English - quarter one

 Speeches of politicians during elections are best examples of

Information persuasive speech because they persuade the voters to vote for them.
 An information is a knowledge obtained from investigation, study or
descriptive speech
instruction.
 Describes something, a person, a place, a phenomenon or simply how
 Information can be obtained through:
to do something.
News reports
Speeches argumentative speech
Panel discussions  Presents arguments about a certain issue letting the audience weigh
Informative talks and many others the advantages or disadvantages of something.
 Editorials in newspapers are examples of argumentative speech.
News
entertainment speech
 News will give us package of information and current events and
 Simply aims to entertain or to make the audience laugh.
moves through many different media:
 When you give a talk on birthday occasions trying to make
Word of mouth
everybody laugh, you are doing an entertainment speech.
Printed materials
Postal systems
Broadcasting Panel discussion
Electronic communication  Involves a group of people gathered to discuss a topic in front of an
audience.
Common topics for news report may be about war,  It may be in scientific, business or academic conferences, conventions,
politics, business, athletic events, quirky or unusual and on television shows.
events, doings of celebrities, government proclamations,
laws & taxes, public health and crimes.
Talk show or interview
 Is a method of data collection that involves two or more people
exchanging information through as a series of questions and answers.
speech
Thus, interviews are methods to use when you want to know the story
 A speech is a situation where there is only one speaker talking to a
behind responses.
group of listeners or audience with a message or purpose.
 The message depends on the purpose of the speaker. It may be to
inform, to persuade or convince, to describe to argue or to entertain
the audience.  Organize is a verb which means to make arrangement for something
 Other speeches are of combination of one or two purposes. to happen.
 Speeches are delivered either by reading on the manuscript,  Boundary is a noun which means an edge or limit of something.
memorized, impromptu or extemporaneously.  Illustrate is a verb which means to draw pictures or images for a
book or selection.
informative speech
 Adequate is a adjective which means enough or good enough for a
 Aims to inform the audience about something they don’t know. An particular purpose. Countable is an adjective which something that
informative speech on a dengue awareness program is an example. can be counted.
persuasive speech
CONTEXT CLUES
 Aims to persuade the audience to do something or to believe to what
the speaker says.  Context clues are the words in the sentence that help you figure out
the meaning of a difficult word that you do not know.
Textual aids Bar graphs
 Textual aids refer to non-textual elements that help readers  Bar graphs show data that are
understand the content of the text. They also refer to elements that independent from each other but are
stand-out from the main text such as titles and subtitles, bold, somehow still related. It uses either
italicized and underlined texts. vertical or horizontal bars to show
Non-textual elements the data it represents.
 Non-textual elements include illustrations, maps, tables, graphs, and But SkillsYouNeed.com (2020) emphasized that these bars do not touch
charts. each other. The height of the bar indicates the value it represents: the
 These aids have two main functions, namely: first, to direct the longer the bar, the higher the value it represents, the shorter the bar, the
readers’ attention to important ideas in the text and second, to lower the value it represents.
provide more information as a supplement to what is already written.
line graphs
 Line graphs are used to show how
Examples of textual aids numerical data have changed over
time and it is best used to show
trends (SkillsYouNeed.com, 2020;
titles and subtitles
Mind Tools Content Team, 2020).

 Titles and subtitles provide initial

idea on what the text is all about, pie graphs
thus activating what the readers
already know about the topic.  Pie graphs show “how a
whole is divided into different
According to Elite Editing (2015), these aids “represent the key concepts parts” (SkillsYouNeed.com,
(title) and supporting ideas (subtitles) in the paper”. The layering or 2020).
positioning of these aids convey the ideas’ level of importance and their
prominent text format distinguish the idea that they contain from the rest of
line graphs
the text.

illustration  Pictographs are “similar to bar

 An illustration is a visual chart but use pictures to
representation of a subject to symbolize a countable unit of
make it more pleasing and items” (Google Sites, n.d.).
easier to understand and to
facilitate better retention of the
information presented. tables
 A table shows information (facts
graphs
and figures) that are organized and
 A graph, on the other hand, is defined by Google Sites (n.d.) as a arranged in columns and rows.
“chart that shows the relationship between changing things”.  It is used to show patterns and
 There are four common types of graphs: bar graph, line graph, pie relationships that still appeals to the
graph, and pictograph. readers’ verbal system, meaning
tables are supposed to be read like a text (Nussbaumer, 2011).
 It is also used for “rapid access to and relatively easy comparison of
information” (McMurrey, 2017).
 McMurrey (2017) provided two important headings in making a
table: column headings are found on top of the columns and are used
to identify the contents of a specific column; row headings used to
define or identify the contents of a specific row.
maps
Maps are visual representations of selected characteristics of a place,
usually drawn on a flat surface. There are two different kinds of maps:
physical map
 Physical map usually includes labels for
features such as mountain ranges and bodies
of water.
political map
 Political map usually includes labels for
features such as cities and major towns,
units such as states or provinces, and
bodies of water. This map clearly shows
the boundaries between and among the
provinces of the region.
graphic organizers
 A graphic organizer visually represents ideas, concepts, and
relationships between various components.
 A graphic organizer helps you illustrate ideas and facts using
diagrams and symbols. It is also a great visual tool that helps
students and writers picture their thoughts before writing essays and
reports.
KWL chart
 A KWL chart is a graphic organizer
tool that lets students illustrate what
they know, what they want to know
and what they have learned. This
chart is very easy to use and
encourages students to track their
learning.
Venn Diagram
A Venn diagram shows the similarities and differences
between two or more items. The diagram is made up of
series of shapes, typically circles, with edges that overlap.
Double bubble map
 It is used to compare and contrast
things such as people, characters,
places and events. It helps learners
develop their logical thinking skills as
they organize similar data in one place
and contrast it with unique data.
Sequence diagram
 It depicts a series of events in a
simpler manner. It follows a
chronological order in which
one thing leads to another.
They are mostly used to draw historic events or explain how a task has to
be achieved. These diagrams are further divided as chain, ladder, or
cycle.
Spider maps
 It looks similar to a spider web.
It has a major concept listed
right at the center and numerous
branches. Although, they
resemble a mind map, they are
more focused on a single entity
and its classification.
concept map
 A concept map is a diagram
that shows the relationships
between different ideas. This
helps you understand how
they’re connected.
 Every concept map — whether it’s simple or complex — is made up of
two key elements:
o These are typically represented by circles, ovals, or
boxes and are called “nodes.”
o These are represented by arrows that connect the
concepts, and the arrows often include a connecting
word or verb (but they don’t have to). These arrows
are called “cross-links.”
  The main character may struggle:
Man vs Self
Man vs Man
Genuine is an adjective which means not fake or counterfeit;
Man vs Nature
original; real; authentic.
Man vs Supernatural
Befriend is a verb which means to become or act as a friend to
Man vs Society
someone.
Theme is a noun which means a subject or topic of discourse or of Plot
artistic representation.  Plot is a pattern of events that develop from the interactions between
Narrator is a noun which means the person who narrates or tells the characters.
story or something.  A plot is a series of events and character actions that relate to the
Voyage is a noun which means an act of traveling for a long time or central conflict.
journey.  There are five elements of plot:
Exposition
Rising Action
Character Climax
 A character is a person, or sometimes an animal, who takes part in Falling Action
the action of a short story or other literary work. Conclusion
 Characters and how we get to know them:
Through the author’s physical description of them
Through their actions
Through their words (dialogue)
Through their inner thoughts
Through what other characters say and think about them

Setting
 Setting is the time and place that a story occurs.
 Authors often use descriptions of landscape, scenery, buildings,
seasons or weather to provide a strong sense of setting.
Theme
 Theme is the meaning behind events and characters’ actions in a
story.
 The theme is the central idea, message, or purpose in a short story.
 A theme can be expressed as a general statement about people or life.
 It is NOT plot summary.
 It can be either directly or indirectly stated by the author. Most
likely indirectly.
Exposition
 The start or introduction of the story.
 The background information that the reader must have in order
to understand the story.
 This is where characters and setting are introduced.
Rising Action
 All of the events that take place leading up to the climax.
 This is where the reader is introduced to the conflict.

Conflict Climax
 Conflict is any of the problems that a character encounters in a story.
 The conflict is a struggle between two people or things in a short  The most exciting part of the story.

story.  The turning point in the story.

 The main character is on one side of the main conflict.  Here the story is turned in a different direction, toward the

 Conflicts can be: conclusion.

External – conflict with others and with nature

Falling Action
Internal – conflict within themselves
 The immediate reaction to the climax.
 All the actions that occur after the climax and before the conclusion
of the story.
Resolution
 The conclusion of the plot.
 Loose ends are tied up.
 There might not be a clear resolution. This is called a cliffhanger
ending.
Vary is a verb which means to be different or become different
Shallow is an adjective which means having little depth
Primary is an adjective which means most important or essential
Opinion is a noun which means a belief, judgment or what someone
thinks about a particular thing
Gauge is a verb which means to measure something exactly
Relevant is an adjective which means relating to a subject in an
appropriate way
Accurate is an adjective which means free from mistakes or errors
Bias is a noun which means a tendency to believe that some people,
ideas, etc. are better than others.
Scholarly is an adjective which means concerned with formal study
or research
Contemporaneous is an adjective which means existing or happening
at the same time period.
PRINTED VS WEB SOURCES
Compare means to determine the similarities, and contrast means to
determine the differences.
print source
 Material that has been printed and can be produced in a hard
copy.
 Examples of print sources are books, magazines, scholarly journals,
and newspapers. These materials are commonly found in a
physical library when doing academic research.
 They generally have been through some type of critical review
process that prevents poor material from reaching the library
shelves.
CRAAP test
 CRAAP test, developed by the Meriam Library at California
State University, Chico. analyzing the C.R.A.A.P (currency,
relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose) in a print source can
help you determine its credibility and suitability.
Currency
 Currency is the timeliness of the information
 The date information was published or produced tells you how
current it is or how contemporaneous it is with the topic you are
researching.
 There are two facets to the issue of currency:
Is the information the most recent version?
Is the information the original research, description, or
account?
 The question of most recent version of information versus an
original or primary version can be a critical one.
 Key indicators of the currency of the information are:
date of copyright
date of publication
date of revision or edition
dates of sources cited
date of patent or trademark
Relevance
 Relevance is the importance of the information for your needs
 Information sources with broad, shallow coverage mean that
you need to find other sources of information to obtain adequate
details about your topic.
 Some questions to consider are:
Does the information relate to my topic or answer my
question?
Who is the intended audience?
Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e., not too
simple or advanced) for my needs?
Did I look at a variety of sources before deciding to use
this one?
Would I be comfortable using this source for my college
research paper?
Authority
 Authority: source of information
 Determining the knowledge and expertise of the author of
information is an important aspect of evaluating the reliability of
information.
  Anyone can make an assertion or a statement about something,
event, or idea, but only someone who knows or understands
what that thing, event, or idea is can make
Key Question: How does this source contribute to my
research paper?
Key Question: Is the person, organization, or institution
responsible for the intellectual content of the information
knowledgeable in that subject?
Key Question: When was the item of information published
or produced?
• a reasonably reliable statement or assertion about it.
Some external indications of knowledge of or
expertise are:
• a formal academic degree in a subject area
• professional or work-related experience–businessmen,
government agency personnel, sports figures, etc.
have expertise on their area of work
• organizations, agencies, institutions, corporations with
active involvement or work in a subject area.
Accuracy
 Accuracy: reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the
information.
 The more an idea, opinion, or other piece of information varies
from the accepted point of view on a particular topic, the
harder it is to establish its accuracy. It may be completely
accurate but corroborating it is both more necessary and more
difficult.
An important aspect of accuracy is the intellectual integrity
of the item.
Are the sources appropriately cited in the text and listed in
the references?
Are quotations cited correctly and in context? Out of
context quotations can be misleading and sometimes
completely erroneous.
Are there exaggerations, omissions, or errors? These are
difficulty to identify if you use only one source of
information.
 Always use several different sources of information on your
topic. Analyzing what different sources say about a topic is one
way to understand that topic.
Purpose
 Purpose: reason the information exists
 The intended audience of an item generally determines the style
of presentation, the level of technical detail, and the depth of
coverage. You should also consider the author’s objectivity.
Are they trying to persuade, to inform, or to entertain?
Determining the intended audience of a particular piece of
information will help you decide whether or not the
information will be too basic, too technical, too general, or
just right for your needs.
WEB SOURCES
 Web sources include anything you can find on the Internet,
which contains a wealth of high-quality information if you know
where to look.
 Some web sources are databases of scholarly articles.
Scholarly articles
 Scholarly articles are published in scholarly journals and are
sometimes called peer-reviewed articles. Scholarly journals
specialize in publishing technical and research-oriented articles
and are mostly intended for students and other scholars.
 They are often reviewed by peers in the field in order to ensure
that the article is relevant and accurate.
 Scholarly articles are a full-length document on original
research, and sources of high-valuable information.
 They are written by an expert, for other experts, with new
information and research results in some fields.
 The authors are scholars or researchers with advanced degrees
and/or credentials, like Ph.D. or M.D. and known affiliations.
There is little quality control over the information you find, and
anyone with access to the Internet can publish online. This makes it
difficult to avoid bias or inaccuracies. It can also be hard to locate
authors and references.
Because of these concerns, you cannot assume that information on the
web is accurate. Each web page must be critically examined. When
looking for sources–particularly websites–think about whether or not
they are reliable.
There are some other things you may want to
consider when investigating a website:
  Active process of understanding information through receiving
and responding.

1) Receiving
2) Understanding
3) Evaluating
Author 4) Remembering
Who is providing the information? 5) Responding
What do you know about him/her and his/her
credentials?
Is he/she an expert? Appreciative
 Key Question: Who is this information written for or why was  Listening for enjoyment.
the information published?  Example: listening to music

Emphatic
Key Question: How free from error is this piece of information?
Can you find out more and contact him/her?  Listening to show mutual concern.
Search for author or publisher in search engine. Has
the author written several publications on the topic?
Comprehensive
 Listening to comprehend/understand
Does the author support the information with works
 Also known as active listening
cited or links to other sources?
Analytical/Critical Listening
Publisher  Listening to evaluate.
Is there a sponsor or affiliation?
 Evaluates a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting
Who is linking to the page?
 Challenges the speaker’s message by evaluating.
Do they take responsibility for the content?
Is the site personal, commercial, governmental,
organizational, or educational? (.com, .gov, .org, Tips to be a good listener
.edu) 1) Withhold judgement
2) Talk and interrupt less
Citations 3) Ask questions
Copy and paste a sentence into Google to see if the
4) Paraphrase
text can be found elsewhere.
5) Attend to non-verbal cues
Are there links to related sites? Are they organized?
6) Take notes
Are there citations or a bibliography provided?
7) Analyze the speaker’s evidence
Purpose
8) Examine emotional appeals
Is the purpose of the website to inform or to spread
an agenda?
Why did they write the article?

Currency
When was the source last updated?
Does the source even have a date?