KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Introduction: Pavements

MATERIALS FOR  Highway pavement is a structure consisting of

___________________of processed materials above the
natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute

PAVEMENT the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade.

 The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of
___________________, _________________,
KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials __________________, and ______________________. The
ultimate aim is to ensure that the
Ron Aldrino Chan @ Ron Buking
_____________________________________, so that they will
not exceed bearing capacity of the subgrade.
 Depending upon the type of highway pavement for highway
construction. Two types of pavements are generally recognized
as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid
pavements.

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REQUIREMENTS OF A PAVEMENT
 An ideal pavement should meet the following requirements:
❖ __________________to __________________to a safe value on the
sub-grade soil,
❖ _________________ to withstand all types of stresses imposed
upon it,
❖ _________________to prevent skidding of vehicles,
❖ _________________to provide comfort to road users even at high
speed,
❖ Produce _________________from moving vehicles,
❖ ___________________so that tract safety is not impaired by
reducing visibility,
❖ __________________, so that sub-grade soil is well protected, and
❖ _______________________ with low maintenance cost.

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Pavement Comparison

 Heavy vehicles ___________________on rigid pavements

⚫ Rigid pavements more economic when considering

environmental / life-cycle costing

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Prepared/Edited by: Ron Aldrino 1

KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Load
Distributions Nature of Unbound granular materials
 Unbound granular materials are __________________
which __________________or ___________ when laid
and compacted. Example:
❖ Sand and gravel
❖ __________________

❖ __________________
❖ Broad category of coarse particulate materials used in road
and related construction

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Why so important? Pavement Materials

 Necessary to understand the ____________ of the  ________________
materials individually and in combination with other  Aggregates (Natural, Artificial)
materials  ________________________________
 Characterization of materials – _____________  Modified Bituminous Binder (Polymer, Rubber)
• To classify / Grade  ________________________________
• To obtain necessary inputs for design of new pavement  Cement and Cement Concrete (Plain, RCC, PSC)
• To obtain inputs regarding the condition of materials in an  ________________________________
existing pavement  Recycled Materials
• To ensure proper quality during construction

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Properties of Pavement Materials Parameters

 Pavement materials properties are evaluated by Parameters to be considered for Characterization of
✓ Conducting laboratory tests on representative samples
Pavement materials properties are
✓ ______________________ ❖ Loads
✓ ______________________ Stationery/moving, heavy/light, application mode (normal
& shear, Impact)
❖ ______________________
The __________________to be considered
______________________to the design approach adopted __________________________________
The properties should also ________________________of ❖ ______________________
pavement structure __________________________________

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KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Material Behavior
 Fundamental material behavior is characterized
usually in terms of
❖ _______________________ Part 2: Pavement Materials
❖ Ability of material to recover after release of load Soil
❖ ______________________
❖ ______________________

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Pavement Materials Pavement Materials - Soil

 Pavements are a collection of materials. These materials,
their associated properties, and their interactions
determine the properties of the resultant pavement.
 Good understanding of these materials, how they are
_________________, and how they ______________ is
fundamental to understanding pavement.
 Soil is an _______________ or ______________________,
derived naturally from the _________________ of rocks or
decay of vegetation, that can be ______________ readily with
power equipment in the field or disintegrated by gentle
mechanical means in the laboratory.
 The supporting soil beneath pavement and its special under
courses is called ______________.
 Undisturbed soil beneath the pavement is called
________________________.
 ______________________is the soil compacted by controlled
movement of heavy compactors.

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Pavement Materials - Soil

Soils are used in
❖ Subgrade
❖ _________________
❖ _________________
Compacted soil and stabilized soil are often
used in ___________ or ______________

Soil Classification Soil Formation

Long Lama and Pan Borneo Project 2019

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KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Pavement Materials - Soil Pavement Materials - Soil

 Significance of subgrade soil
Desirable Properties
❖ Primary function is to provide __________________ to the pavement
❖ Poor subgrade condition leads to ❖ Stability
__________________ Black top pavements
❖ _______________________
__________________ or bituminous layer
__________________ ❖ Permanency of strength
__________________
❖ _______________________
______________________ Cement concrete
❖ Good drainage
______________________ pavements
❖ _______________________

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Pavement Materials - Soil Pavement Materials - Soil

 Sub grade soil is an _________________of the road pavement  Evaluation of Properties
structure as it provides the support to the pavement from
beneath. ❖ Index Properties
 The sub grade soil and its properties are important in the ❑ ____________________
design of pavement structure.
❑ ____________________
 The main function of the sub grade is to
_______________________to the pavement and for this the ❖ Strength
sub grade should possess __________________under adverse
climatic and loading conditions. ❑ __________________
 Therefore, it is very essential to evaluate the sub grade by ❑ __________________
______________________. ❑ __________________

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Pavement Materials - Soil Testing on Soil - CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)
 A subgrade characteristics mainly depends on the following
three factors such as:  California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was developed by the
 ___________________: The subgrade resists loads which are transmitted from the California Division of Highway as a ________________and
pavement structure. Various factors such as degree of compaction, moisture __________________ soil-sub grade and base course
content, and nature of soil affect the load bearing capacity of soil. A subgrade materials for flexible pavements.
without excessive deformation sustain heavy loading is considered good.
 __________________: Properties such as load bearing capacity, shrinkage and
 CBR test, an ___________________, has been used to
swelling etc. are mostly affected by the variation of moisture content. Various determine the material properties for pavement design.
things such as drainage, groundwater table elevation, infiltration, or pavement ___________________measure the strength of the material
porosity etc. Influence the moisture content. Highly wet subgrades deform more and are not a true representation of the resilient modulus.
under loading
 ___________________: ____________________mainly depends on moisture
content. Additionally, in frost conditions (in northern climate) soils with excessive
fine content may be susceptible to frost heave. Shrinkage, swelling and frost heave
are the factors whose tendency is to deform and crack any pavement structure
construed over them.

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Prepared/Edited by: Ron Aldrino 4

KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Testing on Soil - CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR) Testing on Soil - CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)

 CBR is a __________________for evaluation of the

mechanical strength of natural ground, subgrades and
basecourses beneath new carriageway construction.
 The CBR is a _______________________of a material to
penetration of standard plunger under _______________and
_______________. The test procedure should be strictly
adhered if high degree of reproducibility is desired.
 The CBR test may be conducted in _____________ or
______________________in the laboratory.
 The test is simple and has been extensively investigated for
field correlations of flexible pavement thickness requirement.

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Testing on Soil - PLATE BEARING TEST Testing on Soil - PLATE BEARING TEST
 Plate bearing test is used to _______________________of sub-
grades, bases and in some cases, complete pavement.
 Data from the tests are applicable for the design of both flexible
and rigid pavements.
 In plate bearing test, a ___________________is applied to the
soil or pavement layer through rigid plates relatively large size
and the deflections are measured for various stress values.
 The plate-bearing test has been devised to evaluate the
supporting power of sub grades or any other pavement layer by
using _______________________.
 The plate-bearing test was originally meant to find the modulus of
sub grade reaction in the Westergaard's analysis for wheel load
stresses in cement concrete pavements.

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Pavement Materials - Aggregates

 Aggregate plays an important role in pavement construction.
 Aggregates influence, to a great extent, the
________________________ of pavements.
Part 3: Pavement Materials  Aggregate is a collective term for the mineral materials such as
sand, gravel, and crushed stone that are used with a
_________________ (such as water, bitumen, Portland cement,
Aggregates lime, etc.) to __________________________(such as bituminous
concrete and Portland cement concrete)
 By volume, aggregate generally accounts for
_________________________________ and about 70 to 80
percent of Portland cement concrete.
 Aggregate is also used for base and sub-base courses for both
flexible and rigid pavements.
 Aggregates can either be __________ or ________________.

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KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials
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Aggregates - DESIRABLE PROPERTIES
➢ Toughness
❖ ________________________is termed as toughness.
Aggregates used in the pavement should be able to resist the
effect caused by the jumping of the steel tyred wheels from one
particle to another at different levels causes severe impact on
the aggregates.
➢ Shape of aggregates
❖ Aggregates which happen to fall in a particular size range may
have rounded, cubical, angular, flaky or elongated particles. It
is evident that the
___________________________________________when
compared with cubical, angular or rounded particles of the
same aggregate. Hence too flaky and too much elongated
aggregates should be avoided as far as possible.
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Aggregates – Grading and size
➢ The _________________distribution, or gradation, of an
aggregate is one of the most influential aggregate
characteristics in determining _________________as a
pavement material.
➢ In __________________(HMA), gradation helps determine
almost every important property including ___________,
stability, durability, ______________, ___________,
___________________, ___________________and
moisture susceptibility.
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Prepared/Edited by: Ron Aldrino
Semester 1
Aggregates - DESIRABLE PROPERTIES
➢ Strength
❖ The aggregates used in top layers are subjected to (i) Stress action due
to traffic wheel load, (ii) Wear and tear, (iii) crushing. For a high
quality pavement, the aggregates should posses
________________________, and to
_______________________________________.
➢ Hardness
❖ The aggregates used in the surface course are subjected to constant
rubbing or abrasion due to moving traffic. The aggregates should be
hard enough to ___________________caused by the movements of
traffic. The abrasive action is severe when steel tyred vehicles moves
over the aggregates exposed at the top surface.
❖ Continuous wear and tear under the wheels of vehicles – __________
❖ Rubbed with each other due to application of traffic load - _________
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Aggregates - DESIRABLE PROPERTIES
➢ Adhesion with bitumen
❖ The aggregates used in bituminous pavements should have
__________________________ when compared with
bituminous materials, otherwise the bituminous coating on the
aggregate will be stripped in presence of water.
➢ Durability
❖ The property of aggregates to _________________________
is called _________________.
❖ The aggregates are subjected to the ___________________ of
rain and bottom water, impurities there-in and that of
atmosphere, hence it is desirable that the road aggregates used
in the construction should be sound enough to withstand the
weathering action.
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Testing on Aggregate - Crushing test
 One of the model in which pavement material can fail is by
crushing under compressive stress.
 The aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure of
resistance to crushing under gradually applied crushing load.
 _______________-Testing aggregates - Part 110: Methods
for determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV)
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KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Testing on Aggregate - Abrasion test

Testing on Aggregate - Abrasion test
 Abrasion test is carried out to test the _______________of
aggregates and to decide whether they are suitable for different
pavement construction works.
 The principle of _____________________test is to find the
percentage wear due to relative rubbing action between the
aggregate and steel balls used as abrasive charge.
 This test has been widely used as an indicator of the
______________ or _____________ of various sources of
aggregate having ___________________. The results do not
automatically permit valid comparisons to be made between sources
distinctly different in origin, composition, or structure.
 __________________- Standard Test Method for Resistance to
Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact
in the Los Angeles Machine

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Testing on Aggregate - Impact test Testing on Aggregate - Impact test

 The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the

________________of aggregates.
 Aggregates to be used for wearing course, the impact value
shouldn't exceed ______________.
 _______________-Testing aggregates - Part _______:
Methods for determination of aggregate impact value (AIV)

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Testing on Aggregate - Soundness test Testing on Aggregate - Soundness test

 Soundness test is intended to study the _______________

to _______________, by conducting accelerated
weathering test cycles.
 The _____________________subjected to freezing and
thawing are likely to disintegrate prematurely.
 To ascertain the durability of such aggregates, they are
subjected to an accelerated soundness
 _____________________-Testing aggregates — Part 121:
Method for determination of soundness

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KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Testing on Aggregate - Shape test

Testing on Aggregate - Shape test

 The particle shape of the aggregate mass is determined by the

percentage of __________ and ___________ particles in it.
 Aggregates which are flaky or elongated are detrimental to
_________________and ___________ of mixes.
 The ______________is defined as the percentage by weight
of aggregate particles whose least dimension is less than 0.6 Length gauge – Elongation Flakiness
times their mean size.
 _________________: Testing aggregates - Part 105: Methods
for determination of particle shape -
_____________Flakiness index
 _________________: Testing aggregates - Part 105: Methods
for determination of particle shape -
_____________Elongation index of coarse aggregate

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Testing on Aggregate – Testing on Aggregate –

Specific Gravity and water absorption Specific Gravity and water absorption

 The specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates are  _______________: The difference between the apparent and
important properties that are required for the ___________ of bulk specific gravities is nothing but the water permeable voids
concrete and bituminous mixes.
of the aggregates.
 Specific gravity is the
_____________________________________. In addition, the  We can measure the volume of such voids by weighing the
test measures impermeability of aggregate particles (water aggregates dry and in a _________________dry condition,
absorption). with all permeable voids filled with water.
 It is a useful data for computing the _____________and _______ in
 The difference of the above two is MW.
different mixes (especially concrete and asphalt).
 _____________- Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density  MW is the weight of dry aggregates minus weight of aggregates saturated
(Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. surface dry condition. Thus,
 _____________- Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density _________________= (MW/MD)*100
(Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
 British Standard test for the apparent specific gravity and absorption
of coarse aggregate (_______________).

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Testing on Aggregate – Specific Gravity Test Testing on Aggregate – Polishing Test

 This is the most important test to be performed on aggregates

prior to be approved and used as road surface course material.
 The Polished Stone Value (PSV) Testing of aggregates measures
its ____________________________of vehicle tires.
 If aggregates were highly polished under the polishing effect of
vehicle tires, as a result the road surface will become
__________. Such scenario especially when the road surface is
_____ can lead towards skidding related accident cases.

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KNS 1042 Civil Engineering Materials Semester 1

Testing on Aggregate – Polishing Test

Testing on Aggregate - Polishing test

 The ______________________components are mainly made

of aggregate particles, where its polishing property is an
important criterion for determining the road surface
________________________.
 However the actual relationship between the Polished Stone
Value (PSV) and skid resistance of the road surface is also
dependent on the ______________, the type of
_______________ used and other factors.
 _____________________Testing aggregates. Method for
determination of the polished-stone value

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Table on Characteristics and Tests of Aggregate

Summary
 Highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed
layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade,
whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle
loads to the sub-grade.
 The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of
acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favourable light
reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution. The ultimate aim
is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are
sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of
the subgrade.
 Necessary to understand the behavior of the materials
individually and in combination with other materials

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Summary
 Pavement materials properties are evaluated by
✓ Conducting laboratory tests on representative samples
✓ Field Evaluation
✓ Estimation

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Prepared/Edited by: Ron Aldrino 9