HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE- II

UNIT 3 : GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

History of Architecture- II
SYLLABUS
UNIT 1
▪ Introduction, Early Christian Architecture – Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Early Christian Architecture- Basilica church with examples
▪ Early Christian Architecture- Baptistery & Tombs
▪ Byzantine Architecture- Influences & Arch. Character, Santa Sophia
▪ Byzantine Architecture- S. Vitale and S. Marks, Venice

UNIT 2
▪ Romanesque- Italy- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Romanesque- Italy- Pisa Cathedral and S. Michele
▪ Romanesque- France- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Romanesque- France- Angouleme Cathedral & Abbey – aux-hommes

UNIT 3
▪ Romanesque- Britain- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Romanesque- Peterborough Cathedral
▪ Gothic Architecture in Britain- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Gothic Architecture in Britain-Salisbury Cathedral and West Minister Abbey
SYLLABUS
History of Architecture- II
SYLLABUS
UNIT 4
▪ Gothic Architecture in France- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Gothic Architecture in France-Notre dame Cathedral, Amiens Cathedral
▪ Late Medieval Architecture in Italy- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Late Medieval- Italy-Milan Cathedral, S. Maria del Fiore, Doge’s Palace

UNIT 5
▪ Renaissance Architecture in Italy, France, Britain- Introduction, Architectural Character,
Examples
▪ Baroque Architecture in Italy, France, Britain- Introduction, Architectural Character,
Examples

SYLLABUS
History of Architecture- II
 REFERENCE DOCUEMENTARIES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxK4-lJcLWg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrdkL7Y8Who

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: DOCUMENTARY

History of Architecture- II 01
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (12-16 AD)

• Gothic Architecture is a European style of

architecture that values height and exhibits an
intricate and delicate aesthetics.

• Though its roots are French, the Gothic

approach can be found in churches,
cathedrals and other similar buildings in Europe
and beyond.

1. Aesthetically ornate and conceptually

transcendent, the Gothic style has become
one of world’s most distinctive architectural
movements.

1. Though it originated in the Middle ages, the

one-of-a kind genre continues to captivate
today, as evident in some of Europe’s most
beautiful buildings.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: BACKGROUND

• France is the cradle of Gothic architecture.

• It is the culmination of the ideals and artistic forms of medieval Christian art.

• It is the supreme expression in stone of the Christian faith.

• The art and architecture can be considered in par with Greek art.
• The majority of the buildings during this period were cathedrals.

• More importance was given to Christianity due to which many Cathedrals were built without
considering the economical aspects. This is one of the reasons due to which Gothic style reached
its perfection.

• The other reason was the prevailing social condition, laws and guilds formed by workers etc.
which was greatly responsible for the artistic achievements.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (HISTORICAL INFLUENCES)
1) During the Middle ages, a new style of
architecture emerged in Europe. Initially
referred to as ‘Opus Francigenum’ or ‘French
Work’; this architectural style dominated
European tastes- namely, that of the Roman
Catholic Church- until the 16th century, when
it became known as ‘Gothic’

1) The Gothic style evolved from Romanesque

Architecture, a medieval aesthetic
characterized by arches, vaulted ceilings
and small stained glass windows.

1) Gothic architecture adopted and adapted

these Romanesque elements to produce a
new style of building the featured
exaggerated arches, increased vaulting and
enlarged windows.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (HISTORICAL INFLUENCES)
4) In addition to reinterpreting these
characteristics, Gothic architecture
abandoned one key feature of
Romanesque architecture: Thick
walls.

4) To construct taller, more delicate

buildings with thinner walls, Gothic
Architecture employed Flying
Buttresses for support.
These stone structures allowed
architects to create sky-high
cathedrals and churches that
reached towards the heaven.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (12th-16th CENTURY AD)

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (12th-16th CENTURY AD)

Gothic Architecture is the

culmination of Artistic form
and medieval Christian Art.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (12th-16th CENTURY AD)

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: TIMELINE

• The different periods within Gothic period can be traced from different elements like lancet
windows, plate tracery, curvilinear tracery, ogee arch windows etc. These periods can be
classified:

I. Early Gothic (Primary) (1140 -1194) (A lancetter) (Eg:- Notredame & Laon)

I. High Gothic (Secondary) (1194 - 1248) (Rayonnant) (Eg:- Reims, Amines, Burger, Charters)

I. Late Gothic (14th , 15th & 16th century) (Tertiary) (Flamboyant) (Eg:-Beavers, S. Queen, ESNs)

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
PLANS:
• Latin cross was the generally accepted shape of plan,
sometimes with double transepts or entrance from the
side were also found.
• Gothic style was suited for large spaces rather than for
small rooms, this was possible by invention of Gothic
vaults.
• This also resulted in long corridors, imposing staircases.

STAINED GLASS WORK:

• Stained Glass as a decorative element of a church.
The large windows were subdivided into smaller parts
using tracery (ornamentation pattern in stone)

POINTED ARCH:
• The most striking feature of Pointed Arch and vertical
effect over the buildings.
• Importance was given for the treatment of western
façade including the rich carved entrance portals.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
STRUCTURAL SUPPORT:
• Flying Buttress is main feature of Gothic Architecture
which act as a main support for the walls.
• The pinnacle on top of flying buttress not only helped
for the stability of buttresses with their weight but also
were an ornamental feature repeating at regular
intervals.

facade:
• Horizontal Mouldings, rows of blind arches, Rose
window/wheel windows with intricate stone work are
main features. Western façade is dominated by two
imposing columns and a big tower above crossing.

Height:
• The vast height of the nave was further extruded by
using vertical elements like columns, pointed arches,
thin ribs and other features with dominating vertical
heights.
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: OVERALL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
PLAN ELEVATION
▪ North & South Towers ▪ Tower
▪ Western Facade ▪ Crocket
▪ Narthex ▪ Finial
▪ Nave, Aisles ▪ Arcade
▪ Crossing ▪ Pinnacle
▪ North & South Transept ▪ Rose/Wheel Window
▪ Choir ▪ Arches
▪ Ambulatory Path ▪ Tympanium
▪ Chapels ▪ Jamb

VISUAL FEATURES VIEW

▪ Horizontal mouldings ▪ Flying Buttresses
▪ rows of blind arches ▪ Triforium
▪ rose window/wheel window ▪ Buttress Piers
▪ Crockets ▪ Clerestory
▪ Spires ▪ Ribbed Vaulting
▪ Fan Vaults ▪ Pointed Arch
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: OVERALL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
PLAN
▪ North & South Towers
▪ Western Facade
▪ Narthex
▪ Nave, Aisles
▪ Crossing
▪ North & South Transept
▪ Choir
▪ Ambulatory Path
▪ Chapels

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: OVERALL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
ELEVATION
▪ Tower
▪ Crocket
▪ Finial
▪ Arcade
▪ Pinnacle
▪ Rose/Wheel Window
▪ Arches
▪ Tympanium
▪ Jamb

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: OVERALL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

VISUAL FEATURES
▪ Horizontal mouldings
▪ rows of blind arches
▪ rose window/wheel window
▪ Crockets
▪ Spires
▪ Fan Vaults

VIEW
▪ Flying Buttresses
▪ Triforium
▪ Buttress Piers
▪ Clerestory
▪ Ribbed Vaulting
▪ Pointed Arch

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. Ribbed Vaults

The vast height of the

nave was made to look
further taller by using
vertical elements like
columns, pointed
arches, thin ribs and
other features with
dominating vertical
lines.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION 4.‘Blind Arches’
2.‘Pointed Arch’ & Vertical Effect 3.‘Column Figure’ 5.‘Horizontal Mouldings’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION
3.‘Column Figure’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION
6.‘Rose/Wheel Widows’ 7.‘Round & Pointed Arches’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION
8.‘Crockets’ 9.‘Spires’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION
10.‘Flying Buttresses’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION
11.‘Rib Vault’ & ‘Fan Vault’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION

12.’Diagonal Ribs and Boss’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION
13.’Pinnacle’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION

14.’Pointed Tympanium’

15.’Jamb Figures’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ORNAMENTATION
GOTHIC TRACERY

• As arches and windows grew in height,

Gothic tracery added extra support and
decoration.
• Tracery was the framework with an
interior made up of intertwining pieces.
• In windows, stone bars or ribs secured
pieces of glass.
• Occasionally, tracery in circular windows
produced a shape known as a petal.
• Other motifs included the arch, which
had pointed ends and foils, which had
several lobes.
• The trefoil had three lobes, and the
quatrefoil had four lobes. Foils often
resembled leaves, specifically clovers.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Vaulted Ceilings
• Pointed Arches
• Large Stained Glass Windows
• Flying Buttresses
• Ornate Decor- Gargoyles, Lancets

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

English preferred rich mouldings and plentiful

hard polished marble shafts.
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

The West front is the weakest part, as they

don’t have prominent West Tower.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

‘Fan Vault’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
1.Gothic had a longer and perhaps more varied in history of England than anywhere else in
Europe.

2.Instead of soaring (rise beyond ordinary) spaces and tall stained glass windows the English
preferred rich mouldings and plentiful hard polished marble shafts etc.

3.As the English churches were long it was possible to add the second pair of transept.
4.English Gothic cathedral plans are less compact. They have boldly projecting transepts
(sometimes double) and a square east end in place of an apse.
5. The timber roofing was used for Cathedrals.
6.The narrow crossing also has the advantage of carrying a stone tower above the crossing and
the spire above was prominently visible. Hence these towers were more prominently seen.

7.In English cathedral the west front is the weakest part, as they don't have prominent west
tower.

8.The most remarkable English achievements were tracery pattern , polygonal planning, rib
pattern etc.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

• English Gothic Architecture is classified by 3 distinct periods:

1. EARLY ENGLISH or FIRST POINTED (late 12th- late 13th centuries)

2. DECORATED GOTHIC or SECOND POINTED (late 13th-late 14th centuries)
3. PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC or THIRD POINTED (late 14th- late 17th centuries)

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
1. EARLY ENGLISH or FIRST POINTED (late 12th- late 13th centuries)

This period is equivalent to High Gothic of France.

Sometimes known as 'Lancet' because of the shape of the window - long narrow window or 'first
pointed'.

Important characters are:

•Less rubble in interior more of cut stones.

•Massive character of Norman style.
•Deeper buttresses were used for roof and vault. Sometimes flying buttresses were concealed
under triforium roof.

•The three tier structural system - (simple geometrical arrangement of grouped or single arched
openings). Usually nave arcade was half the total height of building and rest was divided into
triforium of clear storey.

•Stone tracery had not developed; Lancet windows were under common hood mould.
•Columns were compound, cylindrical or octagonal. Sometimes surrounded by detached shafts
of purbeck marble held by rings of stone or metal.
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
1. EARLY ENGLISH or FIRST POINTED (late 12th- late 13th centuries)

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
2. DECORATED GOTHIC or SECOND POINTED (late 13th-late 14th centuries)

•Equivalent to French flamboyant - beginning with geometrical tracery followed by flowing tracery
patterns.

Important characters are:

•Walls are further reduced.

•Window tracery developed with simple patterns first and later with curvilinear compositions.
• Stained glass windows were filled with translucent figure pictures.
•Between the projecting buttresses wider windows were provided, ornamented with niches and
finials.

•With development of vaults, tall tapered pinnacles also became common (even if it was not
required structurally). These pinnacles were linked by richly decorated parapets.

•The triforium was reduced.

•Columns were surrounded by attached shafts. Capitals were carved with natural leaves.
•The arched openings were equilateral and wider than they were before.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
2. DECORATED GOTHIC or SECOND POINTED (late 13th-late 14th centuries)

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
2. DECORATED GOTHIC or SECOND POINTED (late 13th-late 14th centuries)

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
3. PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC or THIRD POINTED (late 14th- late 17th centuries)

• It is also called 'Rectilinear' because they used large windows divided by horizontal tracery
members or transoms. This is also known as 'Third pointed'.

Important characters are:

•Late Gothic designs became attenuated (extremely thin)

•Windows grew larger to accommodate brilliant stained glass. Window tracery became
monotonous after introduction of transoms for stability.
•Buttresses and remaining walls were decorated with tracery like panels. Buttresses were visually
important, even in unvaulted buildings.
•Roofs were low pitched.
•The nave arcade and clear storey were tall and triforium was rare and if there also, reduced to
wall passage.
•Columns were slender and mouldings uninterrupted from floor to ceiling. Capitals sometimes not
present at all.
•Arches were moulded, simple and usually four centred and square headed.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
3. PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC or THIRD POINTED (late 14th- late 17th centuries)

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND
1. EARLY ENGLISH or FIRST
POINTED (late 12th- late
13th centuries)
• Less rubble in interior
•Massive character of Norman
style.
•Deeper buttresses were used
•The three tier structural system
•Stone tracery had not
developed; Lancet windows were
under common hood mould.
•Columns were compound,
cylindrical or octagonal.
History of Architecture- II
2. DECORATED GOTHIC or
SECOND POINTED (late
13th-late 14th centuries)
•Walls are further reduced.
• Wider windows were provided
Between the projecting
buttresses.
• Window tracery developed with
simple patterns.
•With development of vaults, tall
tapered pinnacles also became
common.
•The triforium was reduced
•Columns were surrounded by
attached shafts. Capitals carved
with natural leaves.
•The arched openings were
equilateral and wider than
before.
3. PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC
or THIRD POINTED (late
14th- late 17th centuries)
Late Gothic designs became
(extremely thin)
•Windows grew larger
• Window tracery became
monotonous
•Buttresses and remaining walls
were decorated with tracery
• Buttresses were visually important,
even in unvaulted buildings.
•Roofs were low pitched.
•Triforium was rare
•Columns were slender & Capitals
sometimes not present at all.
•Arches were moulded, simple
and usually four centred and
square headed.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
49
 EXAMPLE 1:

Westminster Abbey
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Westminster Abbey

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Westminster Abbey

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Westminster Abbey
1.Norman Abbey church is one of the earliest
e.g. of Norman influence in English building.

2.Developed during different periods from

early English to perpendicular.

3.It has tall relatively narrow interior.

4.The use of two triforiums and extensive use

of purbeck marble indicates the designer's
English origins.

5.Decorative devices cover every surface,

inside and out of this chapel built for the
kings private uses.

6.The nave is 102' high is England's tallest

medieval vault. It follows the choir and
transepts begun 150 years earlier in 1245.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Westminster Abbey

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Westminster Abbey

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Westminster Abbey

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Westminster Abbey

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 EXAMPLE 2:

Salisbury Cathedral
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: ENGLAND

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

1. Best example of Early English (I

phase of Gothic in England) Period.

2.Its classical simplicity can be

comparable to that of Bourges in
France.
3.Here the light elegance of the
early English style is seen at its purest
and it is the only cathedral built as a
single unit on a virgin site.

4.Begun in 1220 and completed by

1266 except for tower, spire and
cloister.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral
5.It has a nave with aisles on both sides with two
pair of transepts, an altar and Lady Chapel. The
cloister, Chapter house etc were added later.

6.The nave has oblong bays on west of crossing

and 9 bays on east.

7.The main transept has 4 bays beyond crossing

on both north and south and has aisles only on
east.

8.The secondary transepts project two bays

beyond cathedral width. These too have aisles
only on east.

9.The Lady Chapel (Trinity Chapel) at eastern

end is nothing but extension of two bays of nave
choir on east.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

10.The nave with its simple 4 part

(quadripartite) ribbed vault is 84' high. Its
horizontal lines are accentuated by the gallery
above the aisles. It has timber roof above.

11.The prominent double transept which

convent the choir into a secondary Cruciform
church became a peculiarity of English
cathedral architecture.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

12.The spire 404' high was the loftiest

stone spire of middle ages in any
country.
Its supporting stonework is very thin and
gave the spire an astonishing feature
and can be called a crowning glory.

13.The cloisters were completed in 1284.

It is richly traceried in the early-
decorated style. They are the largest and
best preserved.

14.The chapter house is octagonal

closely resembles that of Westminster has
a beautiful vault. It began in 1263. The
geometrical window tracery is typical of
the I phase of Decorated period.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

SALISBURY CATHEDRAL:
PLAN

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral
The Nave has 4 part ribbed Vault. Height of Vault is 84’

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

It has a flat East ends so as to have a flat stained glass

window wall.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

The main transept has 4 bays beyond crossing on both

North and South sides.

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

The Cloisters were completed in 1284. It is richly traceried in Early Decorated Style
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

Chapter House is Octagonal Closely resembles that of Westminster has a beautiful Vault.
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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

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 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: Salisbury Cathedral

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SYLLABUS
UNIT 4
▪ Gothic Architecture in France- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Gothic Architecture in France-Notre dame Cathedral, Amiens Cathedral
▪ Late Medieval Architecture in Italy- Influences & Arch. Character
▪ Late Medieval- Italy-Milan Cathedral, S. Maria del Fiore, Doge’s Palace

UNIT 5
▪ Renaissance Architecture in Italy, France, Britain- Introduction, Architectural Character,
Examples
▪ Baroque Architecture in Italy, France, Britain- Introduction, Architectural Character,
Examples

SYLLABUS
History of Architecture- II
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: FRANCE

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