Nature and Properties of

Matter

Lesson 03 – Grade 09
 Classification of substances
Matter that contain
pure substances with specific properties which, cannot be
only one constituent
further divided by either physical or chemical methods into
with specific substances with different properties
properties

Pure substances Elements

Al, Si, Cu, C, S, CuSO4,
Al, Si, Cu, C,S
NaCl, distilled water
Matter

Impure
substances
Compounds
(Mixtures) CuSO4, NaCl,
Matter that distilled water
contain two or Air, drinking water,
pure substances with specific properties,
more salt solution
formed by the chemical combination of
constituents
two or more elements in a fixed ratio
Elements
Compounds
 Elements – Symbols for elements
• Internationally accepted to indicate elements
• Often, English name of the element is used as the base for these
symbols
• the first letter of the name of the element is used as the symbol
• When a single letter is used as the symbol, compulsorily it
should be a capital letter
 Elements – Symbols for elements
• When the names of several elements commence in the same letter
• another letter in the name is added to the symbol
• the second letter is a simple letter
 Elements – Symbols for elements
• In some elements, the symbol originates in its Latin name
Elements – Symbols for elements
 Atoms – building units of elements

• Matter is composed of particles called atoms

• The first scientist John Dalton used the term “Atom ”
• Atom (English) – Atomos (Greek) - cannot be divided
further
• An element is composed of the atoms of the same type
• Different elements are composed of different atoms
 Molecules
The units formed by the combination of one or more atoms of the same type or one
or more atoms of different types
Homo-atomic molecules - molecules formed by the atoms of the same elements
 Atomic Structure

• Greater part of the atom is an empty space

• Entire mass is concentrated at the central core (nucleus)
• Nucleus was discovered by Ernest Rutherford. (atoms
consist of large empty space and a positively charged
central nucleus)
• Subatomic particles of an atom – Protons, electrons,
neutrons
 Atomic number (Z)
• The number of protons present in the nucleus of a given atom of an element
• A unique property of the element
 Mass number (A)
The sum of the protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of a given
atom of an element
Standard method of representing atomic number and mass
number of an atom
 Compounds
• Formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a certain ratio
• hetero-atomic molecules - molecules contain atoms that are different from one
another
 chemical formula
Specific chemical symbols for compounds
• The elements contained in the smallest unit that form a compound, cannot show
the properties of that compound.
• The different compounds formed by even the same set of elements have different
chemical properties
 Mixtures
• Formed when two or more pure substances get mixed.
• The pure substances in a mixture are called as constituents
• Can be separated by physical methods
 Mixtures
A matter which consists of two or more constituents which
can be separated by physical methods
1. Homogeneous mixtures - The mixtures with a uniform
composition right throughout the mixture
Ex - Salt solution, sugar solution, sea water
2. Heterogeneous mixtures - The mixtures in which the
composition is not uniform throughout the mixture
Ex - Muddy water, mortar mixture, ice cream, fruit salad