Introduction of

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS (CFD)

Nik Mohd Izual Nik Ibrahim, Dr. Eng.,

Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
8 December 2021
From DRB-HICOM University to Universitas Islam Riau

Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory

DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia 3
DRB- HICOM University: Main Building

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DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia 4
PROFILE

Guest Visiting, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, Oct., – Dec., 2016

Lattice Boltzmann Method
Researcher, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Kyushu University, Oct., 2011 – Sept., 2014
Wind Engineering
Dr. Eng. (Fluid Dynamics), Kyushu University, 2018
M. Eng. (Mechanical), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2011
M. Eng. (Automotive), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 2007
B. Eng. (Mechanical - Automotive), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2004
Teaching Experience:
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 2004 - 2016
DRB – HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia, 2018 - Present
Area of Research:
Fluid Dynamics, Thermal Sciences
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 Research Experiences

Marine Environment and Energy Engineering

Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University
Institute for Applied and Numerical Mathematics 2
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany

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 Postgraduate Students

D3: Ir. Ts. Mohd Khairul Mahtar M3: Mejar Baktiar Bohari
Manager, Deftech Technologies Ministry of Defense

D3: Ir. Ts. Asmawi Ahmad Khailani M3: Mejar Ahmad Aziz Mohd Zaki
Senior Lecturer, Nilai University Ministry of Defense

D1: Eddy Elfiano U1: Faris Imran Zolkifli

Universitas Islam Riau DRB-HICOM University

U1: Darren Dexter Desmond

DRB-HICOM University

Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory

U1: Nur Quyyum Nadia
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DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia
DRB-HICOM University
MOTIVATION
Ocean Engineering Source: https://www.riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ship/

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MOTIVATION
Automotive Engineering

Source: Journal of Mathematics in Industry volume 4, Article number: 6 (2014)

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MOTIVATION
Aerospace Engineering

Source: https://broadtechengineering.com/cfd-aerospace/
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 MOTIVATION
Aerospace Engineering

A CFD grid with 2.4 million surface triangles

and 202 million volume cells was generated on
a U.S. Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet with the
landing gear extended using NASA’s TetrUSS
grid-generation software. The image depicts
iso-surfaces of vorticity colored by pressure and
clearly shows that the wake from the landing
gear and doors extends far downstream. Credit:
U.S. Navy

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Source: https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/year-in-review/achieving-advanced-cfd-capabilities-with-high-performance-computers/
Computational Fluid Dynamics

Solving the Navier – Stoke Equation

In 1821 French engineer Claude-Louis Navier introduced the element of viscosity (friction) for
the more realistic and vastly more difficult problem of viscous fluids

British physicist and mathematician Sir George Gabriel Stokes improved on this work, though
complete solutions were obtained only for the case of simple two-dimensional flows

Solving Lattice Boltzmann Equation

The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical
behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium, devised by Ludwig
Boltzmann in 1872

Historically, LBM originated from the method of Lattice gas automata (LGA), which was first
introduced in 1973 by Hardy, Pomeau and de Pazzis (HPP)
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Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/Navier-Stokes-equation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_equation
Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cont.,)

Computational fluid Fluid

dynamics (CFD) is a branch Mechanics

of fluid mechanics that Heat 01

uses numerical Transfer 05 Numerical
Method
analysis and data structure 02 + Engineering
to analyze and solve 04
problems that involve fluid
03
flows. Thermodynamics
Computer
Science

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cont.,)

CFD is the simulation of fluids engineering systems using modeling

(mathematical physical problem formulation) and numerical methods
(discretization methods, solvers, numerical parameters, and grid
generations, etc.)

Historically only Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) and Experimental

Fluid Dynamics (EFD).

CFD made possible by the advent of digital computer and advancing

with improvements of computer resources (500 flops, 1947→20
teraflops, 2003)
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What are major applications of CFD analysis?
CFD analysis has applications in many industries to design or improve the system, or develop new products or services.

✓ Automobile and aerospace industries

✓ Cement, process and chemical industries
✓ production and manufacturing industries
✓ Turbo-machinery (fan, turbine, compressor, blowers, and pumps etc.)
✓ Thermal and nuclear power plant
✓ Combustion, fire, and environmental pollution
✓ Heating and ventilation of building, car, bus, and civil aircraft
✓ Weather forecasting
✓ Defense and space applications
✓ Biomedical applications 15
Why use CFD

CFD Analysis and Design

1. Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”

✓ More cost effective and more rapid than EFD
✓ CFD provides high-fidelity database for diagnosing flow field
2. Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult for
experiments
✓ Full scale simulations (e.g., ships and airplanes)
✓ Environmental effects (wind, weather, etc.)

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CFD Commercial and Open- source Software

•Commercial CFD code : Free FLUENT Student Version, Simflow

https://www.ansys.com/academic/students/ansys-student
https://sim-flow.com/

•Research CFD code (Open- source) : Openfoam. Palabos, OpenLB

https://openfoam.org/
https://palabos.unige.ch/
https://www.openlb.net/

•Post- Processing : Paraview, VitsIt

https://www.paraview.org/
https://visit-dav.github.io/visit-website/
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 History of CFD

The brief story of Computational Fluid Dynamics can be understood below:

Until 1910: Improvements on mathematical models and numerical methods.

1910 – 1940:
Integration of models and methods to generate numerical solutions based on hand calculations.

1940 – 1950:
Transition to computer-based calculations with early computers (ENIAC)3. Solution for flow around a
cylinder by Kawaguti with a mechanical desk calculator in 1953.

1950 – 1960:
Initial study using computers to model fluid flow based on the Navier-Stokes equations by Los Alamos
National Lab, US. Evaluation of vorticity – stream function method4. First implementation for 2D, transient,
incompressible flow in the world.

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 History of CFD (Continue)

1960 – 1970:
First scientific paper “Calculation of potential flow about arbitrary bodies” was published about computational analysis of 3D
bodies by Hess and Smith in 19675. Generation of commercial codes. Contribution of various methods such as k-ε turbulence
model, Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, SIMPLE algorithm which are all still broadly used.

1970 – 1980:
Codes generated by Boeing, NASA and some have unveiled and started to use several yields such as submarines, surface
ships, automobiles, helicopters and aircrafts.

1980 – 1990:
Improvement of accurate solutions of transonic flows in the three-dimensional case by Jameson et. al. Commercial codes
have started to implement through both academia and industry.

1990 – Present:
Thorough developments in Informatics: worldwide usage of CFD virtually in every sector.

Source: https://www.simscale.com/docs/simwiki/cfd-computational-fluid-dynamics/what-is-cfd-computational-fluid-dynamics/
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Modeling (governing equations)
Navier – Stoke Equation
• Navier-Stokes equations (3D in Cartesian coordinates)
u u u u pˆ   2u  2u  2u 
 + u + v + w =− +  2 + 2 + 2 
t x y z x  x y z 
v v v v pˆ   2v  2v  2v 
 + u + v + w =− +  2 + 2 + 2 
t x y z y  x y z 
w w w w pˆ  2w 2w 2w 
 + u + v + w = − +  2 + 2 + 2 
t x y z z  x y z 

Local Convection Piezometric pressure gradient Viscous terms

acceleration
 (u ) (v ) (w)
+ + + = 0 Continuity equation
t x y z
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Modeling (governing equations), LBM Equation
Lattice Boltzmann Equation

f (x + ct , t + t ) − f (x, t ) = ( f )
1

f neq
(x, t ) = 1

 f (x, t ) − f eq
(x, t ) = ( f ) BGK collision model

f (x + ct , t + t ) = f (x, t ) −
1

 f (x, t ) − f eq
(x, t )

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Top-down versus Bottom-up
Partial Differential Equations Simulate Fluid Flow
(Navier-Stokes)

Discretization
Finite differences, finite element, finite
volume or spectral methods Partial differential Equations
(Navier-Stokes)
Difference Equations
Multi-scale Analysis
Standard Numerical Methods

Discrete Model
Simulate Fluid Flow 22
Lattice Boltzmann Equation
Micro, meso, and macroscale
The primary goal of LBM is to
Macroscale build a bridge between the
microscopic and macroscopic
dynamics rather than to dealt
with macroscopic dynamics
Mesoscale directly.

In other words, the goal is to

derive macroscopic equations
from microscopic dynamics by
means of statistics rather than
Microscale to solve macroscopic equation.
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CFD Process
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing

Select Heat Unstructured Steady/ Forces Report Contours

Geometry Transfer (automatic/ Unsteady (lift/drag, shear
ON/OFF manual) stress, etc)

Compressible Structured Iterations/ XY Plot Vectors

Geometry ON/OFF (automatic/ Steps
Parameters manual)

Domain Flow Convergent Verification Streamlines

Shape and properties Limit
Size

Viscous Precisions Validation

Model (single/
double)

Boundary Numerical
Conditions Scheme

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Initial
Conditions
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LBM Research Results

Flow around Swimming Fish

© Corporate Training Institute; All Rights Reserved @ 2021

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Droplet motion
LBM Research Results

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Current Research

✓ Experimental and Numerical Study of Free Surface Flow Impact on a Vertical Cylinder

✓ Development of Isotropic Free Energy Lattice Boltzmann Scheme for Multiphase Simulation

✓ Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanofluid over a Flat Plate Surface and Bluff Body
with Viscous Dissipation Effects

✓ Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Ferrofluid over a Flat Plate Surface and Bluff Body with
Viscous Dissipation Effects

✓ Bubble Rising Modeling using Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique

✓ Complex Free Surface Modeling using Fluid Dynamics Technique

✓ Impact of Coastal Defences Modeling using Fluid Dynamics Technique

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Journal of Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Sciences
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia
•Combustion fluid mechanics and reacting flows
•Complex and Non Newtonian fluids
•Compressible and rarefied flows, kinetic theory
•Convection
•Drops and bubbles
•Laminar and viscous flows
•Micro and Nano fluidics
•Multiphase flow
•Nonlinear dynamical systems
•Transport and mixing
•Turbulent flows
•Vortex dynamics
•Wave dynamics
•Free surface flows
•Stratified and rotating flows
•Heat and mass transfer
•Chemical processes
•High-temperature chemically reacting flows
•Thermal engineering
•Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
•Sustainability of Energy Systems
•Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency and
•Climate Change Mitigation
•Renewable Energy
•Cooling and refrigeration
•Heat Pump
•Diagnostics and Control of Energy Systems
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•Transport Energy and Emissions
•Energy Storage and Distribution
 We Wish You
Greater Success!
Learning is A Journey

Presented by:
Nik Mohd Izual Nik Ibrahim, Dr. Eng.
Phone:
+6 09 424 2712
Email:
izual@dhu.edu.my
nik@kyudai.jp