Lecture 01

by
Russell Krick
Publisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Tinley Park, Illinois
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Engine operation
 Engine bottom end
 Engine top end
 Engine front end
 The engine is the source of power for
the vehicle
 It converts the energy stored in fuel into
motion
Engine Operation
 Fuel is burned inside the engine’s
combustion chamber to produce heat
 Heat causes expansion of gases in
the engine
 Expansion in the combustion
chamber produces pressure
 Engine components convert pressure
into rotating motion
Engine Operation
Piston Travel
(TDC, BDC)
 Top dead center (TDC)
 piston is at its highest point in the cylinder
 Bottom dead center (BDC)
 piston is at its lowest point in the cylinder
 Piston stroke
 distance the piston slides up or down
from TDC to BDC
Piston
Travel
(TDC, BDC)
Four-Stroke Cycle
 Requires four piston strokes to
complete one cycle
 Every four strokes, the engine
produces one power stroke
 Two complete crankshaft rotations are
required to complete the four-stroke
cycle
 Almost all automobiles use four-stroke-
cycle engines
Intake Stroke
 Draws fuel and air into the engine
 Intake valve is open
 Exhaust valve is closed
 Piston slides down and forms a low
pressure area in the cylinder
 Atmospheric pressure pushes the air-
fuel mixture into the cylinder
Compression Stroke
 Compresses (squeezes) the air-fuel
mixture, making it more combustible
 Piston slides upward
 Both valves are closed
Power Stroke
 Burns the air-fuel mixture and pushes
the piston down with tremendous force
 Both valves are closed
 Spark plug fires, igniting the air-fuel
mixture
 Pressure forms on the top of the piston
 Piston is forced down, rotating the
crankshaft
Exhaust Stroke
 Removes the burned gases from the
cylinder
 Piston moves upward
 Intake valve is closed
 Exhaust valve is open
 Burned gases are pushed out the
exhaust port
Four-Stroke Cycle
 Refers to the block, crankshaft,
connecting rods, pistons, and related
components
 Another name for the bottom end is the
short block
Engine Block
Forms the main body of the engine

Engine Block Parts
 Cylinders
 large, round holes machined through the
block
 Water jackets
 coolant passages through the block
 allow a solution of water and antifreeze to
cool the cylinders
Engine Block Parts
 Core (freeze) plugs
 round metal plugs that seal holes left in
the block after casting
 Main bearing bores
 holes machined in the bottom of the block
to hold the crankshaft
 Main caps
 hold the crankshaft and main bearing
inserts in place
Crankshaft
 Harnesses the tremendous force
produced by the downward thrust of the
pistons
 Changes the reciprocating (up-and-
down) motion of the pistons into
rotating motion
Crankshaft
Fits into the bottom of the block

Crankshaft Parts
Journals are precision-ground surfaces

for the bearings
Crankshaft Parts
Counterweight offsets the weight of the piston,

rod, rings, and journal offset to prevent vibration
Crankshaft Parts
 Crankshaft snout
 sticks through the front of the block
 provides a mounting place for the
camshaft drive mechanism, front damper,
and pulleys
 Crankshaft flange
 holds the flywheel
Engine Main Bearings
 Removable inserts that fit between the
block main bore and the crankshaft
main journals
 One-half of each insert fits into the
block, while the other half fits into the
block main cap
 A main thrust bearing has flanges to
control crankshaft end play
Engine Main Bearings
Oil holes and grooves allow oil to lubricate

the bearings
Main Bearing
Clearance
 Space between the crankshaft main
journal and the main bearing insert
 Allows lubricating oil to enter and
separate the journal and bearing
 this allows the journal to rotate without
rubbing on the bearing and causing
excess wear
Engine Bottom End
Crankshaft Oil Seals
 Keep oil from leaking out the front and
rear of the engine
 Seals are placed around the front and
rear of the crankshaft to contain this oil
 Rear main oil seal
one- or two-piece seal that fits around the
rear of the crankshaft to prevent oil
leakage
 Front main oil seal
one-piece seal pressed into the front
cover
Flywheel
 Large metal disk mounted on the rear
of the crankshaft
 Flywheel functions:
 connects the crankshaft to the
transmission or transaxle through a clutch
or torque converter
 helps smooth engine power pulses
 contains a large ring gear, which meshes
with the starting motor gear to start the
engine
Connecting Rod
 Fastens the piston to the crankshaft
 Transfers piston movement and
combustion pressure to the crankshaft
rod journals
 Causes piston movement during the
non-power producing strokes
 intake, compression, and exhaust
Connecting Rod
Connecting Rod
Bearings
 Ride on the crankshaft rod journals
 Fit between the connecting rods and
the crankshaft
 Rod bearing clearance
 small space between the rod bearing and
crankshaft journal
 allows oil to enter the bearing, preventing
metal-to-metal contact
Piston
Transfers the pressure of combustion to

the connecting rod and crankshaft
Piston (Wrist) Pin
Allows the piston to swing on the

connecting rod
Piston Clearance
 The amount of space between the
sides of the piston and the cylinder wall
 Allows a lubricating film of oil to form
between the piston and the cylinder
 Allows for expansion when the piston
heats up
Piston Rings
 Seal the clearance between the outside
of the piston and the cylinder wall
 Keep combustion pressure from
entering the crankcase
 Keep oil from entering the combustion
chambers
Piston Rings
Compression Rings
 Prevent blowby (compression pressure
leaking into the engine crankcase)
 Compression and combustion pressure
push the compression rings down in
their grooves and out against the
cylinder wall, improving sealing
Compression Rings
Oil Rings
 Prevent engine oil from entering the
combustion chamber
 Scrape excess oil off the cylinder wall
 If too much oil gets into the combustion
chamber, it will burn, causing blue
exhaust smoke and increased exhaust
emissions
Oil Rings
Ring Gap
 Split, or space, between the ends of a
piston ring
 Allows the ring to be spread open and
installed on the piston
 Allows the ring to be made slightly
larger in diameter than the cylinder
 when installed in the cylinder, the ring
spreads outward and presses on the
cylinder wall, aiding ring sealing

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Forms the main body of the engine

Fits into the bottom of the block

Journals are precision-ground surfaces

Counterweight offsets the weight of the piston,

Oil holes and grooves allow oil to lubricate

Transfers the pressure of combustion to

Allows the piston to swing on the

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