1) UNIT 2 - Romanesque Architecture - ITALY

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE- II
UNIT 2 : ROMANESQUE - ITALY
History of Architecture- II
SYLLABUS
UNIT 1
▪ Introduction, Early Christian Architecture – Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Early Christian Architecture- Basilica church with examples
▪ Early Christian Architecture- Baptistery & Tombs
▪ Byzantine Architecture- Influences & Arch. Character, Santa Sophia
▪ Byzantine Architecture- S. Vitale and S. Marks, Venice
UNIT 2
▪ Romanesque- Italy- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Romanesque- Italy- Pisa Cathedral and S. Michele
▪ Romanesque- France- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Romanesque- France- Angouleme Cathedral & Abbey – aux-hommes
UNIT 3
▪ Romanesque- Britain- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Romanesque- Peterborough Cathedral
▪ Gothic Architecture in Britain- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Gothic Architecture in Britain-Salisbury Cathedral and West Minister Abbey
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
UNIT 4
▪ Gothic Architecture in France- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Gothic Architecture in France-Notre dame Cathedral, Amiens Cathedral
▪ Late Medieval Architecture in Italy- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Late Medieval- Italy-Milan Cathedral, S. Maria del Fiore, Doge’s Palace
UNIT 5
▪ Renaissance Architecture in Italy, France, Britain- Introduction, Architectural Character,
Examples
▪ Baroque Architecture in Italy, France, Britain- Introduction, Architectural Character,
Examples
SYLLABUS
BACKGROUND
•Romanesque architecture is the style that was
established on the decay of the Roman architecture,
and spread in the non-Byzantine countries.
•The period under study starts with the 9thcentury, and

continues to 12th.
•Inspired by roman architecture.
•Round arches, Domes, stone materials, and the

basilica-style plan similar to Roman.
•Influenced by Visigoth, Carolingian, byzantine, and
Islamic architecture.
ROMANESQUE ARCH- INTRODUCTION

History of Architecture- II 01
BACKGROUND
•Due to collapse of Roman

Empire, Romanesque developed
in Western Europe.
•It is the direct modification of

Roman Architecture which grew
in Italy, France, Germany, Central
Europe, Spain & Britain.

BACKGROUND
•Romanesque architecture is the term that describes the architecture of Europe which emerged
from the dark ages of the late tenth century and evolved into the Gothic style during the twelfth
century.
•The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.
•Romanesque architecture is characterized by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches,
sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly
defined forms and frequently has very regular and symmetrical plans.
•The style can be identified across Europe, despite regional characteristics and a range of
different materials.

EXPANSION
The factors of the
expansion of
Romanesque Architecture
were:
• Development of feudal
system, that demanded
works (castles)
• The expansion of
religious orders
(Benedictines), expanded
the monasteries
• The pilgrimage routes

EXPANSION
- Combination of contemporary western Roman and Byzantine buildings.
• Known for its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and
decorative arcading.
• Every building has clearly defined forms, very regular and symmetrical plan
• The style can be identified right across the Europe despite regional characteristics and different
materials.
• Even though Romanesque architecture has its own style, Christian religion influenced much over
buildings.
•Churches and fortified castles were the important buildings.

BUILDING TYPOLOGIES 1 2
Romanesque building types:

1. Churches
2. Castles
3. Monasteries
4. Fortified Towns
Norman Style – Romanesque in Britain

4
Ottonian Style – Romanesque in
Germany

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
EXTERIOR INTERIOR
Thick Walls Vaults Arcades Ornamentation
Roofs Arches Sculptures Intricate designs
Towers Sturdy Piers Frescoes Paintings, Mosaics
Buttress Capitals Stained Glass
Plans
ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

•Harmonious proportions
•Stone barrel vaults or

groin vault
•Thick and heavy walls
•Round arches supporting

to the roof
•decoration inside and

out(especially exteriors)
•Square Towers

•A stone was cut with precision
•A blocky, earthbound appearance
•Interiors tend to be dark because of the massive walls that dictate small windows
•Growing sophistication in vaulting to span the large spaces
•System of Construction : Arcuated
•Columns- paired, attached, decorated

•CLIMATE & MATERIALS
•Use of Local materials:

- Stone
- Marble
- Terra-Cotta
- -Ready made Columns
• Climatic conditions contribute to differences of treatment North & South of the Alps & Pyrenees.
• NORTH: Window Openings were enlarged

• High pitched Roofs
• SOUTH: Small window openings
• Flat roofs

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANS

•Most of the features of early Christian Church plan were continued like nave, aisles, apse , narthex,
choir etc but transepts were added on both sides as a predominant feature.
Transept
Tower Aisle
Narthex
Crossing
Nave
Aisle

EXPANSION

EXPANSION

SEMI-CIRCULAR ARCH
•The Roman semi circular

arch became a common
constructional as well as
ornamental feature in the
buildings.
•Shallow buttresses or
pilasters strips were the
other constructional
features.


BUTTRESS
•A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to
support or reinforce the wall.
•Generally of Flat square profile and project more beyond the walls.

Shallow buttresses

COLUMNS
•Used variation of the Corinthian and Ionic Capital

with twisted shaft known as ‘Scallop’
•Developed the Cushion type and the scalloped

capital.
•Used the following Shafts”

- Twisted Scallop
- Wreathed Columns
- Zig Zag
- Chevron



•Barrel vault and groin vault

was commonly adopted in
buildings.


ORNAMENTATION
& VISUAL
FEATURES:
Blind or real
arches were the
common features
irrespective of the
window openings.

▪ Deeply recessed doors
with series of diminishing
arches to get a corbel
effect with decorated
lintel and tympanum
appeared in many
buildings as a feature.
Door
Dwarf
arcades
Corbelled jambs
of doors and
windows


TYMPANUM, ST. LAZARE, C. 1130

▪ Small or narrow windows were made to appear larger with
the help of columns, arches and decorated moldings.
▪ The three-tier arrangement became a common feature with

some minor modifications from region to region for the wall
between nave and aisle. These included the clear windows
too.
Ornamentation of
the capitals
▪ Roman Corinthian columns, cushion capitals,

capitals with carved figures became typical
features in many interiors.

WESTERN FACADE
TREATMENT

REF DOCUMENTARIES
• Romanesque Architecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asMYYYBfYcg
• Romanesque Architecture - An Overview

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QT0ITLRkNxg&t=113s
ROMANESQUE ARCH- DOCUMENTARY

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1) Write a short note on major architectural features of Romanesque

Architecture
2) Explain with the help of sketches :

- Types of Columns in Romanesque Architecture
- Types of Vaults
- Buttresses
- Typical Exterior features of Romanesque Church
- Typical Interior features of Romanesque Church
- Plan of typical Romanesque Church
ROMANESQUE ARCH- DOCUMENTARY

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE- II
SESSION 2 : UNIT 2
ITALIAN ROMANESQUE
North
Italy
Central
Italy
South
Italy-
ROMANESQUE ARCH- ITALY

ITALIAN ROMANESQUE
Divided into 3 regions:
1. Central Italy-Pisa, Florence, Naples, Rome

2. North Italy
3. South Italy
The architectural character varied

mainly due to the climate and
availability of local material.

CENTRAL ITALY
▪ Pisa, Florence, Naples, Rome etc were famous
cities under central Italy.
▪ The architectural character was influenced by

the early Christian churches and existing
Roman monuments.
▪ Abundance of stone and mineral wealth of

Tuscany, availability of volcanic Tufa or
peperino, Travertine stone from Tivoli and
marble from Carara, Greek islands served as
building materials along with old Roman
building ruins.
▪ The brilliant sunshine resulted in small windows

and thick walls.

CENTRAL ITALY
Pisa, Florence, Naples, Rome etc. Were famous cities under central Italy.
Volcanic tufa or peperino Marble from Carrara

▪ The architectural
character was influenced
by the early Christian
churches and existing
roman monuments. Sandstone
Travertine stone from Tivoli

INFLUENCES & ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL The boundaries of Central Italy extended to Florence and Pisa on the north and
west, and to Naples on the south. Pisa was by position a maritime power, while
Florence was located on the great route from South to North.
GEOLOGICAL •Tuscany possessed greater mineral wealth than any other part of Italy, and building
stone was abundant.
•The ordinary building materials of Rome were bricks, local volcanic stone (tufa or
peperino), and Travertine stone from Tivoli, a few miles off.
•Marble was obtained from Carrara, or Paros and the other Greek
•North Italy has the climate of the temperate region of Europe. Center Italy is genial
CLIMATE
and sunny. Southern Italy is almost tropical. This variety of climatic condition is
sufficient to account for diversity of architectural features
RELIGION •Rapid Rise of Christianity

•t was during this period that, although the Popes had only small temporal
dominions, they began to make their power felt in civil government, and the
disputes with the emperors began.

INFLUENCES & ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
INFLUENCES
SOCIAL & •In Italy, especially in Tuscany, an artistic movement, in which architecture was most
POLITICAL prominent, took place in the eleventh century.
•The growth of an industrial population, the increase of commerce and the
independent views caused by education, were important factors in the rise of
Naples, Pisa and Amain and other cities for self defence.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
PLANNING ASPECTS:
1. Basilican church plans were adopted.
2. The choir was normally raised due to the positioning of crypt below.
3. The Campanile or bell tower was placed close to the church to serve as a special character to
the church buildings.
The Campanile or bell tower
Basilican church
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE:
Sloped
▪ The old traditional method of construction Vaulted roof roof(covered)
was adopted with some additional
ornamental details.
Arcade
▪ The vaulted roof was covered with sloped parapet
roof. wall
▪ This sloped roof was hidden with arcade
parapet wall.
▪ This wall above the vault also helped to

counter act against the thrust of the vaultt
over the wall below.
▪ The arcade became a feature not only

ornamental but also to protect the brilliant
sunshine.
Sloped
roof(covered)
Vaulted roof
Arcade
parapet wall

ORNAMENTATION & VISUAL FEATURES:

1. The Roman semi circular arch became an ornamental feature
over the facade of the building irrespective of openings or solid
walls.


2. The hierarchy of these semi circular arches was
effectively used over parapet wall above the
vaulted roof over aisles, over solid gable walls, for
doors, windows etc.

3. The battlemented parapet, which was earlier used for
defense purpose, became a decorative feature.

4. Windows and doors were made to appear
bigger by using jamb moldings or porches
with columns.
Jamb
Jamb* are the side of a doorway or window.

5.Use of marble over façade gave
uniqueness to buildings of central Italy.

6. The timber roof in church interior was
adorned with bright color.

7. This was a common feature for nave where
as the roof was covered with groined vault.
Groined vault

7. The buildings constructed with in the vicinity of Roman
ruins adopted the antique columns as a feature for their
interior. These can be seen over the arcade between
nave and aisles.

8. The column capital
included acanthus leaves as
decorative element with
minor variations. The
Christian symbolism in the
form of saints, evangelists
appeared in mosaics,
carvings, monograms and
9. At Tuscany mosaic paving
emblems.
became more popular where as
at Ravenna and Pisa the
Byzantine mosaic pattern
influence was more common.

EXAMPLE 1:
PISA CATHEDRAL

PISA COMPLEX 1
PISA COMPLEX:
1) Campanile
2) Pisa Cathedral
3) Baptistery
2
4) Cemetery

PISA COMPLEX
PISA COMPLEX:
1) Campanile 2) Pisa Cathedral 3)Baptistery 4)Cemetery
1

PISA CATHEDRAL

PISA CATHEDRAL
•The plan of the cathedral is cruciform or Latin cross in plan

with double aisle, transepts, crossing and semicircular apse.
•The crossing of the nave and transept was rectangular and

hence the dome was elliptical in shape. Thus there was a
variation from the Basilican plan.
•Timber roof was adopted for the church with clear storey
lighting for the nave.
•The nave and aisle were separated by long row of columns

with semi circular arches above.
•The vaulted aisle was double storey with gallery above.

PISA CATHEDRAL
•The exterior was fully adorned with semi circular arch

with combination of red and white marble, an
important feature of the building.
•The gable end or the entrance façade stands out from

the rest of the churches because of its open arcade
over solid wall.
•More than the structural development this building is

well known for its delicate ornamental feature.

PISA CATHEDRAL

PISA CATHEDRAL
• Timber roof was adopted for the church with clear storey lighting for the nave.
• The nave and aisle were separated by long row of columns with semi circular arches above.
• The vaulted aisle was double storey with gallery above.

PISA CATHEDRAL
•The interior is faced with black and white marble.
•Impressive Granite Corinthian columns (68 no.s) are

placed between the Nave and the Aisle.
•Elliptical dome over the crossing is of a later date.
•Mosaics of the interior show a strong Byzantine

influence.
•The Cathedral depicts the massive scale and

proportion.
•Delicacy of ornamental features.

PISA TOWER

PISA TOWER
•The subsidence in foundation is the main reason for the

leaning, is the subject of much discussion and brought
fame to this tower.
•Thus the city Pisa has become world famous because of

this leaning tower.
•The tower is circular in plan of 16m diameter. The ground
floor has a raised plinth with steps all around. The circular
solid wall has attached columns at regular interval with
semi circular arches. One of these arches opens out to
form the main entrance.
•The upper floors six in number is also circular in plan with a

solid wall and a circular staircase in between. Here, in the
upper floor, the columns are detached from the wall with
semi circular arches. This feature dominates the facade.

PISA TOWER
•The seventh floor is also circular in plan but smaller in size.
• Here, the solid circular wall is broken with attached

columns.
•The belfry or bell tower was added later in 1350.The upper
part of the tower now over hangs its base more than
4.2m.
•This leaning visually creates very unstable appearance.

Even to this day many efforts are going on to stop further
leaning as a precautionary measure to protect this world
famous monument.

PISA TOWER

BAPTISTERY
•This building is the third dominating monument in the

complex.
•This building was designed by Dioti Salvi.
•The Baptistery is circular in plan with a diameter of

39.3m. The central nave is 18.3m in diameter and is
surrounded by four pier and eight columns.
•The aisle surrounds the nave with double floor. The

upper gallery also contains the four pier and eight
columns with semi circular arches.
•The solid circular wall in the ground floor has

attached columns with small windows at regular
interval.

BAPTISTERY
•Semi circular arches connect all these attached

columns.
•Opening has been provided along the axis, four in

number.
•Externally the building appears to be in three tiers

where as it has only two tiers.
•The semi circular arches dominate the façade with a

truncated conical roof.
•Later during Gothic period the exterior feature was

completely modified including the roof.

BAPTISTERY

BAPTISTERY

ITALIAN ROMANESQUE
North
Italy
Central
Italy
South
Italy-

ITALIAN ROMANESQUE : NORTH ITALY
•North Italy includes the fertile plains of Lombardy

and the region around Alpine Mountain.
•The land fertility resulted in great prosperity of this

region.
•Brick was the major building material because of

availability of clay from the river plains.
•The marble was obtained from the hill around the
region.
Climatic Influence:
•The climate was extreme because of the alpine. The
Alps Mountain not only prevented cool winds from
north during summer and resulted in cool winds
during winter resulting in extreme climate.

•The important cities

were Milan, Pavia,
Genoa, Verona etc.
•The spirit of rivalry

between these cities
resulted in beautiful
buildings and also
encouraged structural
advances.
•Picturesque Buildings
•Intricate Interiors
•Use of Bright colours in
facade complementing
to nature
•Bold, solid structures

NORTH ITALY : ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
•Arcades restricted to top of gables
and apses.
•Use of stone and brick.
•Wide, flat, and severe facades are

typical characteristics.
•Ornamental features such as Rose

Window, sculptures on facade
depicting the life of Northern
invaders.
•The churches were of the Basilican

type and Vaulted.
•Side aisles are often in two stories.

• The walls between the side
chapels forming buttresses.

•Generally rectangular Basilican
plan was adopted.
•The use of vaults in nave and aisle

resulted in modular plan with grids.
• The transept provided in the
church was not as dominant as in
Central Italy.
•The crossing was highlighted or

made dominant with a dome
covered with sloping roof.
Transept in
Central Italy

•CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE:
•The major innovation was the development of

ribbed vault.
•The introduction of vault resulted in many new
constructional techniques

•The exterior wall along the aisle was

made thick to resist the thrust of the
vault.
•The tower was detached structure in

general and was treated with plain
surface and hence buttress or spire
was a rare feature.
•The intersection of nave and transept

was provided with heavy stone vault
with sturdy pier supports.
•These sturdy piers had attached half

columns, which became a regular
feature during Gothic period.


VISUAL FEATURES:
•The façade of north Italian church had a

distinct character.
•The main entrance to the nave was normally

with a porch and pair of columns.
•Wheel window was a regular feature. This

window also helped to light the nave.
• The gable top had series of stepped small

arches a decorative feature adopted in north
Italian churches. Similar arches were repeated
below the eaves and all around the apse also.
•The plain façade of the tower was made

decorative by plaster projection and small
arches.
EXAMPLE 2:
S. Michele, Pavia

NORTH ITALY : example
PLAN:
•This church is cruciform in plan with a well- defined

transept on both sides.
•It has a raised choir below which is a vaulted crypt.
•The aisles on the sides had double storeys with vaulted

roof.
•The width of nave was equal to two bays of the aisle and
the nave had transverse arches supported by clustered
columns, a typical feature of North Italy.
•The main façade is plain, but it was decorated with three

recessed portals corresponding to the central nave and
the two aisles. The four pilaster strips serving the same
purpose as that of buttress corresponds to the nave and
aisles, was carried up to the top. The raking arches with
stepped base, other openings and circular windows were
the other features of the main façade.ROMANESQUE ARCH- ITALY
PLAN:
•The main façade is plain, but it was decorated with three

recessed portals corresponding to the central nave and
the two aisles.
•The four pilaster strips serving the same purpose as that of

buttress corresponds to the nave and aisles, was carried
up to the top.
•The raking arches with stepped base, other openings and

circular windows were the other features of the main
façade.

Interior view
Front elevation of St.Michele


NORTH ITALY : Other example
BAPTISTERIES:
•Normally they were circular or octagonal in plan.

•The Baptistery at Cremona was built in 1167AD.
• It was octagonal in plan with features like a projecting
porch, pilaster strip, corbel table and arcades.
CAMPANILE OR BELL TOWERS:
•Unlike church tower of England, France and Germany,

they were detached from churches and standing as a
separate building.
Baptistery at Cremona
•The plan was normally square in plan with a plain façade
i.e. without buttresses.
•The number of windows increased with the height of the
tower.
•At the top most storey, a gallery behind an open arcade
was created, with a pyramidal roof. The swinging bell was Bell Tower at Cremona
a dominant feature of the tower.
ITALIAN ROMANESQUE
North
Italy
Central
Italy
South
Italy-

ITALIAN ROMANESQUE : SOUTH ITALY
South Italy being a peninsula and Sicily
being an island has influences both
from the east and North Africa.
INFLUENCES
•The influence from Greece, Rome and

Byzantine was predominant when it
was under the respective ruler.
•The mountains in the country supplied

abundant calcareous and shelly
limestone and many varity of marble.
• The sub tropical climate and cool

weather resulted in flat roof and
features of oriental cities.

ITALIAN ROMANESQUE : SOUTH ITALY

SOUTH ITALY : ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
PLANNING ASPECTS:
•The plan was both Basilican and Byzantine type.
•The Norman influence was also displayed at many

places as at Monreale cathedral.
•The low lantern at the crossing of nave and

transepts was a marked feature.
• Raised choir was another marked feature in the

plan.
•The transept was not a marked feature as in other

parts of Italy.

•The pilaster strip decoration with small arches was a

common feature for the exterior.
•Wheel window made out of pierced marble sheet

was highly elaborated and used as a decorative
feature.
•Elaborately designed bronze doors were other

common feature for the exteriors.
•Coloured mosaics with spreading masses of

geometrical design for the interior along with
traditional classic bronze pilaster.


1 2&3
1) In south Italy domes were preferred than

vaults because of the Byzantine influence.
2) At Sicily timber pitched roof was

commonly adopted.
4
3) The timber roof had stalactite ceiling, rich
in design and colour under the influence
of Muslim rule.
4) The influence of Byzantine, Muslim and

Norman resulted in variety of columns
including twin columns.

EXAMPLE 3:
S. Nicola, Bari

SOUTH ITALY : EXAMPLE: S. NICOLA, BARI
• The church is rectangular in plan
• It has entrance both from west &

south.
• The nave has arcades on piers and

grouped columns, triforium and
clearstorey lighting.
• The nave has flat timber ceiling with

sloped roof above and grained vault
for aisle as well as for gallery.
• The wheel window, projecting porch,

small arched windows, pilaster strip
decoration, stepped arches along
gable etc. were the features of
exterior.

1) UNIT 2 - Romanesque Architecture - ITALY

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE- II

UNIT 2 : ROMANESQUE - ITALY

•The period under study starts with the 9thcentury, and

•Inspired by roman architecture.

•Round arches, Domes, stone materials, and the

ROMANESQUE ARCH- INTRODUCTION

•Due to collapse of Roman

•It is the direct modification of

ROMANESQUE ARCH- INTRODUCTION

•The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.

ROMANESQUE ARCH- INTRODUCTION

• The pilgrimage routes

ROMANESQUE ARCH- INTRODUCTION

•Churches and fortified castles were the important buildings.

ROMANESQUE ARCH- INTRODUCTION

Romanesque building types:

Norman Style – Romanesque in Britain

ROMANESQUE ARCH- INTRODUCTION

Thick Walls Vaults Arcades Ornamentation

Roofs Arches Sculptures Intricate designs

Towers Sturdy Piers Frescoes Paintings, Mosaics

Buttress Capitals Stained Glass

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

•Stone barrel vaults or

•Thick and heavy walls

•Round arches supporting

•decoration inside and

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

•Columns- paired, attached, decorated

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

•Use of Local materials:

• NORTH: Window Openings were enlarged

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

•The Roman semi circular

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

•Used variation of the Corinthian and Ionic Capital

•Developed the Cushion type and the scalloped

•Used the following Shafts”

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

•Barrel vault and groin vault

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

TYMPANUM, ST. LAZARE, C. 1130

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

▪ The three-tier arrangement became a common feature with

▪ Roman Corinthian columns, cushion capitals,

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

ROMANESQUE ARCH- CHARACTERISTICS

• Romanesque Architecture - An Overview

ROMANESQUE ARCH- DOCUMENTARY

1) Write a short note on major architectural features of Romanesque