Lesson 1:

FUNCTIONS
Functions vs. Relations
Relation
◎ A rule that relates values from a set
values (called the domain) to a second
set of values (called the range).
◎ A set of ordered pairs (x, y).
Function
◎ A relation which each element in the
domain is related to only one value in
the range by some rule.
Function
◎ A set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no
two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values.
◎ Using functional notation, we can write
f(x) = y (“f of x is equal to y”).
Example 1: Which of the following
relations are functions?

◎ f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 5), (5, 7)}

◎ g = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)}
◎ h = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), … , (n, 3n)…}

Answer: The relations f and h are functions.

Example 2: Which of the following mapping
diagrams represent functions?

Answer: The relations f and g are functions.

Vertical Line Test
◎ A graph represents a function if
each vertical line intersects the
graph at most once.
Example 3: Which of the following
can be graphs of functions?

Answer: Function
Answer: Not a function (relation)
Answer: Function
Answer: Not a function (relation)
Domain
◎ The domain of a relation is the set
of all possible values that the
variable x can take.
 Functions as
Representations of Real-
Life Situations
Example 5: Give a function
C that can represent the cost
of buying x meals, if one
meal costs P40.

Answer: C(x) = 40x

Piecewise Functions
Piecewise Function
A function that is defined on a
sequence of intervals.
Example 1: A user is charged P300
monthly for a particular mobile plan,
which includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 100 are charged
P1 each. Represent the monthly cost
for text messaging using the function
t(m), where m is the number of text
messages sent in a month.
Answer:

300 , if 0 ˂ m ≤ 100
t(m) =
300 + (m – 100) , if m > 100
A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular
mobile plan, which includes 100 free text
messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged
P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text
messaging using the function t(m), where m is
the number of text messages sent in a month.
Example 2: A tricycle ride costs
P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and
each additional kilometer adds
P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise
function F(d) to represent the
tricycle fare in terms of the distance
(d) in kilometers.
Answer:

8.00 , if 0 ˂ d ≤ 4
F(d) =
8.00 + 1.5(𝒅 − 𝟒) , if d > 4
A tricycle ride costs P8.00 for the first 4
kilometers, and each additional kilometer adds
P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function F(d)
to represent the tricycle fare in terms of the
distance (d) in kilometers.
Example 3: A computer shop charges
20 pesos per hour (or a fraction of an
hour) for the first two hours and an
additional 10 pesos per hour for each
succeeding hour. Represent your
computer rental fee using the function
R(t) where t is the number of hours
you spent on the computer
Answer:

20 , if 0 ˂ t ≤ 2
R(t) =
20 + 10(𝒕 − 𝟐) , if t > 2
 Lesson 3:
OPERATIONS
ON FUNCTIONS
 Definition:
Let f and g be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the
function denoted by (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x).
2. Their difference, denoted by f - g, is the
function denoted by (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x).
 Definition:

3. Their product, denoted by f · g, is the

function denoted by (f · g)(x) = f(x) · g(x).
4. Their quotient, denoted by f/g, is the
function denoted by (f /g)(x) = f(x)/g(x).
Use the following functions
𝑥−1
below for Example 1. ◎ j(x) =
𝑥+1
◎ f(x) = x + 3
3𝑥
2 ◎ q(x) =
◎ h(x) = 𝑥 −9 𝑥+1

◎ g(x) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 ◎ p(x) = 2x − 7
◎ v(x) = 𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 20 ◎ n(x) = x + 4
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(f + h)(x) = f(x) + h(x)
=x+3+𝑥 −9 2

=𝑥 +x−6
2
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(p + g)(x) = p(x) + g(x)
= 2x − 7 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8
2

= 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 15
2
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(q + f)(x) = q(x) + f(x)
3𝑥
= +x+3
𝑥+1
2
𝑥 +7𝑥+3
=
𝑥+1
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(p + j)(x) = p(x) + j(x)
𝑥−1
= 2𝑥 − 7 +
𝑥+1
2
2𝑥 −4𝑥−8
=
𝑥+1
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(v − f)(x) = v(x) − f(x)
= 𝑥 +9𝑥 + 20 − (x + 3)
2

= 𝑥 +9𝑥 + 20 − x − 3
2

2
= 𝑥 +8𝑥 + 17
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(v − g)(x) = v(x) − g(x)
= 𝑥 +9𝑥 + 20 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8
2 2
2 2
= 𝑥 +9𝑥 + 20 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 8
= 7𝑥 + 28
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(q − j)(x) = q(x) − j(x)
3𝑥 𝑥−1 3𝑥− 𝑥−1 3𝑥−𝑥+1
= − = =
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1

2𝑥+1
=
𝑥+1
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(f · p)(x) = f(x)· p(x)
= (x + 3)(2x − 7)
= 2𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 21
2
2
=2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 21
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(h · n)(x) = h(x)· n(x)
= (𝑥 − 9)(x + 4)
2

= 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 9𝑥 − 36
3 2
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(q · j)(x) = q(x) · j(x)
3𝑥 𝑥−1 3𝑥 𝑥−1
= · =
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥+1)
3x2 −3x
= 2
𝑥 +2𝑥+1
Additional functions:
◎ r(x) = 2𝑥
◎ w(x) = 𝑥 − 8𝑥
2

◎ m(x) = 6𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
◎ y(x) = 24𝑥 4
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(w/r)(x) = w(x) / r(x)
2
𝑥 −8𝑥 𝑥(𝑥−8) 𝑥−8
= = =
2𝑥 2𝑥 2
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(r/m)(x) = r(x) / m(x)
2𝑥 2𝑥 1
= = =
6𝑥 2 −14𝑥 2𝑥(3𝑥−7) 3𝑥−7
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(p/n)(x) = p(x) / n(x)
2𝑥−7
=
𝑥+4
Example 1: Determine the following
functions.
(q/j)(x) = q(x) / j(x)
3𝑥 𝑥−1 3𝑥 𝑥+1
= ÷ =
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥−1
3𝑥
=
𝑥−1
Composite Functions
- Denoted by 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is defined by
𝑓 ○ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )

- The process of obtaining a composite

function is called function composition.
Use the following functions
below for the next examples.
◎ f(x) = 2x + 1 ◎ h(x) = 3𝑥
◎ q(x) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 ◎ r(x) = 𝑥 − 2
◎ g(x) = 𝑥 + 1
2𝑥+1
◎ p(x) =
𝑥−1
Example: Find and simplify
(f ○ h)(x).

f(h(x)) = 6𝑥 + 1
Example: Find and simplify
(h ○ f)(x).

h(f(x)) = 6𝑥 + 3
Example: Find and simplify
(f ○ f)(x).

f(f(x)) = 4𝑥 + 2
Example: Find and simplify
(g ○ f)(x).

g(f(x)) = 2𝑥 + 2
Example: Find and simplify
(p ○ f)(x).

4𝑥 + 3
p(f(x)) =
2𝑥
Example: Find and simplify
(h ○ r)(3).

h(r(x)) = 3
Example: Find and simplify
(g ○ h)(8).

g(h(x)) = ±5