A-Level 9709/1 (P1)

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P1 Chapter 8 Integration
Lecture 8
(Antiderivative, equation of curve, area under graph, volume of revolution)

Introduction:
- Integration is a process of finding a function from its derivative which reverses
the operation of differentiating.
- Integration is denoted by the notation  f (x)dx → anti derivative of f (x ) with
respect to x.

Differentiation

y = f (x ) = f ' (x )
dy
dx
Integration

- There are two types of integral → Definite integral and indefinite integrals

Power Rule of Integration:

x n +1
1.
 x n dx =
n +1
+c

**Note: This rule holds for ALL real values of the power n except – 1.

 y m+1 
2.
 
ky m dy = k y m dy = k   + c , where k is a constant
 m + 1

3.
  f (x)  g (x)dx =  f (x)dx   g (x)dx

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- Example 1: Find the following indefinite integrals:

 x dx
5
(i)
3
−
(ii)  − 2 x 2 dx
(iii)  x dx

(iv)  (1 + 3x) dx
 (2 x − 5x ) dx
4
(v)

 (2 + x )
+ 5 x −3 dx
3
(vi)

 4 
  2 x −  dx
4
(vii)
x2 

(viii)  x(2 x − 3 x ) dx

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(ax + b ) n +1

 (ax + b ) dx = +c
n
4.
(n + 1)(a )

Must be linear coefficient of x

- Example 2: Find the following indefinite integrals:

 (3x + 1) dx
5
(i)

 2(1 − 6 x ) dx
9
(ii)
3
x 
(iii)   4 + 3  dx
(iv)  1 − x dx

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(v)  − (7 x + 2) 6
dx

3
(vi)  5 − 2x
dx

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(vii)  x
dx
3 1+
2
2
 1 
(viii)   (x + 1) + (x + 1)  dx

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Application 1: To Find the Equation of the Curve:

To find the equation of the curve that passes through a given point, integrate f ( x ) with
respect to x .
(Do not forget to + c , use the given point to find c )

- Example 4:

A curve is such that f ' (x ) = 2 x 3 − and passes through the point (1,2 ) , find the
1
x2
equation of the curve.

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- Example 5 (PYQ – M/J 2005):

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- Example 6 (PYQ – M/J 2012/13):

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- Example 7 (PYQ – O/N 2012/12):

Application 2: To Find Area of Region

Definite Integral
Integrate the following:

 2 
2
(i)   x
1
3
+ 3 x dx


 6 
9
(ii)  
4
x− dx
x2 

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Case 1: Finding area under the curves by definite integration

The area bounded by a curve y = f ( x ) , the lines x = a , x = b , and the x-axis can be
found from definite integral.

- Example 8:
Find the area of the shaded region.

- Example 9:
Find the area of the finite region between the curve with equation y = x 2 (2 − x ) and the
x -axis.

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Case 2: Area below the x -axis

- Example 10:
Find the area of the finite region bounded by the curve y = x(x + 3)(x − 3) and the x -
axis.

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Case 3: Area between a line and a curve

- Example 11:
Find the area of the shaded region.

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- Example 12:
Find the coordinates of point A and B . Find the area of the finite region bounded by
the line AB and the curve.

- Example 13:
Find area of the shaded region, R .

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- Example 14 (PYQ – M/J 2008):

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- Example 15 (PYQ – M/J 2012/12):

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- Example 16 (PYQ – O/N 2009/11):

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- Example 17 (PYQ – O/N 2006):

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- Example 18 (PYQ – M/J 2002):

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- Example 19 (PYQ – M/J 2009):

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Case 4: Area between the curve and the y-axis

The area bounded by a curve x = g ( y ) , the lines y = a , y = b , and the y -axis can also
be found from definite integral.

- Example 20:

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The diagram shows part of the curve x = − 2 , crossing the y-axis at the point A .
y2

The point B(6,1) lies on the curve. The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the y
-axis and the line y = 1 . Find the area of the shaded region.

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- Example 21:

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The diagram shows the line y = 1 and part of the curve y = . Find the area of
(x + 1)
the shaded region.

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Application 3: Volume of Solid of Revolution:

- Volume of region bounded by the curve, the x axis and the lines x = a, x = b when
it is rotated through 2rad / 360 / 4 right angles / completely about x axis:


b
 y 2 dx.
a

- Volume of region bounded by the curve, the y axis and the lines y = c, y = d when
it is rotated through 2rad / 360 / 4 right angles / completely about y axis:


d
 x 2 dy.
c

- Example 22 (PYQ – M/J 2007):

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- Example 23 (PYQ – M/J 2012/11):

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- Example 24 (PYQ – O/N 2010/12):

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- Example 25 (PYQ – O/N 2011/13):

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- Example 26 (PYQ – O/N 2015/11):

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- Example 27 (PYQ – O/N 2016/13):

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Improper Integrals
- Integrals where one of the limits is infinity are called improper integrals.
- There are are 2 types of improper integrals when
(i) Interval of integration is infinite.
 1 −2 1
Example: 0 x 2
dx,  3 dx
− x

(ii) Function of integrate is not continuous.

9 1 1 1
Example: 0 x
dx, 
0 2x −1
dx

- Example 3: Evaluate the following improper integrals.

9 1
(i) 
0
x
dx

 1
(ii) 
1 x2
dx

 1
(iii) 
0 3
dx
(2 x + 3) 2

 1
(iv) 
1 x3
dx

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- Practice: Evaluate the following improper integrals.

1 1
(i) 
0
x
dx

 1
(ii) 
1 x3
dx

 2
(iii) 
1 x2
dx

 1
(iv) 
1
−
x2
dx

−2 2
(v) 
− x3
dx

4 6
(vi) 
0
x
dx

1 1
(vii) 
0 (2 x + 1) 3
dx

2 2
(viii) 
1
x −1
dx

 3
(ix) 
0 (1 + x) 2
dx

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