MARVEL INTERNSHIP PROGRAME

TUTORIAL NO 3 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

NAME:……………………………………………… DATE:………………………

LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

INTRODUCTION:
Before designing any structural elements such as beam and columns one has to determine the
various natural and man-made loads acting on them.

Various loads expected to act on a structure may be classified as given below:

a. Dead loads (DL)
b. Imposed loads (IL)
c. Wind loads (WL)
d. Earthquake loads (EL)
e. Erection loads (ER)
f. Accidental loads (AL)
g. Secondary effects.

(a) Dead loads:

Dead loads included the weight of all permanent construction.
Refer code IS 875 (part1)

(b) Imposed loads:

IS 800-2007 groups the following loads are imposed loads:
 Live load - Refer code IS 875 (part 2)-1987.
 Crane load - The load may be taken as per manufacturers / suppliers data.
 Snow load - Refer code IS 875 (part 4)
 Dust load
 Hydrostatic and earth pressure - Refer code IS 875 (part 5)
 Impact load
 Horizontal loads on parapets and balustrades.

(c) Wind loads:

The force exerted by horizontal components of wind to be considered in the design of buildings.
The wind forces depend upon the velocity of wind, shape, size and location of building. Refer code IS
875 (part 3).
I. Design wind velocity Vz

Vz = k1 K2 k3 Vb

II. The basic wind pressure Vb depending upon the location of the structure.

III. The design wind pressure

Pz =0.6 Vz2
(d) Earthquake loads:
Earthquake shocks causes movement of foundation of structure.
One of the following two methods may be used for computing seismic forces:
I. Seismic coefficient method.
II. Response spectrum method.

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The detail of these method are presented in IS: 1893 and also in National Building code of India.

(e) Erection loads:

During erection, storage of materials, equipment and impact of hoisting equipment cause
special loads. Dead load, wind load, and imposed live load during erections shall be considered along
with the special erection loads.

(f) Accidental loads:

IS 875 (part 5) suggests certain guidelines to take care of all accidental loads on the
structure:
I. Impact and collision
II. Explosion
III. Fire

(g) Secondary loads:

The following types of secondary effects should be looked into the design:
I. Differential settlement of foundations
II. Differential shorting of columns
III. Eccentric connections
IV. Rigidity of joints differing from design assumption.

Load combinations:
A general expression for the effect of combination of action (loads) effect is given by
(Eurocode 3-1993).
Load effect = γG, j Gk, j + γQ,1 Qk,1 + ∑ Q,i Ψ0,i Qk,i
Where
Gk,j are the characteristic value of permanent action
Qk, 1 is the characteristic value of one of the variable actions
Qk,i are the characteristic value of other variable actions,
γG, j are the partial safety factor for the permanent action
Gk,j , γQ,i are the partial safety factor for the permanent action
Ψ0,i Qk,i are factor that are derived statistically using the theory of probability

For accidental design situations,

Load effect = ∑ GA, j Gk, j +Ad + Ψ1, Qk,1 + ∑ Ψ2,i Qk,i

Where
Ad are the design values for accidental design situation
γGA, j are partial safety factors for permanent action along with accident design situation.

IS code gives values for partial safety factor for various load combinations

S.NO LOAD COMBINATIONS

1 1.5 (DL+IL)+1.05(CL or SL)
2 1.2 (DL+IL)+1.05(CL or SL) ±0.6(WL or EL)
3 1.2 (DL+IL ±WL or EL)+0.53 (CL or SL)
4 1.5 (DL ±WL or EL)
5 0.9DL ± 1.5 (WL or EL)
6 1.2 (DL+ER)
7 0.9DL+1.2ER
8 DL+0.35 (IL+CL or SL)+AL
`
Where
DL = dead load, IL = imposed load (live load), WL = wind load, SL = snow load, CL = crane
load (vertical/horizontal), AL = accidental load, ER = erection load, and EL = earthquake load.

All the best!

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QUESTIONS:

1. On what parameters do we include Factor of Safety in Limit States design?

a) Loads alone b) Material alone c) Both loads and materials d) none.

2. Pressure load acts on a rectangle ABCD. If the total pressure load is to be accumulated as
a UDL on AB - then multiply the pressure by length of
(a) AB (b) BC (c) CD (d) DA

3. Live load

a. Varies in magnitude
b. Varies in position
c. Is expressed as uniformly distributed load
d. All the above

4. The Indian standard code which deals imposed load

a. IS 875 (part 1)
b. IS 800
c. IS 875 (part 3)
d. IS 875 (part 2)

5. For Dead Load↓, Live Load↓, Wind Load↑ combination for maximum wind uplift, the load factors
according to IS:800(2007) is

(a) 0.9DL+1.2LL+1.2WL (b) 1.2DL+1.5LL+1.5WL

(c) 1.5DL+1.5LL+1.0WL (d) 0.9DL+0.0 LL+1.2WL

6. An industrial building of plan 1000mmx5000mm is to be constructed as shown in Fig-1 and

building is situated in an industrial in Chennai. Find design wind pressure on wall of the building.
Bay spicing =2500mm

Fig-1

All the best!

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All the best!

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7. A staircase plan 5190mmx1200mm as shown in Fig-2 and Find the point load on A,B,C,D

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Page 6 of 7 Tutorial 3 : Loads and Load Combination

8. Below is a standard input sheet for a Pre-Engineered building from the Client. Based on the
inputs provided, calculate the major loads on a single intermediate frame (excluding selfweight
of frame) of the PEB building.

PROJECT INPUTS

PROJECT NO: XXX

PROJECT: SAMPLE 1
CLIENT: XXX
CONTRACTOR: ABC
Document No: XXX-000 Revision 0 Date:
S.R.No Description Inputs/Quantity Remarks
1 Design code Indian LSD
2 Specific load if any None
3 Site location Chennai
4 Building use Warehouse
5 Building type PEB
6 Type of steel sections Welded Plate grade: 350
7 Width of Building 40m
8 Length of Building 70m
9 Clear Span 40m
10 Clear Height 6m To be maintained
11 Eave Height 7m May change as
per design
12 Sidewall bay bracing Braced As per design
13 Bay spacing 7m Equal spacing
14 Gable End wall column spacing 5m Minimum 5m (for
opening)
15 Roof slope 1:10
16 Roof sheeting 0.5mm Colour Unit weight:
coated 5 kg/m2
Galvalume
17 Wall Cladding sheet 0.5mm Colour Unit weight:
coated 5 kg/m2
Galvalume
18 False Ceiling Yes Unit weight:
5 kg/m2
19 HVAC Ducts Yes Unit weight:
20 kg/m2
20 FEW wall condition Fully cladded
21 BEW wall condition Fully cladded
22 RSW wall condition Fully cladded
23 LSW wall condition Fully cladded
24 Brick Wall Height 3m
25 Framed openings 8 no.s 2 each on all 4
sides
26 Canopy NA
27 Fascia NA
28 Sky light NA
29 Turbo vents Yes 4 per bay

All the best!

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30 Ridge vents/Roof Monitor NA

31 Insulation NA
32 Mezzanine systems NA
33 Stair case NA
34 Cadge ladder NA
35 Crane system NA
36 Lean-to-building NA
37 Internal partition wall NA
SPECIAL NOTES :-
1
2
3

All the best!