POST GRADUATE COLLEGE OF NURSING,CHRI,GWALIOR

A PRESENTATION ON HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING PROFESION

(ADVANCE NURSING PRACTICE)
SUBMITTED BY: Ms. DOLLY DOMINIC M.Sc.Nursing ( previous ) 2010-2011

SUBMITTED TO: Ms. SUNITA TOMAR Associate Professor P.G.College of Nursing, Gwalior

OBJECTIVES: y To discuss the historical development of nursing from ancient times to the present. y Toanalyze the contribution of selected nurses and the nursing profession to society from ahistorical perspective. INTRODCTION: Nursing has existed through out the history of human mankind. Just as human history has shown tremendous progress over the centuries, so has nursing evolved from the art of comforting, caring for and nurturing the sick to a synthesis of this art with the science and technology of contemporary thinking. THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY OF NURSING PROFESSION  To appreciate the development of the discipline and profession.  To honor the leaders and carry forward best of values and traditions.  It contributes to professional identity.  To convey to the new nurses a knowledge and value of the past.  It helps to make use of the past experiences and lessons learned to create the future.  It helps to take decisions on the basis of mistakes and success of the past.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:

mother caring infant

slave woman, midwives & wet nurse

DARK AGE OF NURSING

conflict between health & religious beliefs

REBIRTH IN NURSING
crimean war, industrial revolution, military nursing, nursing institutions, advancement in nursing

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION NURSING IN PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES: During this period individuals provided care or cure based on experience or verbal transmission of available knowledge about health and illness. In this period the term nurse was derived from or was used for the mother who gave care to the helpless infant. NURSING IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION: y Midwives were known to provide care for the mother and infant during birth and also they were known as wet nurses. These were the women who worked as slaves in rich families and thus looked after the infants who were born to wealthy y In the Babylonian civilization [2000BC] there were no specific written records about the existence of nursing but the medical illustrations depicted figures providing care to the sick and dying. y The ancient Hebrew culture contributed to the Mosaic Health Code. Nurses are occasionally mentioned in the bible as women who provided care for the sick dying and as midwives who assisted during pregnancy and at delivery. y In ancient India the early hospitals were staffed by male nurse who were required to have qualifications. The Indian women however were continuing to serve as midwives and nursed the ill family members. y From the ancient Greece and roman civilizations [900-200bc] religion started to influence certain aspects of health. TheGreek mythic god ASKELAPIOUS was the chief healer; his wife Epigone was the soother while Hygeia their daughter was considered to be the embodiment of nurse. She was the goddess of health.

y In Judeo-Christian era women provided nursing services at home as a part of their ethical and humanitarian responsibiltities.They had no formal training or education other than the skills of a nurse. NURSING DURING THE MIDDLE AGES [500-1500AD] During this period nursing began to be recognized as an organized service. Most nurse were a part of the religious orders. And who got training from their practical experiences in caring for sick, which was the expression of Christian love. Phoebe of Centre dedicated her life to nursing and was the first visiting nurse. She founded an order of Christian women that was dedicated to serve the sick and dying. In this period many religious military and secular orders were formed with the purpose of caring for the sick. In the Islamic world Muslim women prepared food established tent hospitals and attended the sick and wounded during the time of Prophet Mohammed. Rufiyaa daughter of a prominent healer in Arabia was the first nurse in Islam who also started the nursing school and taught women and girls the art of nursing the sick and wounded. She set down the first code of nursing rules and ethics in the world of Islam. DARK AGE OF NURSING [1600-1752 AD] During this period the church beliefs were in conflict with the scientific thought and education. Religious orders were thus disbanded anddissolution of religious monasteries took place. Women were expected to devote their time and energy to their own families at home .The nursing profession in this period was formed by women who were social outcastes for

eg; prostitutes, off jail sentence workers. They were known to provide nursing care without a proper training or preparation. Thus the nursing profession saw a major set back and almost declined in terms of its acceptance as a noble profession, providing quality care to the sick and dying, economic support from the authorities to run institutions hospitals etc;. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN NURSING In the 18th and 19th century there was the industrial revolution along with the scientific advancements which indirectly led to the rebirth of nursing as a profession. Revolution displaced workers from cottage craftspeopleto factorylaborers. More and more people were now victims of increased health stressors, new illness owing to unhealthy working conditions. When the morbidity and mortality rate started to increase there was the realization among the common people to restart the nursing care which was deprived to them. It took about 200 years for the common public to attempt and recognizes the need of qualitative and quantitative nursing care. During this period the establishment of Deaconeness Institute at Kaiserworth, Germany took place and spread to the four continents. Also during the Crimean war[] it was seen that the wounded soldiers were falling prey to various illness owing to infection of wounds, inadequatenutrition, lack of drugs and adequate care. It was here that the nursing profession was recognized to be the utmost need of the hour and Florence Nightingale with the help of her other colleagues formed a contingent of female nurses to provide care to the sick and dying soldiers by setting up diet kitchens, recreation centers and training

the orderlies. She also set up the Nightingale Training School for nurses inn 1860 that gave birth to new dedicated nurses.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The history of nursing profession is connected with the history ofcaring. With the development of nursing as a profession there was also the development of organizations for the welfare and existence of nurses in the developing world, Eg; American Nurses Association, NationalLeague for Nurses etc. Thus it can be said that nursing has existed throughout the history of human development. BIBLIOGRAPHY  Blois Hayes Keizer Erb;PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE CONCEPTS AND PERSPECTIVES; fifth edition;pg 32-45  The Trained Nurses Association of India; FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING,A PROCEDURE MANUAL; first edition,pg 3-6  De LauneLadner;FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING STANDARDS AND PRACTICE;Pg 4-7