Electrical Machines

EE-345

Prepared By: Najia Naveed

What we will study?

• Induction Motors
• Synchronous Generators
• Synchronous Motors
• DC Machines
Sessional Criteria

60 Theory Paper Marks

40 Sessional Marks
Sessional Marks Distribution
20 Mid Term
15 Quiz
05 Assignment
Overview of Electrical Machines
Electrical
Machines

DC Machines AC Machines

Induction
Synchronous
/Asynchronous
Machines
Transformers Machines
Overview of Electrical Machines
DC Machines AC Machines

Induction
DC DC Synchronous
/Asynchronous
Generators Motors Machines
Machines

AC machines if the electrical system is AC Synchronous Induction

DC machines if the electrical system is DC Generators or Generators
Motors or Motors
Overview of Electrical Machines
Types of
Windings

Armature
Windings Field Windings

• Armature Windings- Main voltages Induced

• Field Windings- Main magnetic field produced
Overview of Electrical Machines

DC Machines AC
Machines

Armature Windings Armature Windings

on Rotor and Field on Stator and Field
Windings on Stator Windings on Rotor

Stator - A Stationary part of Electric Machine

Rotor – A Rotating part of Electric Machine
Induction
Motor
 Three Phase Induction Motor
• Three phase Induction motor runs on a three phase AC supply
• 3 phase Induction motors are extensively used for various industrial
applications because of their following advantages:
1) They have very simple and rugged (almost unbreakable) construction
2) They are very reliable and having low cost
3) Minimum maintenance required
4) 3 phase induction motor is self starting hence extra starting motor or any special
starting arrangement is not required
• They are called Induction Machines because the rotor voltage (which produces the
rotor current and the rotor magnetic field) is induced in the rotor windings rather
than being physically connected by the wires.
• The distinguished feature of an Induction Motor is the no dc field current
(excitation) is required to run the machine.

• They are also called as ASYNCHRONOUS machines because their operating

speed is slightly less than the synchronous speed in motor mode and slightly
greater than the synchronous speed in generator mode.
• It is possible to run as Induction Motor as either a motor or generator, it has
many disadvantages as generator and so is rarely used in that manner
• Three phase Induction Motor is used in various applications:
1) Pumps
2) Fans
3) Compressors
4) Paper Mills
5) Textile Mills
6) Printing machines
7) Rolling mills
8) Drilling Machines
9) Pressing Machine
10) Grinding Machine
11) Escalators
• In AC Machines, armature windings are on stator and field windings are on rotor
• Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is provided by three
phase induction motors
Principle of Working of Three Phase Induction Motor
 Principle of Working of Three Phase Induction Motor
• When the 3ø supply is given to stator windings, a magnetic flux of constant
magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed (the speed of rotating magnetic flux)
is set up
• The flux passes through the air gap sweeps past the rotor surface and so cuts the
rotor conductors which are yet stationary (As the rotor winding in an induction
motor are either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end
ring)
• Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and stationary conductors, an
emf is induced in the conductors
• According to the Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction

= Voltage Induced in the rotor bars

• Since the rotor bars or conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current is produced,
whose direction as given by Lenz’s law is such as to oppose the cause that
produced it
• In this case, the cause is the relative velocity between rotating flux of stator and
stationary rotor conductors
• Therefore as per Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate in the same direction to reduce
the cause, i.e., the relative velocity
• The rotor current produces a rotor magnetic field. Hence a torque is induced in the
motor given by:

• Where,
• BS = Stator magnetic field
• BR = Rotor Magnetic field
Why Induction Motor can’t reach to the Synchronous speed?
• If the Induction motor were running at synchronous speed, then the rotor bars
would be stationary relative to the magnetic field and there would be no induced
voltage
• If induced voltage were equal to zero, then there will be no rotor current and no
rotor magnetic field
• With no rotor magnetic field, the induced torque would be zero and rotor would
slow down as a result of friction losses
• An Induction motor can thus speed up to near synchronous speed but it can never
exactly reach synchronous speed
• Three phase magnetic field is rotating but single phase magnetic field is
alternating

• For self-started motor, three phase rotating magnetic flux is necessary

Concept of Rotating Magnetic Field
 Concept of Rotating Magnetic Field
• The stator consists of three blocks of iron spaced 120° apart.
• The three coils wound around the iron blocks are connected in Wye and energized
from a 3 phase system.
• When stator is energized ,3φ fluxes are also 120° apart from each other
• The different angular positions assumed by the resultant flux vector show the
plane of flux to be revolving in a counterclockwise direction (CCW) as shown in
figure in the next slide
• It is the rotating flux, not the alternating flux
Instantaneous direction of Resultant Stator Flux
 Reversal of Rotation
• The direction of rotation of Induction Motor is dependent on the direction of
rotation of the stator flux, which in turn depends on the phase sequence of the
applied voltage

• Interchanging any two of the three leads to a three phase Induction motor will
reverse the phase sequence ,thus reversing the rotation of motor.

• As shown in previous slide,the phase sequence ABC (+ve) produces CCW

rotation of flux,similarly (-ve) phase sequence ACB will produce CW rotation
 Synchronous Speed
• The speed of the rotating flux is called synchronous speed
• It is directly propotional to the frequency of the supply voltage
• It is inversely propotional to the number of pairs of poles;poles only occurs in
pairs
Where,
fse = supply frequency
Ƞs = Synchronous speed (r/m)
P= Number of stator poles
 Three Phase Induction Motor Construction
• Like any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main parts:
1) Stator
2) Rotor
1) STATOR:
• As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor.
• The stator of the three-phase induction motor consists of three main parts
a)Stator frame
b)Stator core
c)Stator winding or field winding
•
a) STATOR FRAME:
• It is the outer part of the three phase induction motor
• Its main function is to support the stator core and the field winding
• It acts as a covering, and it provides protection and mechanical strength to all the
inner parts of the induction motor
• The frame is either made up of die-cast or fabricated steel
• The frame of three phase induction motor should be strong and rigid
STATOR FRAME
b) STATOR CORE:
• The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux
• In order to reduce the eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated. These
laminated types of structure are made up of stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5
mm thick
• All the stamping are stamped together to form stator core, which is then housed in
stator frame
• The stamping is made up of silicon steel, which helps to reduce the hysteresis loss
occurring in the motor.
STATOR CORE
c) STATOR WINDINGS:
• The slots on the periphery of the stator core of the three-phase induction motor
carry three phase windings
• We apply three phase ac supply to this three-phase winding
• The three phases of the winding are connected either in star or delta
• Insulated coils are set in slots within the stator core
STATOR WINDINGS
2) ROTOR:
• The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor
• The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft
• The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as :

a) Squirrel cage rotor

b) Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
a)Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
• Most of the induction motors (upto 90%) are of squirrel cage type
• Squirrel cage type rotor has very simple and almost indestructible construction
• This type of rotor consist of a cylindrical laminated core, having slots on it
• These slots carry rotor conductors.
• In this type of rotor, heavy bars of copper, aluminum or alloys are used as rotor
conductors instead of wires
• The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed
Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
• Rotor slots are slightly skewed to achieve following advantages :
1) Increases rotor resistance due to increased length of the rotor conductor
2)The starting torque is increased because it is directly propotional to the resistance.
Because of skewing, larger conductor is utilized as compred to unskewed.
3) Skewing prevents locking of rotor. When the stator is given 3ø supply,it is
magnetized. If the rotor conductors were straight,the current would flow in opposite
directions and the conductor would become a South Pole, if stator acts as north pole
or vice versa and thus the rotor would be locked.In case of skewing ,one coil is
under the effect of two poles,thus locking of rotor with stator is prevented.
 Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
• The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded to short circuiting end rings at
both ends
• This rotor construction looks like a squirrel cage and hence we call it
• As end rings permanently short the bars, the rotor resistance is quite small, and it
is not possible to add external resistance as the bars get permanently shorted

• The diagram in the next slide shows a squirrel cage induction rotor having bars
short circuit by end rings.
Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor
Advantages of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor:

• Its construction is very simple and rugged

• As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance
 Phase Wound Rotor
• A wound rotor has a complete set of 3ø windings similar to that of the stator
windings
• The three phase rotor winding is internally star connected
• The other three terminals of three rotor wires are tied to slip rings on the rotor’s
shaft
• These rotor windings are shorted through brushes riding on the slip rings
• These three brushes are connected to an external star connected rheostat (the 3ø
rheostat is composed of all three rheostats connected in star).
 Phase Wound Rotor
• The rotor circuit is completed through a set of slip rings, carbon brushes and
rheostat
• In this arrangement, the external resistance can be easily connected through the
brushes and slip rings and hence used for speed controlling and improving the
starting torque of three phase induction motor
Slip Rings:
• Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but
insulated from it. Stationary brush rides on each slip ring
 Phase Wound Rotor
Brush:
• A brush is a block of graphite like carbon compound that conducts electricity
freely but it has very low friction so that it doesn't wear down the slip rings
• The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor winding.
• These brushes are further connected to three phase star connected resistances
• At starting, the resistance is connected to the rotor circuit and is gradually cut out
as the rotor pick up its speed
• Due to the presence of slip rings and brushes the rotor construction becomes
somewhat complicated therefore it is less used as compare to squirrel cage
Phase Wound Rotor
Phase Wound Rotor
 Phase Wound Rotor
• Phase wound rotor induction motors are more expensive than squirrel cage
Induction motors and they require much more maintenance because of the wear
associated with their brushes and slip rings
Advantages of Slip Ring Induction Motor/Phase Wound
• It has high starting torque and low starting current.
• Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.
Application of Slip Ring Induction Motor
• Slip ring induction motor are used where high starting torque is required i.e. in
hoists, cranes, elevator etc.
Phase Wound Rotor
Phase Wound Rotor
 Question:1

Q1:The Frequency and induced voltage in the rotor of a certain six pole
wound rotor induction motor ,whose shaft is blocked ,are 60Hz and
100V, respectively. Determine the corresponding values when the motor
is running at 1100 r/m