BEET

CHAPTER 2
Dr Adam Wong Yoon Khang
SEMESTER 1 2022/2023

1
Cellular Concept

2
Cellular Concept

Service area
BS (Zone)

Early wireless system: Large zone

3
 Cellular Concept

Ideal cell area

(2-10 km radius)

Cell BS
MS

MS
Hexagonal cell area
used in most models

Illustration of a cell with a mobile station

and a base station
4
Basic Concept of Cellular System

• Neighboring base stations are assigned

different group of channels.
• By systematically spacing base stations and
channel groups, frequency can be reused as
many times as necessary.
• As demand increase, the number of base
station increase = provide additional
capacity.
 Basic Concept of Cellular System

Benefits of cellular system:

• Solves the problem of spectral congestion
and user capacity.
• Offer very high capacity in a limited
spectrum without major technological
changes.
• Reuse of radio channel in different cells.
• Enable a fix number of channels to serve
an arbitrarily large number of users by
reusing the channel throughout the
coverage region.
Cellular System: Small Zone

Service area
BS BS

BS BS BS

BS BS

7
 Categories of Cells

• Macrocell, more than 2

kilometres
• Microcell, less than 2
kilometres
• Picocell, less than 200 metres
• Femtocell, around 10 metres

8
 Categories of Cells
“MEGA” CELL Global

Local Area

Regional Indoor
office/
Hom
“PICO” CELL

“MACRO” CELL “MICRO” CELL

2
0
WITS Lab,
NSYSU.
Ideal frequency propagation(omnidirectional)
Triangular?
Square?
Hexagon
• Hexagonal cells are conceptual.
• In research, frequency planning and theoretical
treatment, hexagonal model of cells are universally
adopted because:
 The shape approximates a circle (to replicate
omni-directional propagation).
 Fewest number of cells can cover the entire
geographical region.
 C ELL S HAPE

R R

Cel l
R
R
( a ) Ideal ( b ) Actual ( c ) D i ff e r e n t cell models
cell cell

15
 C ELL S TRUCTURE

F1 F2 F7 F2
F1 F2 F3
F1 F2
F3 F6 F1 F3
F3 F4
( a ) Line S t r u c t u r e F5 F4

( b ) Plan S t r u c t u r e

Note: Fx is set of frequency, i.e., frequency group 16

Frequency Reuse

17
 Frequency Reuse
 Each cellular base station is allocated a group of
radio channels within a small geographic area
called a cell.
 Neighbourin cells are assigned different
g groups. channel
 By limiting the coverage area to within the
boundary
of the cell, the channel groups may be reused to
cover different cells.
 Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
 Also called as frequency planning
19
20
F REQUENCY REUSE

F7
F
F7 F 2 FF1 F
F 6 1 3
F 2 FF1 F F5 F7
6 1 3 F F
F5 F7 4 F 2 FF11
F F 6 F
4 F 2 FF1 F 3
F5
6 1 3 F
F5 F4 4

7-cell reuse
cluster 21
R EUSE DISTANCE
R Cluster
•For hexagonal cells, the
reuse distance is given by
F7
F D = 3NR
F6 2 F where R is cell radius and N is
FF1 3 the reuse pattern (the cluster
1 F5 F7 size or the number of cells per
F F cluster).
4 F 2 F1 F • Reuse factor is given
6 3
by
F5
D
F q≡ = 3N
4 R
R EUSE DISTANCE
 The cluster size or the number of cells per cluster is
given
by
N=i2 +ij +j2 i, j =1,2,3,4
where i and j are positive integers, i.e. 0 ≥ i, j < ∞
N = 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, 28, ….
The popular value of N being 4 and 7

j direc t ion cells

60°

i direc t ion
1 2 3 … i cells

25
 j Axes i and j intersect at 600

600
i

1. Move i cells along any chain of hexagon

2. Turn 60o counter clockwise
3. Move j cells.
Suppose Telco X uses the 7cell/ cluster formation as shown
below, with i=2 and j=1. Locate the nearest co-channel of Ch
1.

Ch1
26
27
28
29
If a total 33MHz bandwidth is allocated to a
cell system which uses two 25kHz simplex
channels to provide full duplex voice and
control channels, compute the number of
channels available per cell if a system uses:
4 cell reuse
7cell reuse
12 cell reuse
Total bandwidth: 33 MHz
Channel bandwidth: 25kHz x 2 = 50kHz
Total available channels: 33 000/ 50 = 660 Ch

If N=4
Num of Ch per cell: 660/ 4 = 165Ch
If N=7
Num of Ch per cell: 660/7 = 95Ch
If N=12
Num of Ch per cell: 660/12 = 55Ch