Module 3 Synchronous Motor Part 1 PDF

MODULE 3
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
I. Synchronous Motor – General
• The synchronous motor is one type of 3-phase AC motors which operates at a

constant speed from no-load to full-load.
• It is similar in construction to 3-phase ac generator in that it has a revolving field

which must be separately excited from a dc source.
• This motor is used in many individual applications because of its fixed speed from no-
load to full-load, its high efficiency and low initial cost. It is used to improve the
power factor of a 3-phase ac industrial circuits.
• Most synchronous motors are rated between 150 kW to 15 MW and run at speeds
ranging from 150 to 1800 rpm.
• By changing the dc field excitation current, the power factor of this type of motor
can be varied over a wide range of lagging and leading values.
II. Comparison between Synchronous and Induction Motors
• For a given frequency, the synchronous motor runs at a constant average speed
whatever the load is, while the speed of an induction motor falls somewhat with
increase load.
• The synchronous motor can be operated over a wide range of power factors, both
lagging and leading, but induction always runs with a lagging pf which may
become very low at light loads.
• A synchronous motor is inherently not self-starting.
• The changes in applied voltage do not affect synchronous motor torque as much as
they affect the induction motor torque.
• The breakdown torque of a synchronous motor varies approximately as the first

power of applied voltage whereas that of an induction motor depends on the
square of this voltage.
• A dc excitation is required by a synchronous motor but not by induction motor.
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• Synchronous motors are usually more costly and complicated than induction
motors, but they are particularly attractive for low speed drives (below 300 rpm)
because their power factor can always be adjusted to 1.0 and their efficiency is
high. However, induction motors are excellent for speeds above 600 rpm.
• Synchronous motors can be run at ultra low speed by using high power electronic
converters which generate very low frequencies. Such motors of 10 MW range are
used for driving crushers, rotary kilns and variable-speed ball mills, etc.
III. Disadvantages
• The disadvantages of synchronous motors are:
– They require dc excitation which must be supplied from external source.
– They have a tendency to hunt.
– They cannot be used for variable speed applications as speed adjustment

cannot be done.
– They cannot be started under load. Their starting torque is zero.
– They may fall out of synchronism and stop when overloaded.
IV. Applications
• The synchronous must have the following fields of application:
– Power houses and substations. Used in power houses and substations in

parallel to bus-bars to improve the power factor.
– Factories. Used in factories having large number of induction motors or other

power apparatus, operating at lagging power factor, to improve the power
factor.
– Mills-industries etc. Used in textile mills, rubber mills, mining and other big
industries, cement factories for power applications.
– Constant speed equipment. Used to drive continuously operating and

constant speed equipment such as:
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• Fans
• Blowers
• Centrifugal pumps
• Motor generator sets
• Ammonia and air compressors etc.
V. Construction
• A 3-phase synchronous motor consists of the following parts:
– Laminated stator core with 3-phase armature winding

– Rotor
– Brushes and brush holders
– Two end shields to house the bearings that support the shaft
• The rotor is generally a salient pole rotor. The number of field poles must equal the
number of stator field poles.
VI. Principle of Operation
• When the stator windings of a 3-phase synchronous motor are supplied with rated 3-
phase voltage, a rotating field travelling at synchronous speed is set up.
• This rotating magnetic field cuts across the squirrel-cage winding of the rotor and
induces voltages and currents in the bars of this winding.
• The resultant magnetic field of squirrel-cage winding embedded in the rotor field
poles reacts with the stator field in such a manner as to cause the rotation of the
motor.
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• The rotor of the typical synchronous motor accelerates to about 95% to 97% of
synchronous speed when started as an induction motor with damper windings.
• The field circuit is now excited from an outside source of DC and magnetic poles of
fixed polarity are set up in the rotor field cores.
• The fixed magnetic poles of the rotor are attracted to unlike poles of the rotating
magnetic field set up by the stator windings.
• The rotor then runs at the same speed as that of the stator field.
• Figure below shows:
a. The two similar poles, 𝑁 (of rotor) and 𝑁𝑆 (of stator) as well as 𝑆 and 𝑆𝑆 will
repel each other, with the result that the rotor tends to rotate in the
anticlockwise direction.
b. Suppose that the rotor is not stationary, but is rotating clockwise, with such a
speed that it turns through one pole-pitch by the time the stator poles
interchange their positions.
c. Again, the stator and rotor poles attract each other. It means that if the
stator poles also shift their positions along with the stator poles, then they will
continuously experience a unidirectional torque i.e., clockwise torque.
(a) (b) (c)
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VII. Method of Starting
• As earlier stated, the synchronous motor must be brought to a speed sufficiently close
to synchronous speed in order to lock into synchronism with the rotating field.
• The means by which it is brought up to speed are:
– A dc motor coupled to the synchronous motor shaft.
• This method is sometimes used in laboratories with synchronous motors

not equipped with damper windings.
• Generally, the synchronous motor is intended as the constant speed

prime mover for the dc generator.
• But in order to bring the motor up to synchronism, the dc generator is

operated as motor, and the ac synchronous motor is synchronized to
the ac supply as an alternator.
• Once in parallel with the supply, the synchronous dynamo is operated

as a motor.
• The dc motor will now act as a generator if its field is increased so that
its generated emf exceeds the dc bus.
– Using the field excited generator as a dc motor
• This method is the same as the first, except that the exciter (dc shunt
generator) is operated as a motor, and the AC synchronous dynamo is
synchronized to the ac supply.
– A small induction motor of at least one pair of poles less than the synchronous
motor
• This method involves the same synchronizing procedure for ac

synchronous motor as an alternator. At least one pair of poles fewer is
required on the induction motor to compensate for the loss in induction
motor speed due to slip.
• In the above three methods the following conditions should be met:
– There should be little or no-load on the synchronous motor.
– The capacity of the starting motor (DC or AC) should be between 5% and 10%
of the rating of the synchronous motor coupled to it.
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– Using the damper windings as a squirrel-cage induction motor
• Almost all synchronous motors are equipped with dampers or squirrel

cage windings consisting of Cu bars embedded in the pole-shoes and
short-circuited at both ends.
• The line voltage is applied to the stator terminals and the field current is
left unexcited. Motor starts as an induction motor and while it reaches
nearly 95% of its synchronous speed, the dc field is excited.
• At that moment the stator and rotor poles get engaged or interlocked
with each other and hence pull the motor into synchronism.
VIII. Motor on Load with Constant Excitation
• When a d.c. motor is running on a supply of 𝑉 volts on rotating, a back e.m.f. 𝐸𝑏 is set
up in its armature conductors. The resultant voltage across the armature is (𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏 )
and it causes an armature current 𝐼𝑎 = (𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏 )⁄𝑅𝑎 to flow there 𝑅𝑎 is armature circuit
resistance. The value of 𝐸𝑏 depends, among other factors, on the speed of the
rotating armature. The mechanical power developed in armature depends on 𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎
(𝐸𝑏 and 𝐼𝑎 being in opposition to each other).
• In a synchronous machine, a back e.m.f. 𝐸𝑏 is set up in the armature (stator) by the

rotor flux which opposes the applied voltage 𝑉. This back e.m.f. depends on rotor
excitation only (and not on speed, as in d.c. motors). The net voltage in armature is
the vector difference of 𝑉 and 𝐸𝑏 . Armature current is obtained by dividing this vector
difference of voltages by armature impedance (not resistance as in d.c. machines).
• Fig 1 shows the condition when the motor (properly synchronized to the supply) is
running on no-load and has no losses and is having field excitation which makes 𝐸𝑏 =
𝑉. It is seen that vector difference of 𝐸𝑏 and 𝑉 is zero and so is the armature current.
Motor intake is zero, as there is neither load nor losses to be met by it.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
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• If motor is no-load, but it has losses, then the vector for 𝐸𝑏 falls back (vectors are
rotating anti-clockwise) by a certain small angle ∝ as shown in Fig. 2, so that a resultant
voltage 𝐸𝑅 and hence current 𝐼𝑎 is brought into existence, which supplies losses.
• If the motor is loaded, then its rotor will further fall back in phase by a greater value of
angle ∝ - called the load angle or coupling angle (corresponding to the twist in the
shaft of the pulleys). The resultant voltage 𝐸𝑅 is increased and motor draws an
increased armature current as shown in Fig. 3, though at a slightly decreased power
factor.
IX. Power Flow within a Synchronous Motor
Let:
𝑅𝑎 = armature resistance / phase
𝑋𝑆 = synchronous reactance / phase
𝑉 = applied voltage / phase
𝑃𝑚 = mechanical power developed in the rotor
𝑍𝑆 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑆
𝐸𝑅 𝑉−𝐸𝑏
𝐼𝑎 = =
𝑍𝑆 𝑍𝑆
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆
tan 𝜃 = 𝑋𝑆 ⁄𝑅𝑎
• If 𝑅𝑎 is negligible, the 𝜃 = 900 , motor input is:
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙
• Total input for a star-connected, 3 – phase machines is:
𝑃 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜙
• The mechanical power developed in the rotor is:
𝑃𝑚 = 𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎 cos(𝛼 − 𝜙) 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
• Out of this power developed, some would go to meet iron and friction and
excitation losses. Hence, the power available at the shaft would be less than the
developed power by this amount.
• Out of the input power/phase 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙, and amount 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 is wasted in the armature.
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• If the power input per phase is P, then:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 + 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 per phase
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃 − 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎
• For three-phase
𝑃𝑚 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜙 − 3𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎
• The per phase power development in a synchronous machine is as under:
• Different power stages in a synchronous motor are as under:
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X. Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor
• Shown below is the equivalent circuit model for one armature phase of a cylindrical
rotor synchronous motor.
XI. Power Developed by a Synchronous Motor
• Except for small machines, the armature resistance of a synchronous motor is

negligible as compared to its synchronous reactance. Hence, the equivalent circuit
of the motor and the vector diagram become:
• From the phasor diagram, it is seen that:
𝐸𝑏 𝑉
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛼 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑆 cos 𝜙 or 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 = sin 𝛼
𝑋𝑆
• Motor power input/phase

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙
𝐸𝑏 𝑉
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = sin 𝛼 …. … . . 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑋𝑆
𝐸𝑏 𝑉
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 3 sin 𝛼 … … . 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑋𝑆
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• Since stator Cu losses have been neglected, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 also represents the gross
mechanical power (𝑃𝑚 ) developed by the motor
3 𝐸𝑏 𝑉
𝑃𝑚 = sin 𝛼
𝑋𝑆
• The gross torque developed by the motor
𝑃𝑚 9.55𝑃𝑚
𝑇𝑔 = = 𝑁. 𝑚
𝑁𝑠 𝑁𝑠
2𝜋 ( )
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Example 1:
A 75 – kW, 4 pole, 3-phase, Y-connected, 50-Hz, 440-V cylindrical rotor synchronous motor
operates at rated condition with 0.8 p.f. leading. The motor efficiency excluding field and
stator losses, is 95 % and 𝑋𝑆 = 2.5 ohms. Calculate (a) mechanical power developed,
(b) armature current, (c) back e.m.f., (d) power angle, and (e)maximum or pull – out torque
of the motor.
Solution:
a. Mechanical power developed
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 75,000
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 78.94737 𝑘𝑊
𝜂 0.95
b. Armature current
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = √3𝑉𝐼𝑎 𝑥 𝑝. 𝑓.
𝑃𝑖𝑛 78.94737 𝑥 103

𝐼𝑎 = = = 129.48945 𝐴
√3 𝑉 𝑥 𝑝. 𝑓. √3 (440)(0.8)
c. Back e.m.f
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑆
440
𝐸𝑏 = ∠00 − (129.48945 ∠36.870 )(𝑗2.5)
√3
𝐸𝑏 = 254.03412 ∠00 − (129.48945 ∠36.870 )(2.5∠900 )
= 254.03412 ∠00 − (323.72363 ∠126.80 )
𝐸𝑏 = 447.95221 − 𝑗259.21567 = 517.54608∠−30.060 𝑉
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d. Power angle
𝛼 = −30.060
e. Maximum or pull – out torque of the motor occurs at 𝜶 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎

440
3 𝐸𝑏 𝑉 (3)( )(517.54608)
𝑃𝑚 = sin 𝛼 = √3
sin 900 = 157,769.2346 𝑊
𝑋𝑆 2.5
120 𝑥 𝑓 120 𝑥 50
𝑁𝑆 = = = 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 4
9.55𝑃𝑚 9.55(157,769.2346)
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = = = 1004.46413 𝑁. 𝑚
𝑁𝑠 1500
XII. Synchronous Motor with Different Excitation
• A synchronous motor is said to have normal excitation when its 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉.
• Fig. 4 shows an under – excited synchronous motor

– 𝐸𝑏 < 𝑉
– The motor has a lagging power factor.
– Both conditions have a lagging power factor.
• Fig. 5 shows an over – excited synchronous motor

– 𝐸𝑏 > 𝑉
– The motor draws a leading current.
– There will be some value of excitation for which the armature current will be
in phase with V, so that the power factor will be unity.
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Fig. 4 Fig. 5
• The value of 𝜶 and back e.m.f., 𝑬𝒃 can be found with the help of vector diagrams
for various power factors as shown in the Fig. 6.
Fig. 6
(a) Lagging Power Factor (Fig. 6a)
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = [𝑉 − 𝐸𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2 + [𝐸𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2
𝐸𝑏 = √[𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 cos(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2 + [𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 sin(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2
Load angle
𝐵𝐶 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 sin(𝜃 − 𝜙)
𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 [ ]
𝐴𝐵 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 cos(𝜃 − 𝜙)
(b) Leading Power Factor (Fig. 6b)
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 cos[1800 − (𝜃 + 𝜙)] + 𝑗 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 sin[1800 − (𝜃 + 𝜙)]
(c) Unity Power Factor (Fig. 6c)
𝑂𝐵 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 and 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑆
𝐸𝑏 = (𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 ) + 𝑗𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑆
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XIII. Effect of Increased Load with Constant Excitation
• Normal Excitation 𝑬𝒃 = 𝑽
– Suppose that load on the motor is increased, motor must develop more torque
by drawing more current. Unlike a dc motor, synchronous motor cannot
increase its 𝐼𝑎 by decreasing its speed and hence 𝐸𝑏 because both are
constant in its case.
What actually happens is:
• Rotor falls back in phase, i.e, load angle increases to α2.

• The resultant voltage in armature is increased considerably to new
value 𝐸𝑅2 .
• As a result, 𝐼𝑎1 increases to𝐼𝑎2 , thereby increasing the torque developed
by the motor.
• 𝜙1 increases to 𝜙2 , so that the power factor decreases from cos 𝜙1 to a
new value cos 𝜙2 .
• Since increase in 𝐼𝑎 is much greater than the slight decrease in power
factor, the torque developed by the motor is increased to a new value
sufficient to meet the extra load put on the motor.
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• Under-Excitation 𝑬𝒃 < 𝑽
• With the small load, and hence, small torque angle 𝛼1 , 𝐼𝑎1 lags behind 𝑉 by a
large phase angle 𝜙1 which means poor power factor.
• Unlike normal excitation, a much larger armature current must flow for
developing the same power because of poor power factor.
• As load increases, 𝐸𝑅1 increase to 𝐸𝑅2 , consequently 𝐼𝑎1 increases to 𝐼𝑎2 and pf
angle decreases from 𝜙1 to 𝜙2 or pf increase from cos 𝜙1 to cos 𝜙2 .
• Due to increase both in 𝐼𝑎 and pf., power generated by the armature increases
to meet the increased in load.
• In this case, change in power factor is more than the change in 𝐼𝑎 .
• Over-Excitation 𝑬𝒃 > 𝑽
• When running on light load, α1 is small but Ia1 is comparatively larger and leads
𝑉 by a larger angle 𝜙1 .
• Like the under-excited motor, as more load is applied, the power factor
improves and approaches unity.
• The armature current also increases thereby producing the necessary
increased armature power to meet the increased applied load.
• However, it should be noted that in this case, power factor angle decreases at
faster rate than the armature current.
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Summary:
The main points regarding the above three cases can be summarized as under:
1. As the load on the motor increases, 𝐼𝑎 increases regardless of excitation.

2. For under-and over-excited motors, p.f. tends to approach unity with increase in load.
3. Both with under-and over-excitation, change in p.f. is greater than in 𝐼𝑎 with increase
in load.
4. With normal excitation, when load is increased change in 𝐼𝑎 is greater than in p.f.
which tends to become increasingly lagging.
Example 2:
A 20-pole, 693-V, 50-Hz, 3-phase, star-connected synchronous motor is operating at no-load

with normal excitation. It has armature resistance per phase of zero and synchronous
reactance of 10 ohms. (a) If rotor is retarded by 0.50 (mechanical) from its synchronous
position, compute: (i) rotor displacement in electrical degrees, (ii) armature emf per phase,
(iii) armature current/phase, (iv) power drawn by the motor, (v) power developed by the
armature. (b)How will these quantities change when motor is loaded and the rotor
displacement increases to 50 (mechanical)?
Solution:
(a) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 (mechanical) displacement
i. Rotor displacement in electrical degrees
𝑃 20
𝛼(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡) = 𝑥 𝛼 (𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ) = 𝑥 0.50 = 50 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡)
2 2
ii. Armature emf per phase

𝑉𝐿 693
𝑉𝑝 = = = 400.10374 𝑉
√3 √3
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑝 = 400.10374 𝑉
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Therefore:
𝐸𝑅 = (𝑉𝑝 − 𝐸𝑏 cos 𝛼) + 𝑗𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛼
𝐸𝑅 = 400.10374 − 400.10374 cos 50 + 𝑗 400.10374 sin 50
𝐸𝑅 = 1.52252 + 𝑗 34.87134 = 34.90462 ∠ 87.40 𝑉/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
iii. Armature current/phase
𝑍𝑆 = 0 + 𝑗 10 = 10 ∠ 900 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐸𝑅 34.90462 ∠ 87.40
𝐼𝑎 = = = 3.49046 ∠ − 2.60 𝐴/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑆 10 ∠ 900
Therefore: 𝐼𝑎 lags behind 𝑉𝑝 by 2.60
iv. Power drawn by the motor
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 = 400.10374 𝑥 3.49046 𝑥 cos 2.60 = 1395.10845 𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 3 𝑥 1395.10845 = 4185.32536 𝑊
v. Power developed by the armature
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑚 = 4185.32536 𝑊 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
(b) 𝟓𝟎 (mechanical)
i. Rotor displacement in electrical degrees
𝑃 20
𝛼(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡) = 𝑥 𝛼 (𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ) = 𝑥 50 = 500 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡)
2 2
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ii. Armature emf per phase
𝐸𝑅 = (𝑉𝑝 − 𝐸𝑏 cos 𝛼) + 𝑗𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛼
𝐸𝑅 = 400.10374 − 400.10374 cos 500 + 𝑗 400.10374 sin 500
𝐸𝑅 = 142.92201 + 𝑗 306.49725 = 338.18230 ∠ 650 𝑉/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
iii. Armature current/phase
𝑍𝑆 = 0 + 𝑗 10 = 10 ∠ 900 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐸𝑅 338.18230 ∠ 650
𝐼𝑎 = = = 33.81823 ∠ − 250 𝐴/ 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑆 10 ∠ 900
iv. Power drawn by the motor
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 = 400.10374 𝑥 33.81823 𝑥 cos 250 = 12,263.06968 𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 3 𝑥 12,263.06968 = 36,789.20904 𝑊
v. Power developed by the armature
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑚 = 36,789.20904 𝑊 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
It is seen from the above example that as motor load is increased:
1. Rotor displacement increases from 50 (elect) to 500 (elect) i.e. 𝐸𝑏 falls back in
phase considerably.
2. 𝐸𝑅 increases as well as 𝐼𝑎 .
3. Angle 𝜙 increases so that power factor decreases.
4. Increase in power is almost directly proportional to increase in load angle.
17
Example 3:
A 3-phase synchronous machine is worked as follows: Generator-mode: 400 𝑉/𝑝ℎ, 32 𝐴/𝑝ℎ,

unity pf, 𝑋𝑠 = 10 ohms. Motoring-mode: 400 𝑉/𝑝ℎ, 32 𝐴/𝑝ℎ, unity pf, 𝑋𝑠 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠.
Calculate 𝐸𝑏 and 𝛿 in both cases.
Solution:
Generator – mode:
𝑉 = 𝑂𝐴 = 400 𝑉 𝐼𝑋𝑆 = 𝐴𝐵 = 32 𝐴 𝑥 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 = 320 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑂𝐵 = √𝑉 2 + 𝐼𝑋𝑆 2 = √(400)2 + (320)2 = 512.24994 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐼𝑋𝑆 320
𝛿 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 38.660
𝑉 400
Total Power
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡_𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝑝ℎ cos 𝜙 = 3 𝑥 400 𝑥 32 𝑥 1 = 38,400 𝑊
Or
𝑉𝐸 400 𝑥 512.24994
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡_𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 3 𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 sin 𝛿 = 3 𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 sin 38.660 = 38,400.16071 𝑊
𝑋𝑆 10
18
Motoring – mode:
𝑉 = 𝑂𝐴 = 400 𝑉 −𝐼𝑋𝑆 = 𝐴𝐵 = 32 𝐴 𝑥 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 = 320 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑂𝐵 = √𝑉 2 + 𝐼𝑋𝑆 2 = √(400)2 + (320)2 = 512.24994 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐼𝑋𝑆 320
|𝛿 | = tan−1 = tan−1 = 38.660
𝑉 400
Note:
• The change in the sign of 𝜹 has to be noted in the two modes.

• It is +𝒗𝒆 for generator and −𝒗𝒆 for motor.
• 𝑬 happens to be equal in both cases due to unity power factor. At other power
factor, this will be different.
• Power can be calculated in two ways and it will be electrical power input to motor
and also the mechanical output of the motor.
XIV. Different Torques of a Synchronous Motor
• Various torques associated with a synchronous motor are as follows:
– Starting Torque
• It is the torque (or running effort) developed by the motor when full
voltage is applied to its stator winding.
• It is also sometimes called breakaway torque.
– Running Torque
• As its name indicates, it is the torque developed by the motor under

running conditions.
• It is determined by the horsepower and speed of the driven machine.
• The peak horsepower determines the maximum torque that would be
required by the driven machine.
19
– Pull-in torque
• A synchronous motor is started as induction motor until it runs 2 to 5%

below the synchronous speed.
• Afterwards, excitation is switched on and the rotor pulls into step with
the synchronously-rotating stator field.
• The amount of torque at which the motor will pull into step is called the
pull-in torque.
– Pull-out torque
• The maximum torque which the motor can develop without pulling out
of step or synchronism is called the pull-out torque.
• Normally, when load on the motor is increased, its rotor progressively
tends to fall back in phase by some angle (called load angle) behind
the synchronously-revolving stator magnetic field though it keeps
running synchronously. Motor develops maximum torque when the rotor
is retarded by an angle of 900 (or in other words, it has shifted backward
by a distance equal to half the distance between adjacent poles).
• Any further increase in load will cause the motor to pull out of step (or
synchronism) and stop.
XV. Various Conditions of Maxima
1. Fixed 𝑬𝒃 , 𝑽, 𝑹𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝑺
– Under these conditions, 𝑃𝑚 will vary with load angle 𝛼 and will be
maximum when 𝑑𝑃𝑚 ⁄𝑑 ∝= 0
𝑑𝑃𝑚 𝐸𝑏 𝑉
= (𝑋𝑆 cos ∝ −𝑅𝑎 sin ∝) = 0
𝑑∝ 𝑍𝑆 2
𝑋𝑆
tan ∝ = = tan 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝛼 = 𝜃
𝑅𝑎
𝐸𝑏 𝑉 𝐸𝑏 2 𝑅𝑎
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑆 𝑍𝑆 2
𝑍𝑆
𝐸𝑏 = [𝑉 ± √𝑉 2 − 4𝑅𝑎 . (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ]
2𝑅𝑎
Note: The two values of 𝐸𝑏 obtained represent the excitation limits for any load.
20
2. Fixed 𝑽, 𝑹𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿𝑺
– In this case, 𝑃𝑚 varies with excitation of 𝐸𝑏 . Find the value of the

excitation or induced e.m.f. 𝐸𝑏 which is necessary for the maximum
power possible.
𝑑(𝑃𝑚)𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉 2𝑅𝑎 𝐸𝑏
= − =0
𝑑𝐸𝑏 𝑍𝑆 𝑍𝑆 2
𝑉𝑍𝑆
𝐸𝑏 =
2𝑅𝑎
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − =
2𝑅𝑎 4𝑅𝑎 4𝑅𝑎
XVI. Power Developed by Salient Pole Synchronous Motor
𝐸𝑏 𝑉 𝑉 2 (𝑋𝑑 − 𝑋𝑞 )
𝑃𝑚 = sin 𝛼 + sin 2𝛼 … 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑋𝑑 2𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑞
𝐸𝑏 𝑉 𝑉 2 (𝑋𝑑 − 𝑋𝑞 )
𝑃𝑚 = 3 𝑥 [ sin 𝛼 + sin 2𝛼 ] … 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑋𝑑 2𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑞
9.55 𝑃𝑚
𝑇𝑔 = … 𝑁𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁𝑆
Note:
Two components of power:
a. First component is called excitation power or magnet power.

b. Second component is called reluctance power (because when excitation is
removed, the motor runs as a reluctance motor).
21
Example 4:
A 3 – phase, 150 – kW, 2300 – volt, 50 – Hz, 1000 – rpm salient pole synchronous motor has
𝑋𝑑 = 32 Ω/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 and 𝑋𝑞 = 20 Ω/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒. Neglecting losses, calculate the torque developed
by the motor if field excitation is so adjusted as to make the back e.m.f. twice the applied
voltage and 𝛼 = 160 .
Solution:
2300
𝑉= = 1327.90562 𝑉
√3
𝐸𝑏 = 2 𝑥 𝑉 = 2 𝑥 1327.90562 = 2655.81124 𝑉
Excitation power/phase
𝐸𝑏 𝑉
𝑃𝑚 = sin 𝛼
𝑋𝑑
2655.81124 𝑥 1327.90562
𝑃𝑚𝑑 = sin 160 = 30,377.53363 𝑊
32
Reluctance power/phase
𝑉 2 (𝑋𝑑 −𝑋𝑞 )
𝑃𝑚 = sin 2𝛼
2𝑋𝑑 𝑋𝑞
(1327.90562)2 (32−20)
𝑃𝑚𝑞 = sin 2(160 ) = 8760.22785 𝑊
2 𝑥 32 𝑥 20
Total power developed
𝑃𝑚 = 3 (𝑃𝑚𝑑 + 𝑃𝑚𝑞 )
𝑃𝑚 = 3 (30,377.53363 + 8760.22785) = 117.41328 𝑘𝑊
Torque developed
9.55 𝑃𝑚
𝑇𝑔 =
𝑁𝑆
9.55 (117,413.2844)
𝑇𝑔 = = 1121.29687 𝑁. 𝑚
1000
22
Example 5:
The input to an 11,000 – V, 3-phase, star-connected synchronous motor is 60 A. The effective

resistance and synchronous reactance per phase are respectively 1 ohm and 30 ohms. Find
(i) the power supplied to the motor, (ii) mechanical power developed and (iii) induced e.m.f.
for a power factor of 0.8 leading.
Solution:
i. the power supplied to the motor
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = √3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 = √3 𝑥 11,000 𝑥 60 𝑥 0.8 = 914.52283 𝑘𝑊
ii. mechanical power developed
Total power losses
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 = 3 𝑥 (60)2 𝑥 1 = 10.8 𝑘𝑊
Power developed by motor
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑚 = 914.52283 − 10.8 = 903.72283 𝑘𝑊
iii. induced e.m.f. for a power factor of 0.8 leading
11,000
𝑉𝑝 = = 6350.85296 𝑉
√3
𝜙 = cos −1 0.8 = 36.870
𝑋𝑆 30
𝜃 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 88.090
𝑅𝑎 1
𝑍𝑆 = √𝑅𝑎 2 + 𝑋𝑆 2 = √302 + 12 = 30.01666 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 = 60 𝑥 30.01666 = 1800.99972 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
23
From the figure above and using Cosine Law
2
𝐸𝑏 2 = (𝑉𝑝 ) + (𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 )2 − 2𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 cos(𝜃 + 𝜙)
Phase voltage
𝐸𝑏 = √(6350.85296 )2 + (1800.99972)2 − 2(6350.85296)(1800.99972) cos(88.090 + 36.870 )
𝐸𝑏 = 7528.93418 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Line voltage
𝐸𝑏 = √3 𝑥 𝐸𝑏 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = √3 𝑥 7528.93418 = 13,040. 49654 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
Example 6:
A 500 – volt, 1 – phase synchronous motor gives a net output mechanical power of 7.46 kW
and operates at 0.9 p.f. lagging. Its effective resistance is 0.8 ohm. If the iron and friction
losses are 500 W and excitation losses are 800 W, estimate the armature current. Calculate
the commercial efficiency.
Solution:
Motor input
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙
Armature Cu loss
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2
Power output
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑚 = 7460 + 500 + 800 = 8760 𝑊
24
Power developed in armature
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2
𝑉 cos 𝜙±√𝑉 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙−4𝑅𝑎 𝑃𝑚

𝐼𝑎 =
2𝑅𝑎
(500) (0.9) ±√(500 𝑥 0.9)2 −4(0.8)(8760)
𝐼𝑎 =
2(0.8)
450±417.69367
𝐼𝑎 = = 542.30854 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20.19146 𝐴
1.6
Motor input
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 500 𝑥 20.19146 𝑥 0.9 = 9086.157 𝑊
Commercial efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 7460
𝜂𝑐 = = = 0.82103 = 82.10292 %
𝑃𝑖𝑛 9086.157
Example 7:
A 1,000 – kVA, 11,000 – V, 3 – phase, star – connected synchronous motor has an armature
resistance and reactance per phase of 3.5 ohms and 40 ohms respectively. Determine the
induced e.m.f. and angular retardation of the rotor when fully loaded at (a) unity p.f., (b)
0.8 p.f. lagging, (c) 0.8 p.f. leading.
Fig. 7
25
Solution:
Full – load armature current:
1,000 ,000
𝐼𝑎 = = 52.48639 𝐴
√3 𝑥 11,000
Voltage per phase:
11,000
𝑉𝑝 = = 6350.85296 𝑉 ; cos 𝜙 = 0.8 ; 𝜙 = 36.870
√3
Armature resistance drop/phase:
𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 52.48639 𝑥 3.5 = 183.70237 𝑉
Reactance drop/phase:
𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑆 = 52.48639 𝑥 40 = 2099.45560 𝑉
Impedance drop:
𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 = √(183.70237)2 + (2099.45560)2 = 2107.47725 𝑉
𝑋𝑆 40
tan 𝜃 = ; θ = tan−1 = 850
𝑅𝑎 3.5
(a) at unity power factor, Fig. 7a
2
𝐸𝑏 2 = (𝑉𝑝 ) + (𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 )2 − 2𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 cos(𝜃)
𝐸𝑏 2 = (6350.85296 )2 + (2107.47725 )2 − 2(6350.85296 )(2107.47725 ) cos(850 )
𝐸𝑏 = 6514.73409 𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Induced line voltage
𝐸𝑏 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 6514.73409 𝑥 √3 = 11,283.85044 𝐴
From ∆ 𝑂𝐴𝐵
2107.47725 6512.82534
=
sin∝ sin 850
2107.47725 𝑥 sin 850

sin 𝛼 = = 0.32236 ; ∴ 𝛼 = 18.810
6512.82534
26
(b) at power factor 0.8 lagging, Fig. 7b
∠ 𝐵𝑂𝐴 = 𝜃 − 𝜙 = 850 − 36.870 = 48.130
𝐸𝑏 2 = (6350.85296)2 + (2107.47725)2 − 2(6350.85296)(2107.47725) cos 48.130
𝐸𝑏 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 5187.32253 𝑥 √3 = 8984.70618 𝑉
2107.47725 5187.32253
=
sin∝ sin 48.130
2107.47725 𝑥 sin 48.130

sin 𝛼 = = 0.30254 ; ∴ 𝛼 = 17.610
5187.32253
(c) at power factor 0.8 leading, Fig. 7c
∠ 𝐵𝑂𝐴 = 𝜃 + 𝜙 = 850 + 36.870 = 121.870
𝐸𝑏 2 = (6350.85296)2 + (2107.47725)2 − 2(6350.85296)(2107.47725) cos 121.870
𝐸𝑏 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 7675.18233 𝑥 √3 = 13,293.80576 𝑉
2107.47725 7675.18233
=
sin∝ sin 121.870
2107.47725 𝑥 sin 121.870

sin 𝛼 = = 0.23319 ; ∴ 𝛼 = 13.480
7675.18233
27
Example 8:
A single phase alternator has armature impedance of (0.5 + j0.866). When running as a
synchronous motor on 200 – volt supply, it provides a net output of 6 kW. The iron and friction
losses amount to 500 W. If current drawn by the motor is 50 A, find the two possible phase
angles of current and two possible induced e.m.fs.
Fig. 8
Solution:
Armature current loss per phase
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 = 502 𝑥 0.5 = 1250 𝑊
Motor intake
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 6000 + 500 + 1250 = 7750 𝑊
Power factor
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 7750
𝑝. 𝑓. = cos 𝜙 = = = 0.775 ; ∴ 𝜙 = 39.190 𝑙𝑎𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝐴 200 𝑥 50
𝑋 0.866
θ = tan−1 ( 𝑆) = tan−1 ( ) = 600
𝑅𝑎 0.5
From Fig. 8a
∠ 𝐵𝑂𝐴 = 𝜃 − 𝜙 = 600 − 39.190 = 20.810
𝑍𝑆 = √0.52 + 0.86602 = 0.99998 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 = 50 𝑥 0.99998 = 49.9990 𝑉
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝑏 = √(200)2 + (49.9990)2 − 2(200)(49.9990) cos 20.810
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝑏 = 154.28869 𝑉
28
From Fig. 8b
∠ 𝐵𝑂𝐴 = 𝜃 + 𝜙 = 600 + 39.190 = 99.190
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝑏 = √(200)2 + (49.9990)2 − 2(200)(49.9990) cos 99.190
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝑏 = 213.76158 𝑉
Example 9:
A 400 – volt, 50 – Hz, 6 – pole, 3 – phase, Y – connected synchronous motor has synchronous
reactance of 4 ohm per phase and a resistance of 0.5 ohm per phase. On full-load, the
excitation is adjusted so that the machine takes and armature current of 60 A at 0.866 p.f.
leading. Keeping this excitation unchanged, find the maximum power output. Excitation,
friction, windage and iron losses total 2 kW.
Solution:
400
𝑉𝑝ℎ = = 230.94011 𝑉 ; 𝑍𝑆 = 0.5 + 𝑗4 = 4.03113 ∠ 82.870
√3
𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 = 60 𝑥 4.03113 = 241.86780 𝑉 ; cos 𝜙 = 0.866 ; 𝜙 = 300 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑
2
𝐸𝑏 2 = (𝑉𝑝 ) + (𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 )2 − 2𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 cos(𝜃 + 𝜙)
𝐸𝑏 2 = (230.94011 )2 + (241.86780)2 − 2(230.94011)(241.86780) cos(82.870 + 300 )
𝐸𝑏 = 394.01783 𝑉
29
𝐸𝑏 𝑉 𝐸𝑏 2 𝑅𝑎
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑆 𝑍𝑆 2
394.01783 𝑥 230.94011 (394.01783)2 𝑥 0.5

(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − = 17,796.03426 𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
4.03113 (4.03113)2
Maximum power developed in armature for 3 phases

(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3 (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3 𝑥 17,796.03426 = 53,338.10278 𝑊
Net output
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 53,338.10278 − 2000 = 51,388.10278 𝑊
Example 10:
A 3 – phase, 3300 – volts, wye – connected synchronous motor has an effective resistance
and synchronous reactance of 2 ohms and 18 ohms per phase respectively. If the open –
circuited generated e.m.f. is 3800 V between lines, calculate (i) the maximum total
mechanical power that the motor can develop and (ii) the current and power factor at
the maximum mechanical power.
Solution:
18 3300 3800
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 83.660 ; 𝑉𝑝ℎ = = 1905.25589 𝑉; 𝐸𝑏 = = 2193.93102 𝑉
2 √3 √3
For maximum power development, ∝= 𝜃
2
𝐸𝑅 = √(𝑉𝑝 ) + (𝐸𝑏 )2 − 2𝑉𝑝 𝐸𝑏 cos(𝜃)
𝐸𝑅 = √(1905.25589)2 + (2193.93102)2 − 2(1905.25589)(2193.93102) cos(83.660 )
𝐸𝑅 = 2742.28984 𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 = 𝐸𝑅 = 2742.28984 𝑉 ; 𝑍𝑆 = √22 + 182 = 18.11077 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
Therefore:
2742.28984
𝐼𝑎 = = 151.41763 𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
18.11077
30
(i) the maximum total mechanical power that the motor can develop
𝐸𝑏 𝑉 𝐸 2𝑅
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = − 𝑏 2𝑎
𝑍𝑆 𝑍𝑆
2193.93102 𝑥 1905.25589 (2193.93102) 2 (2)

(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = − = 201,452.2986 W
18.11077 (18.11077) 2
Maximum power for three phases that the motor can develop in its armature
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 3 𝑥 201,452.2986 = 604,356.8958 W
(ii) the current and power factor at the maximum mechanical power
𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑆 = 𝐸𝑅 = 2742.28984 𝑉 ; 𝑍𝑆 = √22 + 182 = 18.11077 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
Therefore:
2742.28984
𝐼𝑎 = = 151.41763 𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
18.11077
Total Cu losses
𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 = 3 𝑥 (151.41763)2 𝑥 2 = 137,563.7920 𝑊
Motor input
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 604,356.8958 + 137,563.7920 = 741,920.6878 𝑊
Power factor
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜙
𝑃𝑖𝑛 741,920.6878
cos 𝜙 = = (3300)(151.41763)
= 0.85725 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑
√ 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 𝐿
3 √3
31

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MODULE 3

I. Synchronous Motor – General

• The synchronous motor is one type of 3-phase AC motors which operates at a

• It is similar in construction to 3-phase ac generator in that it has a revolving field

II. Comparison between Synchronous and Induction Motors

• A synchronous motor is inherently not self-starting.

• The breakdown torque of a synchronous motor varies approximately as the first

• A dc excitation is required by a synchronous motor but not by induction motor.

• The disadvantages of synchronous motors are:

– They require dc excitation which must be supplied from external source.

– They have a tendency to hunt.

– They cannot be used for variable speed applications as speed adjustment

– They cannot be started under load. Their starting torque is zero.

– They may fall out of synchronism and stop when overloaded.

• The synchronous must have the following fields of application:

– Power houses and substations. Used in power houses and substations in

– Factories. Used in factories having large number of induction motors or other

– Constant speed equipment. Used to drive continuously operating and

• A 3-phase synchronous motor consists of the following parts:

– Laminated stator core with 3-phase armature winding

VI. Principle of Operation

• Figure below shows:

(a) (b) (c)

• The means by which it is brought up to speed are:

– A dc motor coupled to the synchronous motor shaft.

• This method is sometimes used in laboratories with synchronous motors

• Generally, the synchronous motor is intended as the constant speed

• But in order to bring the motor up to synchronism, the dc generator is

• Once in parallel with the supply, the synchronous dynamo is operated

– Using the field excited generator as a dc motor

• This method involves the same synchronizing procedure for ac

• In the above three methods the following conditions should be met:

– There should be little or no-load on the synchronous motor.

• Almost all synchronous motors are equipped with dampers or squirrel

VIII. Motor on Load with Constant Excitation

• In a synchronous machine, a back e.m.f. 𝐸𝑏 is set up in the armature (stator) by the

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

IX. Power Flow within a Synchronous Motor

• If 𝑅𝑎 is negligible, the 𝜃 = 900 , motor input is:

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙

• Total input for a star-connected, 3 – phase machines is:

• The mechanical power developed in the rotor is:

𝑃𝑚 = 𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎 cos(𝛼 − 𝜙) 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

• The per phase power development in a synchronous machine is as under:

• Different power stages in a synchronous motor are as under:

XI. Power Developed by a Synchronous Motor

• Except for small machines, the armature resistance of a synchronous motor is

• From the phasor diagram, it is seen that:

• Motor power input/phase

• The gross torque developed by the motor

a. Mechanical power developed

𝑃𝑖𝑛 78.94737 𝑥 103

𝐸𝑏 = 254.03412 ∠00 − (129.48945 ∠36.870 )(2.5∠900 )

= 254.03412 ∠00 − (323.72363 ∠126.80 )

𝐸𝑏 = 447.95221 − 𝑗259.21567 = 517.54608∠−30.060 𝑉

e. Maximum or pull – out torque of the motor occurs at 𝜶 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎

XII. Synchronous Motor with Different Excitation

• A synchronous motor is said to have normal excitation when its 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉.

• Fig. 4 shows an under – excited synchronous motor

• Fig. 5 shows an over – excited synchronous motor

(a) Lagging Power Factor (Fig. 6a)

𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = [𝑉 − 𝐸𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2 + [𝐸𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2

𝐸𝑏 = √[𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 cos(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2 + [𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 sin(𝜃 − 𝜙)]2