CHAPTER 2

Part 3

Dr Adam Wong Yoon Khang

SEMESTER 1 2022/2023

1
 C/I ratio requirement is determined by the transmission and modulation
scheme adopted in a system and is specified for an acceptable voice
quality.

Why is it not recommended to choose higher value of cluster size in order to

increase C/I value here?

2
 Cell Capacity
-Traffic
-Trunking
- Erlang

3
CELL CAPACITY
How does a cellular system fulfill the traffic demand?
Traffic – voice call, data (the requests to use the
channel)
System conditions:
Large number of users
Limited number of channels
Solution: TRUNKING
Trunking – a statistical concept which allows a large
no. of users to share a small no. of channels.
Originally used in telephony and radio industries
Being adopted in cellular and data communication

4
CELL CAPACITY 1. How are these 100 channels assigned to
the users?
2.Is it efficient if one-to-one
(dedicated) channel allocation is
100 users employed?
100
Solution:
channels • Since the nature of call is random,
allocating
dedicated channel per user is inefficient.
• Results in wastage of resources
since the probability that all users
are active at any given instant time
100 100 is very low.
user 1-to-1 channel • Practically, only a few no. of channels is
s s necessary to meet the traffic demand.
• Statistical multiplexing – the theory used
to handle the random nature of traffic
demand. 5
 CELL CAPACITY

100 10
user Trunking channel
s s

Drawback of trunking:
• Since the no. of users >> no. of channels, there is always a finite
probability
that ALL LINES are occupied.
• When there are no available channels, new incoming call requests
will be BLOCKED.
• The probability that new calls are blocked – blocking probability OR
grade of
service (GOS).
• The unit of GOS - Erlang 6
CELL CAPACITY
Average number of MSs requesting service (Average
arrival rate): 
Average length of time MS requires service (Average
holding time): T
Offered load: a = T
e.g., in a cell with 100 MSs, on an average 30 requests
are generated during an hour, with average holding
time T=360 seconds
Then, arrival rate =30 requests/3600 seconds
=1/120 requests/sec
A channel kept busy for one hour is defined as one
Erlang (a), i.e.,
30 Calls 360 Sec
a # calls *duration    3 Erlangs
3600 Sec call
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 What Is Erlang?
• An Erlang is a unit of telecommunications
traffic measurement.
• Strictly speaking, an Erlang
represents the continuous use of one
voice path.
• In practice, it is used to describe the total
traffic volume of one hour.
• Erlang traffic measurements are made in
order to help telecommunications network
designers understand traffic patterns
within their voice networks.This is
essential if they are to successfully design 8
their network topology and establish the
necessary trunk group sizes.
E RLANG B AND E RLANG C
P robabi l i ty of an a r r i v i n g call being blocked is
BS, a  
S
a  1 , Erlang B
S! S a k

k0 k!
formula

w h e r e S is the n u mb e r of channels i n a group

 Probabi l i ty of an a r r i v i n g call being delayed is
aS
S 1!S  a
CS, a  S 1 i ,
a S
 a Erlang C
formula
S 1!S  a i0 i!
w h e r e C(S, a ) is the p r o b a b i l i t y of an a r r i v i n g call being
delayed w i t h a load and S channels
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Capacity Expansion In CellularSystem

• Techniques to provide more channels per

coverage area is by

• Cell splitting
• Cell sectoring
Cell Splitting
• Cell splitting increases the capacity of cellular
system since it increases the number of
times the channel are reused
• Cell splitting - defining new cells which have
smaller radius than orginal cells by installing
these smaller cells called MICROCELLS
between existing cells
• Capacity increases due to additional
number of channels per unit area
“Cell s p l i t t i n g is process of subdividing a congested cell i n t o
smaller cells each w i t h its o w n base ( w i t h corresponding
reduction i n antenna height and t x p o w e r ) ”
C ELL S PLITTING

Large cell ( l o w density)

Macrocell

Small cell
( h i g h density)
Microcell

Smaller cell
( h i g h e r density)
Picocell

Depending on t r a f f i c patterns
the smaller cells may be
activated/deactivated i n
o r d e r t o efficiently use cell
resources. 18
A metro area of a densely populated urban core
and its less- populated surrounding territories

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 Cell Splitting
• Split congested cell into smaller
cells.
• Preserve frequency reuse plan.
Reduce R to R/2
• Reduce transmission power.
microcell
Capacity Expansion In CellularSystem

• Techniques to provide more channels per

coverage area is by

• Cell splitting
• Cell sectoring
 Sectoring
• Decrease the co-channel interference and keep the cell radius
R
unchanged
– Replacing single omni-directional antenna by
several directional antennas
– Radiating within a specified sector
C ELL S ECTORING BY A N T E N N A D ESIGN

c
c
120 o
120 o
a
b a
b

(a). Omni ( b ) . 120 o sector (c). 120 o sector

(alternate)
d f
90 o e 60 o a
a
c
d b
b c

( d ) . 90 o sector (e). 60 o sector

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C ELL S ECTORING BY A N T E N N A D ESIGN

 Placing directional t r a n s m i t t e r s at corners w h e r e

three adjacent cells meet

C
X

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W ORST C ASE FOR F ORWARD C HANNEL
I NTERFERENCE I N THREE-SECTORS

BS
D + 0.7R
BS
MS

R
BS
D

BS

q  D/R
w h e r e  is the propagation p a t h loss slope and  = 2 ~ 5
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W ORST C ASE FOR F ORWARD C HANNEL
I NTERFERENCE I N SIX-SECTORS

MS
BS
R

D +0.7R

BS

w h e r e  is the propagation p a t h loss slope and  = 2 ~ 5

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Interference Reduction

position of the
mobile

i n te rf erence
cells
Adjacent-channel interference (ACI) is interference caused by extraneous
power from a signal in an adjacent channel

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EX A M PLE

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EX A M PLE

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Summary