THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 64. Datura stramoniumL.

SUSAN E. WEAVERI and SUZANNE L WARWICK'

\Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Ontario N0R IG0; and
2Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KLA0C6.
Received 3 Feb. 1984, accepted 14 June 1984.

Wnaven, SusaN E. euo WenwIcr, SuzaNrvn I. 1984. The biology of Canadian

weeds. 64. Datura stramonium L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 64: 9'79-991 .

Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) is an annual weed found in most temperate and

Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by 37.208.37.40 on 09/27/22

subtropical regions of the world. It has been recorded from all the provinces of
Canada except Newfoundland, but is most common in Ontario and Quebec. It occurs
in waste places, gardens, barnyards and, increasingly, in cultivated fields. Datura
stramonium serves as an alternate host for many insect pests and diseases of So-
lanaceous crops, such as tomatoes, tobacco and potatoes, and has both narcotic and
medicinal properties due to its production of a variety of alkaloids. It has been used
extensively as an experimental plant in studies of genetics, chromosome morphol-
ogy and embryonic development.

Key words: Weed biology, jimsonweed, Datura stamonium, distribution

[La biologie des mauvaises herbes canadiennes. 64. Datura stramoniumL.f

Titre abrdgd: Datura stramonium.
For personal use only.

Datura stamonium L. (Solanac6e) est une mauvaise herbe annuelle rencontr6e dans
la plupart des r6gions temp6r6es et subtropicales du globe. Elle a 6t6 signal6e dans
toutes les provinces canadiennes, sauf Terre-Neuve, mais est plus commune en
Ontario et au Qu6bec. Elle pousse dans les teffains vagues, les jardins, les cours
de ferme, et, de plus en plus dans les champs cultiv6s. La stramoine commune sert
d'h6te de remplacement h beaucoup de parasites et de maladies des Solanac€es
comme la tomate, le tabac et la pomme de terre, et possdde des propri6t6s narco-
tiques et m6dicinales par les divers alcaloides qu'elle produit. On s'en sert abon-
damment comme plante exp6rimentale dans les 6tudes de g6n6tique, de morphologie
chromosomique et de d6veloppement embryonnaire.

Mots cl6s: Stramoine commune, Datura stramonium, distribution, biologie des

mauvaises herbes

1. Name branched, glabrous to puberulent, green to

Datura stramonium L. jimsonweed
- thorn-apple
(Alex et al. 1980), stramonium
(Scoggan l9'79); stramoine commune (Alex
et al. 1980), pomme 6pineuse, herbe aux
sorcier (Scoggan l9'79), Solanaceae, night-
shade family. Solanacdes.
2. Description and Account of Variation
Coarse, herbaceous annual, reproducing
only by seed (Fig. 1); root thick, shallow,
extensively branched; stems stout, hollow,
erect, up to 200 cm tall, divaricately
Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:979-991 (Oct. 1984)
979
purplish; cotyledons 2-4 cm long, narrow,
shrivelling but persisting on the developing
seedling; first true leaves ovate with pointed
tips and few or no lobes, later leaves alter-
nate, simple, petiolate; petioles up to 12 cm
long; blades 5-25 cmlong, 4-25 cm wide,
ovate to elliptical, acute, cuneate to sub-
cordate at base, sinuate-dentate to -lobed,
glabrous to puberulent, dark-green above,
strong-scented. Flowers actinomorphic,
solitary on short peduncles, axillary in fork
of branching stem; calyx tubular, 3-5 cm
long, strongly prismatic, five-angled, five-
 980 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
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For personal use only.

,@,

Fig. 1. Datura stramonium L. A, habit; B, flower; C, capsule; D, longitudinal section through

capsule; E, dehisced capsule; F, seed. Scale lines represent I cm in A-E and I mm in F.
 WEAVER AND WARWICK
dentate, teeth 3-10 mm and unequal, calyx
separating transversely above the base in
fruit, the upper part falling away, the lower
persisting as a colar beneath the capsule;
corolla tubular or trumpet-shaped, border
five-dentate, 5-10 cm long, white or pur-
ple; stamens five, equal, inserted near base
of corolla; stigma two-lobed. Capsule
ovoid, erect,3-7 cm long, 2-5 cm wide,
dehiscing regularly by four-valves, four-lo-
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cular except two-locular top, densely cov-
ered with more or less equal spines up to 15
mm, rarely smooth. Seeds dark-brown to
black, flat, kidney-shaped, surface irregu-
lar and pitted, 3-4 mm lortg,2-3 mm wide.
The above description is based upon Glea-
son (1968), Alex and Switzer (1976) and
personal observations by the authors.
The most common chromosome number
is 2n : 24 (Satina 1959; Bolkhovskikh et
al. 1969;Tutin et al. 197 6;Goldblatt 198 1).
Canadian material from Essex, Kent and
For personal use only.
Elgin Counties, Ontario, all had counts of
2n : 24 (Warwick and Black, unpubl.
data). Blakeslee (1921) in the United States
(see review by Avery et al. (1959)) de-
scribed naturally occurring variants of Da-
tura stramonium with 2n : 12, 25, 26, 36
and 48 chromosomes. Individuals with 2n
: 12. 25. 26 and 36 chromosomes were
characterized by higher percentages of
aborted pollen, whereas plants with 2n :
48 chromosomes had very few aborted pol-
len grains. Tetraploid races of D. stramon-
ium are distinguished from diploids by the
more spherical shape and smaller size of the
mature capsules, larger seeds, fewer but
larger leaves, and larger flowers (Avery
1959). Haploid plants, on the other hand,
are somewhat weaker than normal diploids,
and have narrower leaves. slender stems.
and smaller flowers (Avery 1959). Spurna
et al. (1981) in Czechoslovakia described a
population of D. stramonium which in-
cluded individuals with chromosome num-
bers of 2n : 2l-25.
Three variants of D. stramonium have
been recognized, which in the past have re-
ceived specific, varietal or form status (Fer-
nald 1950; Satina and Avery 1959). These
Datura stramonium 981
-
include: var. tatula (L.) Ton. which has a
pale violet or purple corolla, purplish stem
and subequal spines; Yar. stramonium
which is characterized by a white corolla,
green stem, unequal spines with those on
the lower part of the fruit shorter than the
upper ones; and var. inermis (Juss.) Hupka
which is characterized by a spineless cap-
sule. These differences are due to single
gene differences which are subject to Men-
delian segregation (Blakeslee 1921), with
purple flowers dominant to white and spiny
capsules dominant to spineless. Both white-
and purple-flowered forms may bear
smooth or spiny capsules, in some cases
even on the same plant (Safford 1921; Sa-
tina and Avery 1959). Only two varieties
are reported from Canada, tatula and stra-
monium. Adzet et al. (1979), working in
Spain, conducted chemotaxonomic studies
on inermis and three forms of tatula and
concluded that the observed intervarietal
differences in morphology were not re-
flected in differences in amino acid and al-
kaloid variation patterns.
Datura stramonium maY be confused
with D. innoxia Miller. This weed species
is listed by Scoggan (1979) as D. mete-
loidesDunal (McNeill 1981). North Amer-
ican in origin, D. innoxia is represented by
only 16 herbarium collections from south-
ern Quebec and eastern Ontario. The two
species may be distinguished by the follow-
ing key:
Annual, flowers 5-10 cm long and five-
angled, erect, regularly dehiscent four-
valved capsule, leaf margins sinuate-
dentate to lobed, plant glabrous to pub-
erulent p. slysm6niym
-
Perennial, flowers 10-20 cm long and
10-angled, nodding or inclining capsule,
not valvate, but dehiscing irregularly,
leaf margins entire or only slightly an-
gled, plant pubescent D. innoxia
-
A third species, D. metel L., which is of
Asiatic origin, is not known to occur in
Canada outside of cultivation (McNeill
l98l). Datura metel is similar to D. innoxia
 982 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
in habit and flowers but is glabrous, and has
very short spines or tubercles on the cap-
sule.
3. Economic Importance
h) Detrimental Datura stramonium is a
- fields, gardens, waste
weed of cultivated
places, barnyards and other disturbed hab-
itats. It has recently become an increasingly
common weed of soybeans and Solana-
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ceous crops such as tobacco, tomatoes, po-
tatoes and sweet peppers, in the mid-west-
ernUnited States (Ross andWilliams 1975)
and southwestern Ontario. Full-season
competition from D. stramonium at densi-
ties of 3-11 plants per square metre can re-
duce yields of direct-seeded tomatoes by
26-7l%o (Monaco et al. 1981) and of soy-
beans by l5-45%o (Hagood et al. 1981).
Crop losses due to the presence of jimson-
weed are thought to result primarily from
competition for light, but the large, coarse
For personal use only.
plants also interfere with harvesting oper-
ations (Peterson and Dively 1981). It is par-
ticularly difficult to control in Solanaceous
crops because few selective herbicides are
available. In addition, D. stramonium
serves as an alternate host for many insect
pests and diseases of Solanaceous crops
(see Section 13).
Plants of D. stramonium produce a num-
ber of tropane alkaloids, principally sco-
polamine, hyoscyamine and atropine,
which are poisonous to humans, horses,
cattle, sheep, hogs, mules and chickens
(Kingsbury 1964; Leipold et al. 1973; Mul-
ligan and Munro 1983). Symptoms of jim-
sonweed poisoning are associated with loss
of cholinergic functions and include pupil
dilation, increased cardiac and respiratory
rates, hallucinations, and in extreme cases,
coma and death (Keasey 1982). Livestock
normally avoid eating jimsonweed unless
other vegetation is unavailable, but may be
poisoned by ingesting it as a contaminant
of hay, silage or seed screenings (High-
tower 1979). Datura stramonium has nar-
cotic, hallucinogenic and medicinal prop-
erties, and human poisonings have resulted
from both deliberate and accidental inees-
tion of plant parts (Mikolich et al. 1975:,
Hightower 1979). Mikolich et al. (1975) re-
port a number of poisonings in humans due
to the ingestion of tomatoes grafted onto
plants of Datura. Severe pupil dilation and
nausea have occurred in farmers exposed to
jimsonweed dust during harvesting opera-
tions (Mikolich et al. l9'7 5). There has been
some concern that jimsonweed alkaloids
might contaminate soybean seed lots har-
vested from weed-infested fields (Ross and
Williams 1975), but these are normally re-
moved from the edible oil fraction during
processing and may only remain in the de-
fatted meal (List and Spencer 1976).
(b) Beneficial
- Datura
been used in both
stramonium has
human and veterinary
medicine as a source of alkaloids for phar-
macological purposes (Kingsbury 1964).
Historically it has been used in folk medi-
cine as an antiasthmatic. an anesthetic. an
ointment for burns or rheumatism, and as a
psychoactive drug (Hightower 1979). Crop
improvement studies to increase its alkaloid
production have been undertaken in India
(Bhagat 1981). American Indian tribes in
the southwestern United States and Mexico
have employed Datura spp. in religious
ceremonies (Schultes 1970; Keasey 1982).
Over the past 65 years, D. stramoniumhas
been the source of many fundamental dis-
coveries in genetics and plant development,
and has been widely used, along with other
members of the genus, as material for class-
room demonstrations in genetics and as a
host plant for viral studies (Avery et al.
1959; Conklin 1976).
(c) Le g i s lat io n
- D atur a s tr amonium is not
listed as a noxious weed in any of the Pro-
vincial or Federal Weeds Acts.
4. Geographical Distrubution
Datura stramonium is a cosmopolitan weed
of tropical origin which occurs in the
warmer regions of North, Central and South
America, Europe, Asia and Africa. It oc-
curs throughout almost all the United States
except for the northwest and northern great
plains (USDA 1970). In Canada D. sta-
monium has been recorded from all prov-
 WEAVER AND WARWICK Datura stramonium 983
-
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For personal use only.

Fig. 2. Distribution of Datura stramoniumvar. tatula (O) and var. stramoniun (O) in Canada from
specimens in the following herbaria: ACAD, ALTA, CAN, DAO, LKHD, MT, MTMG, OAC,
QUC, QUE, SASK, TRT, VBC (herbaria abbreviations as in Holmgren et al. (1981)).

inces except Newfoundland, although it is
most common in Ontario and Quebec (Fig.
2). Herbarium specimens collected from
provinces west of Ontario were taken either
from gardens or waste ground adjacent to
research stations and probably do not re-
flect its true distribution.
5. Habitat
(a) Climatic requirements Originating
- Central and
from the tropical regions of
South America (see Section 6), D. stra-
monium is naturalized in the warmer re-
gions of Europe, Africa, Asia, the United
States and southeastern Canada.
(b\ Substratum
- Datura
found on most soil
stramonium is
types but prefers rich
soils (USDA 1970). In some areas it is as-
sociated exclusively with disturbed soils
rich in manure around barnvards (Ross and
Williams 1975).
(c) Communities in which the species oc-
curs
- Datura stramonium is a common
weed of gardens, waste places, and farm-
yards (Alex and Switzer 1970). In recent
years, the species has started to appear as a
weed of cultivated ground, particularly in
soybean, bean and maize fields in southern
Ontario and Quebec. It prefers open com-
munities, and it most commonly occurs in
association with annual. biennial or short-
lived perennial weeds.
6. History
Conflicting opinions exist as to the site of
origin of D atur a s tr amo nium (Saff or d l92I ;
Gleason 1968; Avery et al. 1959; Rousseau
1968). Linnaeus described D. stramonium
as American in origin, but Fernald (1950)
declared it to be of Asiatic origin. Some
botanists have assigned var. stramonium to
Asia and var. tatula to America, while
 984 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
others, such as Safford (1921), have indi-
cated that the native range of D. stramon-
ium extends throughout eastern North
America, Central America and South
America, with naturalization in the warmer
regions of Europe, Asia and Africa occur-
ring at a very early date. According to
Rousseau (1968), the earliest North Amer-
ican collection was made in 1739 from Vir-
ginia. However, the common name 'jim-
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sonweed' is thought to be a short form of
'James Town Weed,' commemorating
Jamestown, Virginia, where ingestion of
the plant was reputed to have had a narcotic
effect on British soldiers during Bacon's
Rebellion of 1616 (Avery et al. 1959). The
earliest Canadian specimen was collected at
Montreal in 1821. Numerous collections
were made of both D. stramonium yar. ta-
tula and yar. stromonium in the late 1800s
in Quebec and Ontario. However, it was not
until the 1950s that the species started to
For personal use only.
appear as a weed in cultivated fields of
southern Ontario. It now represents a seri-
ous problem in the two most southwestern
counties of Ontario (Essex and Kent Coun-
ties).
7. Growth and Development
- Datura stramoniumhas
(a) Morphology
a number of morphological features which
contribute to its success as a weed. The
fleshy cotyledons are large and photosyn-
thetically active, enabling seedlings to es-
tablish quickly. The indeterminate growth
habit, broad leaves and sympodial branch-
ing pattern enable the plant to rapidly shade
surrounding vegetation. The capsule con-
tains chloroplasts throughout the pericarp
and the spines, resulting in a large photo-
synthetically active surface area (Dave et
al. 1980). The capsules and seeds are buoy-
ant in water and can remain floating for 10
days or more, facilitating dispersal.
(b) Perennation
- Daturaonly
an annual and overwinters
stramonium is
as seeds.
(c) Physiological data Datura stramon-
-
ium possesses the C, phqtosynthetic path-
way and has a photosynthetic rate of 193 -r
13 pmol Co;g-r fresh weight.h-l when
grown at 21ll6"C with a 9-h photoperiod
and 262 pE'm-l'sec-r (Platt and Rand
I 982) . It is considered to be a nitrophile and
rapidly assimilates nitrogen in the form of
nitrate or ammonium into amino acid me-
tabolism through glutamine synthesis
(Lewis and Probyn 1978; Platt and Rand
1982). It produces a number of tropane al-
kaloids as secondary metabolic products
which originate from the glutamate pool
(Nowacki et al. 1975). The principal alka-
loids found in D. stramonium are hyoscy-
amine and scopolamine, with the former
present in the greatest quantities (Conklin
1976; Spurna et al. 1981). The concentra-
tion of alkaloids in the plant varies with age
and developmental stage, tissue and geo-
graphic location (Schultes 1970; Conklin
1976; Adzetetal. 1979). Alkaloids are pro-
duced in the root tissue as early as 18 days
after germination and are then translocated
to the shoot (Conklin 197 6) . The maximum
percentage of total alkaloids in the leaf tis-
sue is reached approximately 60 days after
emergence (Saleh and Agina 1979a). Total
alkaloid content varies from 0.2 to 0.7Vo on
a dry weight basis (Kingsbury 1964). Ma-
ture seeds contain 0.2-0.5Vo total alkaloids
(Conklin 19'76; List and Spencer 1976;
Sharova et al. l91l).
The alkaloid content of D. stramonium
also varies with the availability of nitrogen
(Nowacki et al. 1975),light intensity and
temperature (Saleh and Agina l979a,b) .In-
creased availability of nitrogen leads to an
increased percentage ofalkaloids in the leaf
tissue,an increased nitrogen content and a
decreased carbohydrate content on a dry
weight basis (Nowacki et al. 1975). In-
creasing light intensity from approximately
60 to 500 pE.m-2.sec-1, results in greater
plant dry weight and leaf number, an in-
creased percentage ofbiomass in reproduc-
tive structures and an increased total alka-
loid content as a percentage of leaf dry
weight (Saleh and Agina 1979a).Increas-
ing the temperature at which plants are
grown from l5o to 25'C also results in
greater plant dry weight and total alkaloid
content as a percentage of leaf dry weight
 WEAVER AND WARWICK
(Saleh and Agina l9'79b).
Like other members of the Solanaceae,
D. stramonium produces compounds which
are thought to be phytoalexins. Anti-fungal
sesquiterpenoid compounds are produced
in response to inoculation with Monilinia
fructicola (Wint.) Honey and various other
fungi (Ward et al. 1976). These compounds
include lubimin (found also in potatoes and
eggplant) , capsidiol (found in peppers), and
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hydroxylubimen (found in potatoes) (Ward
et al. 1976).
(d) Phenological Seedlings of D. sta-
monium normally- emerge between mid-
May and mid-June in southwestern Ontario.
However, with adequate soil moisture,
seedlings continue to emerge intermittently
throughout the growing season. In Illinois,
Stoller and Wax (1913) found that seedling
flushes appeared sporadically after I May,
when preceded by rainfall sufficient to
bring the surface l0 cm of soil to field ca-
For personal use only.
pacity. Flowering ordinarily begins in mid-
July and continues until the plants are killed
by frost. Seeds are mature approximately
30 days after fertilization and are dispersed
from the capsules during autumn and win-
ter, or occasionally remain on the dry
branches until spring.
(3) Mycorrhiza There are no reports in
the literature of -the presence or absence of
mycorrhiza on D. stramonium.
8. Reproduction
(a) Floral biology Flowers in D. stra-
monium are produced - in the fork of each
branch of the main stem, the first flower
bud being produced after the formation of
the 6th to 8th leaf primordium (Corson and
Gifford 1969). Flowers of even vigorously
growing plants are often aborted, particu-
larly at the lower leaf nodes. Datura stra-
monium is self-fertile and predominantly
self-pollinated (Reitsema 19591, Conklin
1976), although bees and other insects do
visit the flowers, collecting both pollen and
nectar (Sharma 1972). Each flower pro-
duces approximately 128 500 grains of pol-
len and possesses a five-lobed nectary at the
base of the superior ovary (Sharma 1912).
Datura stnmonium 985
-
The flowers are normally open for only 1
day, and the anthers often dehisce before
the flower opens. The dehisced pollen and
nectar agglutinate, forming pollen pellets
which are collected by bees (Sharma 1912) .
Fertilization ordinarily occurs 1 day after
pollination; ovary growth is completed after
15 days, embryo growth after 22 days, seed
maturation after 30 days, and the capsule
opens approximately 50 days after polli-
nation (Rietsema and Blondel 1959; Conk-
lin 1976). The bulk of the amino acids in-
corporated into the seed proteins are
supplied by leaves subtending or in close
proximity to the capsules, with the pericarp
contributing a small amount (Lewis et al.
t910. l97t).
(b) Seed production and dispersal Vig-
-
orous, isolated plants of D. stramonium
may produce 50 or more seed capsules and
30 000, or more, seeds. Seed capsules are
normally 3-4 cmin length and contain 600-
700 seeds. However, plants growing at high
density or under severe resource restric-
tions may produce only three to four small
capsules and an average of 1300-1500
seeds. There is a strong positive correlation
between capsule length and the number of
seeds per capsule (r:0 .97) . Capsules only
6 mm long contain two or three seeds. There
is a significant negative correlation be-
tween the number of seeds per capsule and
individual seed weight, but only l5%o of the
variation in seed weight is attributable to
seed number (Weaver, unpubl. data).
In Ontario, mature seeds appear after
mid-August and plants continue to produce
seed capsules until the first hard frost. Cap-
sules which are immature at the time of frost
turn brown and soft and do not continue to
ripen. Mature seeds are dispersed from the
dry capsules, by dehiscence, up to a dis-
tance of 1-3 m from the parent plant (Conk-
lin 1976). This process is facilitated by dis-
turbance of the plants, as through crop
harvesting. Seeds may also be dispersed by
water, on farm machinery, or as an impur-
ity of commercial seed.
(c) Viability of seeds and germination
Reports of percent germination and germi- -
 986 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
nation requirements of seed lots of D. stra-
monium vary widely in the literature (An-
dersen 1968). Poor germination has been
attributed to (l) unfavorable environmental
conditions, (2) an impermeable seed coat,
and (3) the presence of endogenous inhib-
itors (Conklin 1976). Germination in the
laboratory has been reported to increase
(Stoller and Wax 1974; de Miguel 1980) or
decrease (Conklin 1976) with time after
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harvest. Light has been reported to be in-
hibitory (Andersen 1968) or stimulatory
(Stroller and Wax 1913, 1974; de Miguel
1980). Optimum temperatures for germi-
nation range from 20 to 35oC, with alter-
nating temperatures more stimulatory than
constant temperatures (Andersen 1968;
Conklin 1976). Removal of the seed coat or
washing the seeds for several days pro-
motes germination (Andersen 1968; Conk-
lin 1976). Seeds also germinate more rap-
idly and to a greater extent after treatment
For personal use only.
with 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm of giberellic
acid (Conklin 1976; Suchorska and Rum-
inska 1979). A germination inhibitor has
been found in intact seeds of Datura ferox
L. lSoriano et al. 1964: Sanchez it al.
1981). Percent germination in this species
was correlated with the quantity of inhibitor
present as well as with the level of irradi-
ance and water stress received by the parent
plant during seed maturation (Sanchez et al.
1981).
Percent germination of seeds of D. stra-
monium in the laboratory after overwinter-
ing in the field is greater in light than in
darkness (Stoller and Wax 197 4) , and is in-
dependent of depth of burial, from 0 to 30
cm below the soil surface although seeds
stored on the surface have a considerably
slower rate of germination than seeds bur-
ied at depth (Weaver unpubl. data). Emer-
gence of freshly harvested seeds sown in
pots in the greenhouse at depths ranging
from 0 to 15 cm below the soil surface was
significantly lower at 0 and 15 cm (average
30Vo) than at l-12 cm (average 96Vo). Seed-
lings emerging from depths greater than 8
cm below the soil surface appeared to be
chlorotic and weak (Weaver unpubl. data)
In Illinois, field emergence in the spring of
seeds buried overwinter at different soil
depths was greatest from 2.5 to 5.1 cm,
with no emergence from seeds buried 15.2
cm below the soil surface (Stoller and Wax
r97 4).
In the Duvel buried seed experiment,
9IVo of seeds of D. stramonium germinated
after 39 years of burial 34 cm below the soil
surface (Toole and Brown 1946). How-
ever,Stoller and Wax (1974) found that the
viability ofseeds buried at 10 cm decreased
markedly after just a few years.
(d) Vegetative reproduction Datura
- not re-
stramonium is an annual and does
produce vegetatively.
9. Hybrids
Hybrids between any Datura species are
rarely found in the wild. The only species
hybrids definitely identified are those be-
tween D. stramonium and D. feroxL.; these
have been collected from several places in
South America (Rietsema 1959). Resultsof
artificial crosses of D. stramonium with
nine other Datura species are described by
Rietsema (1959) and Rietsema and Satina
(1959). Results indicated varying degrees
of compatability. Crosses with 9 D. stra-
monium and d D. feroxL., D. quercfolia
H.B.K. , D. leichardrji Muell and D. dis-
color Bernh. all yielded viable seed. So-
matic hybridization of protoplasts of sev-
eral Datura species has been accomplished,
including D. innoxia Miller and D. stra-
monium var. tatula L. (Schieder 1978).
10. Population Dynamics
Emergence of D. stramonium in a soybean
crop in southwestern Ontario varied from 5
to l5Vo of the Datura seed pool, regardless
of sowing density of either the weed or the
crop (up to 500 and 50 seeds.m-2, respec-
tively (Weaver, unpubl. data)). Seedling
mortality, however, increased with both D.
stramonium and soybean density. Poste-
mergence mortality varied from 40 to llVo
and resulted in average densities of 40-60
jimsonweed plants per square metre at har-
. vest. The number of capsules per plant and
 WEAVER AND WARWICK
the number of seeds per capsule was neg-
atively correlated with both D. stramonium
and soybean density. Many of the capsules
produced by plants emerging after early
July were immature at harvest, resulting in
viability.
less than 507o seed
In contrast, Kirkpatrick and Bazzaz
(1979) sowed seeds of D. stramonium at
densities of 200, 1000, 2000 and 3000 m-2
on bare freshly disturbed soil in Illinois, and
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by 37.208.37.40 on 09/27/22
found emergence to be approximately 507o,
regardless of sowing density. They found
little postemergence mortality, with most
deaths attributable to feeding by Lema tri-
lineata adults and larvae. Many seeds were
contaminated with fungi, primarlly Alter-
naria species, which did not appear to in-
terfere with germination or growth.
Severe defoliation by Lema trivittata re-
duced capsule and seed production of jim-
sonweed populations in Maryland by up to
44Vo and also reduced plant growth and
For personal use only.
competitive ability (Peterson and Dively
1981). The beetle has two generations in
the northern United States and southern
Canada, and both adults and larvae feed on
leaves, stems and young capsules of D.
stramonium.
11. Response to Herbicides and Other
Chemicals
Datura stramonium is susceptible to a num-
ber of soil- and foliar-applied herbicides
commonly used for the selective control of
annual broad-leaved weeds. Effective con-
trol can be achieved by preplant incorpo-
rated or preemergence application, at the
full recommended rates. of metribuzin.
atrazine, cyanazine, simazine or dicamba,
or postemergence application of metribu-
zin, bentazon, acifluorfen, dicamba, atra-
zine plus oll, 2,4-D or bromoxynil (Ross
and Williams 1975; Parochetti and Brow
1977; Kapusta et al. 1978; Swanton and
Brown 1982; Anonymous 1983). Poste-
mergence applications are usually effective
up to the six- to nine-leaf stage (Ross and
Williams 1975;Malan et al. 1982; Frank
and Beste 1983). Problems in control with
soil-applied herbicides sometimes arise be-
Datura sttamonium 987
-
cause D. stramonium seeds are able to ger-
minate from soil depths lower than the zone
of herbicide incorporation. Preplant incor-
porated or preemergence application of lin-
uron. chloramben. alachlor. metolachlor.
butylate and eptam, at the full recom-
mended rates, may provide partial control
(Kapusta etal. 1978; Anonymous 1983).
12. Response to Other Human Manipu-
lations
Seedlings of D. stramonium are readily
killed by tillage operations. Older plants
may regenerate from the lower nodes if
clipped or trampled. Seed capsules on
branches which have been severed or dam-
aged after fertilization has occurred, often
will continue to ripen. Fall tillage may pro-
mote seed survival because seeds decay
more rapidly on the soil surface than when
buried (Stoller and Wax 1974).
13. Responses to Parasites
To date there is no published information
on insects, fungi or viruses associated with
Canadian plants of Datura stramonium.
h'l Insects and other nondomestic animals
Datura stramonium serves as an alter-
-nate host for several pests of Solanaceous
crops. Records include (l) Lema trivittata
Say (Coleoptera), which feeds on leaves in
Maryland (Peterson and Dively 1981), (2)
Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera), the to-
bacco hornworm, in Kentucky (Katanyukul
and Thurston 1979) and in North Carolina
(Howard 1978); (3) Phthorimaea opercu-
Iella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera), the tobacco leaf
miner, in Australia, North America, South
Africa and the East Indies (Bendixen et al.
1981); and (4) Gnorimoschema absoluta
(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera), the tomato moth,
in Chile (Bendixen et al. 1981). Datura
stramonium serves as a host for two root-
knot nematodes: Heterodera marioni
(Cornu) Goodey, in Hawaii (Bendixen et al.
1919) and Meloidogyne sp. (USDA 1960).
(b) Microorganisms andviruses The fol-
- on D.
lowing fungi are reported to occur
stramonium in the United States (USDA
1960); Alternaria cressa (Sacc.) Rands,
 988 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
leaf spot, pod blight, Vermont to Illinois,
Iowa, Texas and Wisconsini Alternaria so-
lani (Ell & G. Martin) Sor., leaf spot, Il-
linois; Cercospora daturicola (Speg.) Ray,
Ieaf spot, Oklahoma; Diplodia atro-caeru-
leaEll. & Ev., on leaves and stems, Ala-
bama and Texas; Phomopsis venenosa
(Sacc.) Trav. & Spessa : P. daturae (Rol-
land & Fautr.) Sacc., stems, New York,
Pennsylvania, South Carolina; Phyllosticta
Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from cdnsciencepub.com by 37.208.37.40 on 09/27/22
hortorum Speg., leaf spot, West Virginia;
Phymatotrichum omnivoram (Shear) Dug.,
cotton root rot, Texas; Sclerotium rolfsii
Sacc., southern blight, Florida; Septoria ly-
copersiciSpeg., leaf spot, Maryland, Texas
and Virginia; Thielaviopsis basicola Berk.
and Br.) Ferr., black root rot, Wisconsin.
Records outside North America include:
Leveillula taurica (Lev) Arn., in Italy
(Marziano and Stefanis 1974) and Macro-
phomina phaseoli (Maubl.) Ashby, char-
coal rot disease, which also attacks maize
For personal use only.
and soybean (Gangopadhyay and Isswar
1972\.
The bacterium, Pseudomonas solana-
cearumE.F .Sm. , bacterial wilt has been re-
corded on D. stramonium from Georgia
(usDA 1960).
D. stramonium is a susceptible host to
more than 60 viruses and is frequently used
as a host plant in pathological studies
(Thornberry 1966). Records of field infec-
tions include: tomato spotted wilt virus,
Lethum australiense Holmes. California.
Texas (USDA 1960); western aster yellows
virus, Chlorogenus callistephi Holmes,
California (USDA 1960); potato x virus
(El-Hammady and Shatla 1977); blister
mosaic disease (Chowfla and Sharma
1981); potato leaf roll vints, Corium solani
Holmes, Oregon (USDA 1960); leaf curl
virus , Ni cori ana virus 10, severe disease of
tomatoes. Sudan (Yassin 1979): Columbian
Datura virus (CDV) and Datura mosaic vi-
rus (DMV) (Peralta et al. 1981).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank Dr. R. Shoemaker and Mr. J.
Martin, B. Fl.. I., Agriculture Canada, Ottawa
for their assistance in providing information for
Section I 3 . The loan of specimens from the her-
baria listed in Fig. 2 is gratefully acknowledged.
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