

1. Is there a shred- responsibility between victimizer and victim in the occurrence of the crime

Resources :

Laptop
Smartphone

References :

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1349/Victims,-victimization-and-victimology.html

http://terrytube.net/InterestingPages/PiagetKohlberg.htm

S.KALALANG ( 2015) Introduction to criminology and psychology of crime

MODULE 7: PENOLOGY AND CORRECTION

Time table: 2 hours

Topic learning outcome: at the end of the lesson, you should able to:

1. Discuss the concept of correction, define its meaning purpose and objective
2. Identify and distinguish institutional correction and non-institutional correction.

Class days: Daily

No. of Hours: 2 hour 30 | P a g e

 Enabling activities: Say something

1. Distinguish penology to correction

Topic 1: INTRODUCTION

Social contract between men and the state has for its main object the maintenance of peace and
order in the society through the mandate of the law enforce by the state to achieved regulated
behavior of man.

Social contract theory

- The state provide protection and safety to its people, provided that shall surrender som of
their liberty in return such protection. And men should comply and obey the rule and
regulation set up by the state.

Penology and Correction

- Is a social control by which endeavor are undertaken to understand the nature of crime
and to device more effective methods of deterrence and treatment of convicted individual.

Restorative justice

- refers to a principle which seeks to obtain reparation for the victims, reconciliation of that
he/she can be reintegrated into society offender.

CICL ( Child- in - Conflict With the law ) as defined in RA 9344. Refers to a child who is alleged
as, accused of, or adjudged as having committed an offense under Philippine laws.

Reorganization act of 1907( November 1 1905 ) created the bureau of prison under the
department of public instruction until it was transferred to the then ministry of justice now the
department of justice.

Executive order no. 292 ( July 25 1987), the administrative code of 1987, renamed the bureau of
prison to bureau of correction wit twin objective:

1. safekeeping and
2. rehabilitation of the national prisoners.

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Correctional process:

Institutionalized

 imprisonment

Non-institutionalized

 community based process

Modern correctional methods

1. imprisonment
 jails
 prison

Community based methods

 parole
 probation
 and other forms of executive clemency

Rehabilitation methods

 medical and health services

 Work and educational therapy
 Socio cultural services
 Chaplaincy services
 Guidance counselling services

Fine

Alternative programs for CICL

 Diversion program
 Intervention program

TOPIC 2: CORRECTIONAL/ PENAL INSTITUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Juvenile institution
a. Boys protector
b. Girls protector
c. Cwd
2. Special institution and facilities
a. Drug rehabilitation center
b. Institution for criminal justice

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 3. Adult penal institution
 Jails
a. Lock up
b. Ordinary jail
c. Workhouse and jail farm
d. Camp house
 Prisons
a. Old bilibib prison
b. New bilibid prison
c. San ramon prison and penal farm
d. Iwahhig penal colony
e. Reception and diagnostic center
f. Sablyan penal colony
g. Correctional institution for women
4. Community institution
a. Probation
b. Parole
c. Alternative program for CICL

TOPIC 3: CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS

Correctional programs

-are programs prepared and device by the correctional institution in a manner that the offender
shall be reform or rehabilitated of his behavior.

Rehabilitative programs

 Recreational
 Religious/ spiritual
 Educational/ vocational
 Agro and Industrial

Significant of community- based correction

Humanitarian aspect

- In subjecting someone to custodial coercion is to place him in physical jeopardy and

drastically narrow his access to sources of personal satisfaction and reduce self-esteem.

Restorative aspect

- Refers to the principle which require a process or resolving with the maximum involvement
of the victims, the offenders and community.

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Administrative aspect

- Law violator can be more productive when shifted from custodial control to community-
based programing.

Main task: short answer

Discuss the following:

Give your opinion. What do you think are the advantages of community- based methods of
correction over institutionalized methods.

Reinforcement activity: name me:

Name and enumerate the Philippine prisons and their services.

Resources :

Laptop
Smartphone

References :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbEWlslGJXw
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/introduction-critical-criminology/
content-section-1.1

http://terrytube.net/InterestingPages/PiagetKohlberg.htm

S.KALALANG ( 2015) Introduction to criminology and psychology of crime

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