Anxiety disorder.Generalized anxiety disorder.

Generalized anxiety disorder (or GAD) is marked by excessive, exaggerated anxiety

and worry about everyday life events for no obvious reason. People with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder tend to always
expect disaster and can't stop worrying about health, money, family, work, or school. Causes-1)Biological. Differences in brain
chemistry and function.2)Personality. A person whose temperament is timid or negative or who avoids anything dangerous may be
more prone to generalized anxiety disorder than others are.3)Genetics. Generalized anxiety disorder may run in
families.4)Experiences. People with generalized anxiety disorder may have a history of significant life changes, traumatic or negative
experiences during childhood, or a recent traumatic or negative event. Chronic medical illnesses or other mental health disorders
may increase risk.Sign-1)Persistent worrying about a number of areas that are out of proportion to the impact of the
events.2)Overthinking plans and solutions to all possible worst-case outcomes.3)Perceiving situations and events as threatening,
even when they aren't.4)Indecisiveness and fear of making the wrong decision.5)Inability to set aside or let go of a worry & difficulty
concentrating.6)Inability to relax, feeling restless, and feeling keyed up or on edge. Complication.- Generalized anxiety disorder can
also lead to or worsen other physical health conditions, such as:Digestive or bowel problems, such as irritable bowel syndrome or
ulcers,Headaches and migraines,Chronic pain and illness,Sleep problems and insomnia,Heart-health issues.Prevention-1)Eat well-
balanced diet and multivitamins.2)Avoid alcohol, caffeine and sugar consumption.3)Do relaxation or pleasurable activities to release
stress.4)Keep an anxiety journal everyday.Managemnet-1)Cognitive Behavioural Theraphy (CBT)2)Applied
relaxation.3)Medication4)Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) – antidepressant – Prozac4)Benzodiazepines – sedative.
social phobia. Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is a long-term and overwhelming fear of social situations. Specific
Phobias are categorized into 5 types:Animal Phobias (e.g., dogs, snakes, or spiders).Natural Environment Phobias (e.g., heights,
storms, water).Blood-Injection-Injury Phobias (e.g., fear of seeing blood, receiving a blood test or shot, watching television shows
that display medical procedures).Situational Phobias (e.g., airplanes, elevators, driving, enclosed places).other Phobias (e.g., phobic
avoidance of situations that may lead to choking, vomiting, clowns). Risk factors-1)Environmental. For instance, negative affectivity
(a propensity to feel negative emotions such as disgust, anger, fear or guilt) or behavioral inhibition are temperamental risk factors
for a variety of anxiety disorders, including specific phobias.2)Parental overprotectiveness, physical and sexual abuse, and traumatic
encounters are examples of environmental risk factors that increase the likelihood of an individual developing a specific
phobia.3)Genetic. for example, if an individual has an immediate relative with a specific situational phobia of flying, the individual is
more likely to have the same specific phobia than any other category of phobia. Emotional Symptoms:Feeling overwhelming anxiety
or fear,Knowing that your fear is irrational, but feeling powerless to overcome it,Fear of losing control and Feeling an intense need
to escape.Physical symptoms -Racing heart,Difficulty breathing,Trembling or shaking,SweatingNausea,Dry mouth and Chest pain or
tightness.Management- 1)Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)2)Medication:Antidepressant – Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors (SSRIs) – Prozac 2)Antianxiety – Sedatives – Benzodiazepines. Panic disorder. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where
you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. Everyone experiences feelings of anxiety and panic at certain times. It's a natural
response to stressful or dangerous situations.Causes-1) It's not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors
may play a role:2)Genetics3)Major stress 4)Certain changes in the way parts of your brain function5)Panic attacks may come on
suddenly and without warning at first, but over time, they're usually triggered by certain situations.6)Some research suggests that
your body's natural fight-or-flight response to danger is involved in panic attacks. risk factors -1)-Family history of panic attacks or
panic disorder2)Major life stress, such as the death or serious illness of a loved one3)A traumatic event, such as sexual assault or a
serious accident4)Major changes in your life, such as a divorce or the addition of a baby5)Smoking or excessive caffeine
intake6)History of childhood physical or sexual abuse.Symptoms-Sense of impending doom or danger & Fear of loss of control or
death,Rapid, pounding heart rate & Sweating & Chills.Trembling or shaking.Shortness of breath or tightness in your throat & Chest
painHot flashes,Nausea & Abdominal cramping,Headache & dizziness, lightheadedness or faintness and Numbness or tingling
sensation. Management -Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) 2)Medication:Antidepressant – Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors (SSRIs) – Prozac3)Antianxiety – Sedatives – Benzodiazepines. OCD -Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common
mental health condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours. OCD can affect men, women and
children. Some people start having symptoms early, often around puberty, but it usually starts during early adulthood. Consists of 2
components: cognitive, behavioral

Obsessions: Persistent, uncontrollable thoughts, images or impulses. Risk More common in women than in men. Symptoms often
appear in teens r young adults.OCD risk factors include:A parent, sibling, or child with OCD,Physical differences in certain parts of  
brain,Depression, anxiety, or tics,Experience with trauma,A history of physical or sexual abuse as a child.category-Common
obsessive thoughts in OCD include:Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt or contaminating others,Fear of losing control and
harming self,Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images,Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas,Fear of losing or
not having things,Order and symmetry: the idea that everything must line up “just right”,Superstitions; excessive attention to
something. Common compulsive behaviors in OCD include:Excessive double-checking of things, such as locks, appliances, and
switches,Repeatedly checking in on loved ones to make sure they’re safe,Counting, tapping, repeating certain words to reduce
anxiety,Spending a lot of time washing or cleaning,Ordering or arranging things “just so”.Sign-1)Washers are afraid of
contamination. They usually have cleaning or hand-washing compulsions. 2)Checkers  repeatedly check things (oven turned off, door
locked, etc.) that they associate with harm or danger.3)Doubters and sinners are afraid that if everything isn’t perfect or done just
right something terrible will happen, or they will be punished.4)Counters and arrangers are obsessed with order and symmetry. They
may have superstitions about certain numbers, colors, or arrangements.5)Hoarders  fear that something bad will happen if they
throw anything away. They compulsively hoard things that they don’t need or use. They may also suffer from other disorders, such
as depression, PTSD, compulsive buying, kleptomania, ADHD, skin picking, or tic disorders. Post theraptic disorder. Post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. In
order to meet the diagnosis, clients must meet the following criteria:(1) Person relives the event.Distressing dreams, flashbacks(2)
Person becomes numb to world and avoids reminders of traumaAvoid thoughts, activities related trauma, show feelings of
detachment(3) Person shows symptoms of increased arousal.E.g., irritability, difficulty concentrating, difficulting falling/staying
asleep.Causes.-1)Stressful experiences, including the amount and severity of trauma you've gone through in your life2Inherited
mental health risks, such as a family history of anxiety and depression3)Inherited features of your personality — often called your
temperament4)The way your brain regulates the chemicals and hormones your body releases in response to stress. most common
events leading to the development of PTSD: Combat exposure,Childhood physical abuse,Sexual violence,Physical assault,Being
threatened with a weapon,An accident. Symptoms 1. Intrusive memories. Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the
traumatic event.Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again (flashbacks).Upsetting dreams or nightmares about the
traumatic event.Severe emotional distress or physical reactions to something that reminds the person of the traumatic
event.Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic event.Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again
(flashbacks).Upsetting dreams or nightmares about the traumatic event.Severe emotional distress or physical reactions to something
that reminds the person of the traumatic event. 2. Avoidance. Trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event. Avoiding
places, activities or people that remind the person of the traumatic event. 3. Negative changes in thinking and mood. Negative
thoughts about yourself, other people or the world.Hopelessness about the future.Memory problems, including not remembering
important aspects of the traumatic event.Difficulty maintaining close relationships.Feeling detached from family and friends.Lack of
interest in activities once enjoyed.Difficulty experiencing positive emotions. 4. Changes in physical and emotional reactions.Being
easily startled or frightened.Always being on guard for danger.Self-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much or driving too
fast.Trouble sleeping.Trouble concentrating.Irritability, angry outbursts or aggressive behavior.Overwhelming guilt or shame.
Management1.Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)Medication:Antidepressant – Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) –
Prozac:Antianxiety – Sedatives – Benzodiazepines. Anxiety disorder CausesBIOLOGICAL FACTORS1.Most anxiety disorders appear to
run in families2.May be due in part to shared environmental factors, but likely inherit a predisposition3.Strongest evidence for panic
disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. PSYCHOLOGICAL/COGNITIVE FACTORS1.Impact of learning E.g., parents who do not
socialize much2.Abuse or traumatic childhood experiences increase risk3.Those with anxiety disorders tend to be hypervigilant.
Overestimate risk, underestimate safety.

MOOD DISORDER CLASSES 1. Major Depressive Disorder(MDD)2.Dysthymia3.Bipolar Disorder. MDDPersistent feelings of sadness
and despair, loss of interest in sources of pleasure.See in 5-12% men, 10-25% women.Must show 5 or more symptoms for at least 2
weeks, 1 symptom must be depressed mood or loss of pleasure.1Depressed Mood.2Loss of interest/pleasure activities.3Significant
weight loss/gain.4Insomnia/hypersomnia.5Psychomotor agitation/retardation.6Fatigue or loss of energy.7Feelings of worthlessness
or guilt.8Reduced ability to concentrate.9Recurrent thoughts of death / suicidal ideation. Causes 1.Biological differences: appear to
have physical changes in the brain2.Hormones: changes may trigger depression – pregnancy or postpartum3.Genetic: More common
in people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Complications.Excessive weight or obesity.Pain or physical illness.Alcohol
or drug misuse.Conflicts.Social isolation.Treatment:Antidepressants – Prozac.Cognitive behavioral therapy.Lifestyle
changes.Dysthymia Chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to merit diagnosis of a major depressive episode.Must show
symptoms for at least 2 years.Diagnosed 2-3x more often in women.See in about 6% of population. Clinical manifestation:Feeling
sadness and hopeless.Affect physical function.Unable to focus.Difficulty finishing daily tasks.Treatment:Antidepressants –
Prozac.Talk therapy – individual or group.Lifestyle changes. Bipolar disorder Depression (usually dominant state) alternates with
periods of mania (must be at least 1 week long) – manic-depressive illness.Main features of manic states include feelings of power,
confidence, energy, enhanced creativity.Not all individuals with BD experience manic states as euphoric; some find them times of
paranoia.See in <2% of population.Treatment:Mood stabilizer – lithium.Benzodiazepines – Xanax.Antidepressant-antipsychotics –
fluoxetine-olanzepines (symbyax).Cognitive behavioral therapy.Electroconvulsive therapy.Lifestyle changes.support.