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Bahir Dar University

Institute of land administration
Department of land administration and surveying
Developing 3D cadastral map using ground survey method in the
case of some part of Gish Abay Campus
Advisers : Abebe and Solomon

Table of contents
Chapter one……………………………………………………page

 Introduction……………………………………………………1
 Background of the study……………………..….1
 Statement of the problem……………………...5
 Objective of the research…………………..……5
 Major objective…………………………….….5
 Specific objective………………………….…..6
 Research question……………………………….……6
 Significance of the study…………………….…….7
 Scope and delimitation of study……….………7
 Limitations of the study………………….………..7
 Research methodology………………….…………7
 Data source and data type……………….7
 Data collection methods………..…………8
 Sampling techniques……………….………10
 Data validation technique……….………10
 Data analyses technique………….………10

Chapter two

 Review literature……………………………………………11
Time plan…………………………………..…………….13
Budget plan……………….…………..…………………13
References………………………………………….…...14

CHAPTER ONE
 1. Introduction

1.1 Back ground

A cadastre is normally a parcel based and up to date land information system containing a record of
interests in land. Most early societies developed basic types of cadastres to support taxation and other
land administration activities. As societies evolved and property transactions become important cadastral
records began to take on a greater legal role (Amezene, et al., 2014).

A cadastre is (also spelled cadastre), using cadastral survey or cadastral map is a comprehensive register
of a country. A cadastre commonly includes details of ownership, the tenure, the precise location (some
include GPS coordinates), the dimension (the area), the cultivations of rural, and the value of individual
parcels of land. Cadastres are used by many nations around the worlds, some conjunction with other
records such as title register. In most countries, legal systems have been developed around the original
administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels
described in legal documentation. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and law suits
between land owners. Cadastral surveys document the boundaries of land ownership by the production of
documents, diagrams, sketches, plans, charts, and maps (http//:www.cadastral surveying-Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia).

The international association of geodesists (FIG) statement on the cadastre states a cadastre is normally a
parcel based, and up to date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. Rights,
restrictions and responsibilities).it usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other
records describing the nature of interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often the value
of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purpose (e.g. Evaluation and land
taxation), legal purposes (conveyance), to assist the management of land and land use (e.g. for planning
and other administrative purposes), and enables sustainable development and environmental protection.

The existence and the maintenances of a cadastral system have historically proved to be advantageous.
Introduced through napoleon and his officers in the early ninth century, a cadastre served as a register of
property for the purpose of the property tax collection. It consisted a large scale map indicating the
geometric location of land parcels with their parcel number. In the accompanying register, the property
owners or users were recorded with a cross reference to the parcel numbers of each district, village and
block. The capital market which permitted the owners of land to obtain loans on the basis of mortgages,
made the cadastre valuable asset to record these, together with land use rights and encumbrances in non
geo-graphic part of the cadastre (the block). The geographic part of the cadastre (the “map”) permitted the
administration of neighborhoods relations of parcels, giving the owner the guarantee that the land parcel
existed within the individual dimensions without over laps. Even though property boundaries were also
monument, the cadastral map proved useful in retracement surveys of these boundaries, in case
monuments were lost.

In the early twenty century, these property boundary points were tied into geodetic reference systems. The
field survey records permitted the calculations of exact coordinates of boundary points for the re-
establishments of lost boundary markets. These permitted the establishment of a numerical cadastre of the
parcel geometry in some densely populated regions, as opposed to a purely graphical cadastre, in which
the boundaries were only recorded on the large scale map.
The historical development of cadastre systems was different various regions of the world. While in
cadastral Europe a numerical or at least a graphical cadastre was established, the English speaking world
favored land titles system in which the geometrical references were contained in deeds or title document.
With advent of GIS both type property descriptions and registrations could be controversies in to a vector
based digital form.

The cadastral GIS now contain graphical data in georeferenced form, describing the location and
dimensions of parcels and non graphical attributes containing references to owners, land use and tax
value. Emphasis on a unique identifier, the parcel number which is quickly locatable by the coordinate
references (G.tt fried konecny, 2013).

According to Pankhurst, the land situation throughout much of middle age Ethiopia was influenced by the
absence of a permanent capital city, a factor that prevented to a greater extent the emergence of urban
property in land until the establishment of Gondar around 1636. Several short lived capitals such as
Lalibela, Debirebirhan, etc existed only for a few regions. A real breakthrough came only after the
establishment of Addis Ababa as the capital city of the country in 1886.

Recognizing the emergence of new urban land tenure structure after the establishment of Addis Ababa as
a capital city, pankrust, indicated that it was Minilik 2 nd who issued the country ’s first urban land related
proclamation of the end of 1907, which brought legislation stating the change in ownership of the land in
the city of Addis Ababa

Afterwards, during Hailasilassie 1st, both 1931 constitution and 1955 revised constitution further
guaranteed all Ethiopians the right to keep the land they own. Even though there was sporadic effort to
establish a cadastral system sometime a go in Addis Ababa, as it is not up dated for a long time, it is
almost nonexistent as a system until very recently. It was emperor Minilik who issued a decree that
brought legislation the to initiate the countries first cadastral survey in Addis Ababa in 1909. Thus, land
owners were to be given a certificate referred as “yrist woraqat” or “rist paper” to be written in Amharic
and French, with a map showing the boundaries of land.

Historically, urbanization in Ethiopia is traced back to the Axumite kingdom. However, the emergence of
modern city administration (municipality) is a recent phenomenon, which started 1942. Hence,
registration of urban land without responsible body was unthinkable. Thus, there was little effort by
centrally based ministry of interior, to register land and assess tax for some urban centers in the country.
Later on this responsibility was given to ministry of urban development and housing. This sporadic
attempt was carried out mainly for the purpose of assessing and collecting land and building tax. Thus,
until recently registration of land was carried out some municipality, which has the capacity to do so.
While the ministry of works and urban development carried out assessment of building tax, except for
few urban centers.

Based on the above historical development of cadastre we are interesting to prepare 2D and 3D cadastral
map. This 2D and 3D cadastral has to be based on a land parcel registration system that can be potentially
provided an up to date and accurate land and land related information. This project seeks to use modern
cadastral surveying technology to acquire spatial data for mapping every building, ground play, utilities
and other in 2D and 3D cadastral map of some Part of Gish Abay campus of Bahir Dar University.
1.2 Statement of the problem

The major problem in urban structure the management system in Ethiopia is the lack of modern cadastre
or land registration system. The use of cadastre that will immature will be result in the following
problems:

 The collection of the tax from the real property is unfair

 The sale of real estate property and application of registrations are not treated properly, thus
encouraging illegal procedures of transactions
 Land disputes do not solve easily from the society
 Controlling informal settlement and illegal construction is so difficult to manage
 Can result tenure insecurity and lack of management of land

When we come to our project we know that even though it obvious that there is a cadastral map of Gish
Abay campus that was prepared previously. It is required to prepare currently usable and reliable 2Dand
3D cadastral map of Gish Abay campus. Since the campus under the construction process. In addition to
the absence of 3D maps difficult to know the vertical expansion (height) and true shape of the building.
Therefore we will be initiating to prepare 2D and 3D cadastral map of some part of Gish Abay campus
with the aim of solving:

 The problem of direction to show each features are located

 The absence of reference maps to indicate the vertical expansion(height) of the
building
 Absence of reference maps for administrative and management purpose for the
campus

1.3 objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of this project work is to prepare 2D and 3D cadastral mapping of some parts of
Gish Abay campus by using ground survey method.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this project are:

 To show the exact location of each features

 To know the availability of information with their respective current services
 To improve our cadastral surveying and mapping skills in more detail
 To prepare navigation maps tour and get services in the compound
 To show the vertical height of the building
 For helping peoples (students, teachers and other workers) to find easily where class
room,office,library,water tanker, lecture hall, court room etc are located

1.4. Research questions

 Where each features of location is found?

  How to know the availability of information with their respective current services?
 How to improve our cadastral surveying and mapping skills in more detail?
 How to prepare navigations map tour and get services in the compound?
 How to show the vertical height of the building?
 How to help peoples (students, teachers and other workers) to find easily where class room,
office, library, water tanker, lecture hall, court room etc are located?

1.5 Significance of the study

The preparation of 2D and 3D cadastral map of some parts of Gish Abay campus using ground survey
methods serve as:

 It will be used as a reference maps for administrative purpose for the campus
 It will be used to show the direction where each features are located
 It will be as a source for other researchers
 It will be used as a tool show the new comer where each are located

1.6 Scope and delimitation of the study

 The study mainly focuses on 2D and 3D cadastral map of some parts Gish Abay campus around
class room, moot court, lecture hall, library, water tanker, course station are some parts of our
study area.

1.7 Limitations of the study area

This study will have faced different challenges such as well organized data or information, availability of
time, budget, assistance, instrument etc

1.8 Research methodology

1.8.1 Data source and data type

Both primary and secondary data will be used in our project work. The field surveying and observations
are primary source of our data. Different reference books, different research papers, internet, cadastral
surveying manual is secondary source of project work.

1.8.2 Data collection methods

There are two data collection methods or techniques will be used in our project work. These are 1) data
collected from the field work using full range of surveying techniques 2) Aerial based data, on the other
hands, are photographic in nature, typically in the form of aerial photography and satellite imagery. In our
project work will be used ground surveying method to collect data. We will use modern instruments like
total stations and differential geodetic positioning system. Furthermore, the data collection procedures in
our project work are:

1) Planning
 What instrument will be used;
  What methods will be applied;
 Selection of reference;
 What and when to do our project work;
2) Reconnaissance
 Site inspection
 Selection of station points
 Demarcation
3) Control point establishment
 Real time kinematic geodetic positioning system
 Total station
4) Detail measurement
 Building corners, building height, trees, electric poles, water tanker will be captured by total
station
 Road, gorge(ditch), green area will be captured by real time kinematic geodetic positioning
system
5) Data will be down loaded in to the computer

 Importing data to Leica Geoffice

 Transformation and projection for geodetic positioning system;
 Exporting to text file;
 Importing to excel file;
 Importing to Arc geographic information system;
 Digitizing and mapping
6) The final output will be
 2D cadastral map and
 3D cadastral map

1.8.3 Sampling techniques

Sampling technique: it is the technique or the procedure the researcher adopts for selecting sample from
the universe. It is the process how many details points are represent in our project.

1.8.4 Data validation technique

Data validation is defined as the inspection of all the collected data for completeness and reasonableness
and the eliminatination of erroneous values.
1.8.5 Data analyses technique

The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the
data provided .this form analyses is just one the many steps that must be completed when conducting
research experiment. Data from various sources are gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some
sort of finding or conclusion.

CHAPTER TWO
2) Review of related Literature

Cadastral Surveys
Basic Concepts and Historical Development of Cadastre
History of Cadastre in Ethiopia
The current trends of cadastre
Type of cadastre
Legal cadastre
Fiscal cadastre
Multipurpose cadastre
Cadastral survey and mapping
Role of Cadastral Mapping
Ground Survey
Accuracy and Precision of Ground Survey
Benefits of CORS in Cadastral Survey

2.1 Surveying

Surveying is a vital part of the design and construction process. Surveyors perform boundary surveys to
tell people where there property is, map the topography of land for engineering design, establish
elevations of building sites for flood insurance, perform title survey for real estate transactions, certify
that structures are built according to design, layout buildings, condominiums, subdivisions and other
constructions projects so the constructions companies can relate the engineering plans to the real world,
and building control networks so that all land parcels can relate to universal positioning
system(http://www.psc-gpc-ca/en/what is surveying).

Surveying has which recently also been interchangeably called geomatics has traditionally been defined
as the science, art and technology of determining the relative position points above, on or beneath of the
surface, or of establishing such points. In more general sense, however; surveying can be regarded as a
discipline which encompasses all methods for measuring and collecting information about the physical
earth and our environment, processing that information and disseminating a variety of resulting products
to a wide range of clients.
Surveying is one of the world oldest and more important arts because of from the earliest time; it has been
necessary to mark boundaries and divided land. surveying has become indispensable to our modern way
of life which has to been to map the earth above and below sea level; prepare navigational charts for use
in the air, on and at sea; establishing property boundaries of private and public lands; developed data bank
of land use natural resource information that aid in mapping our environment (Charles D Ghilan and
p.r.Wolf, 2012, p210).

The existence and the maintenance of a cadastral system have historically proved to be advantageous.
Introduced through Napoleon and his officers in the early ninth century, a cadastre served as a register of
property for the purpose of property tax collection. It consisted a large scale map indicating the Geometric
location of land parcel with their parcel number. In the accompanying register, the property owners or
users were recorded with across reference to the parcel numbers of each district, village and block. In the
early twenth century, the property boundary points were tied into geodetic reference system. The field
survey records permitted the recalculation of exact coordinates of the boundary points for the re-
establishment of lost boundary markets. This permitted the establishment of a numerical cadastre of the
parcel geometry in some densely populated regions, as opposed a purely graphical cadastre, in which the
boundaries were only regarded on the large scale map.

Time plan

NO Task Target Date

1 Data collection 01-15/08/2008
2 Post processing 16-24/08/2008
3 Writing thesis 25-25/09/2008
4 Data analyses 26-30/09/2008
5 Submission to our Advisor 01/10/2008

Budget plan

NO Task Amount In Birr

1 Paper 100
2 Printing paper 400
3 Pen 20
4 Hat 596
5 Water 420
Total 1536
References
Amezene, R. and Bekele, B. (2014) Module one: Cadastral surveying,

Anderson, M. Surveying Theory and Practice, 7th edition,

Charles D. Ghilani, Paul R. Wolf; Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics, 13 th

edition,

E. H. Silayo, Cadastral Surveying Practice in Tanzania,

(FIG).http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/fig7/cadastre/statement-on-cadastre.htm1
(visitedonaugust2009),

Gottfried, K. Geoinformation: Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry and Geographic Information

System,

Jack Mc Corma, Wayne Sarasua, William J. Davis, Surveying, 6th edition,

James R. Wirshing Roy H. Wirshing: Introductory Surveying,

Pankrust, R. (1966) State and land Ethiopian history: The Institute of Ethiopian studies and the
faculty of law, H/Sellasie 1st University in Association with Oxford University press, Addis
Ababa,

Solomon, B. Gizachew, A., Linn art, F. and Solomon, A., Standardization of Rural Land
Registration and Cadastral Surveying Methodologies, Experiences in Ethiopia,

Ton de Veries” 3D Cadastre” International FIG work shop on the Land Administration Domain
model 24-25 September 2013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,

William, Charles Popplewell; the Elements of Surveying and Geodes

Prepared by:

1. Hussein Endiro
2. Siraj Kassim
3. Seid Hassen
4. Zemzem Mahadi

THANK YOU!!!