PERMIAN - Early in the Permian Period, a supercontinent called Pangaea—included practically all of the

planet's landmasses. Pangaea is significant because it formerly linked all the continents, enabling animal
migration between continents that is currently impractical. Convection currents that roll over in the
higher zone of the mantle are to blame for the movement. The plates move slowly over the surface of
the Earth as a result of this movement in the mantle. Seas and oceans separated species as continents
split from Pangaea, leading to speciation. Previously compatible individuals were reproductively
separated from one another and finally developed incompatible adaptations. Species were produced as
a result, driving evolution.

TRIASSIC - As a result, various species and distinct climates evolved As Pangaea break apart, it formed
Gondwana in the South and Laurasia, located in the North which is the Triassic period . It is a time of
great change whereas this is also known as the age of reptiles. Huge changes in the richness and
domination of life on Earth occurred during this period. In addition, Gondwana is formed by the
continents - South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia and Laurasia is formed by the
continents - North America and Eurasia.

JURASSIC - The North Atlantic Ocean remained relatively small throughout the Jurassic Period , but the
South Atlantic did not begin to open until the Cretaceous . Panthalassa encircled the continents, while
the Tethys Ocean separated Gondwana from Asia. It was distinguished by a warm, humid environment
that fostered luxuriant vegetation and an abundance of life. Numerous new dinosaurs appeared in large
numbers. Stegosaurs, brachiosaurs, allosaurs, and numerous other dinosaurs were among them. There
were no ice caps during the Jurassic period, and the environment was warmer than it is today. In the
lower latitudes, there are vast desert stretches and forests that grow close to the poles. Although the
exact origin of this extinction is uncertain, there is some suggestion that the escape of enormous
methane deposits from the Earth's interior was the catalyst.

CREATACEOUS - During the Cretaceous Period, the continents had fragmented into several smaller
continents. As a result, the two new land masses experienced a significant geographic isolation that led
to a divergence in the evolution of all land-based species. And due to the comparatively mild
temperature of the Cretaceous epoch, there were many shallow inland seas because of high eustatic sea
levels. While dinosaurs continued to rule the land, these oceans and seas were home to now-extinct
marine reptiles, ammonites, and rudists.

PRESENT - Lastly, the present day, we all know that the continents are still moving and rests on tectonic
plates. These continents are Asia, Europe, Russia, North America, South America, Africa and Australia.
How the continents move before and now are still the same, there are still slow convection deep within
the mantle. In a process known as plate tectonics, the plates are constantly moving and interacting.
Thus, the continents are continuously shifting no matter what. Seafloor spreading zones and enormous
rift valleys are some of the most active tectonic regions.
1) APPARENT FIT OF CONTINENTS –There’s also a similar outline(JIGSAW FIT) between south America
and Africa. The relationship of South America and Africa are a good example of geologically fit of
continents. The shoreline fit is not great but the continental slope is the best fit. These two continents o
have the same rock types and the same age.

2) FOSSIL CORRELATION – The same as fit of continents, there are distribution of fossils of animals (like
reptiles), plants, bacteria, and other organisms. I don’t think they have crossed the oceans because the
continents were part of the same landmass about 200-300 million years ago. The Mesosausarus’ fossils
distribution is also an evidence because it can be found both sides of the atlantic in South America and
Africa. Glossopteris seed fern fossils have been discovered in Antarctica, South America, India, and
Africa. These and several other fossil groups had identical populations that were separated by vast
oceanic distances. A astonishing parallel progression seemed impossible to explain.

3) ROCK AND MOUNTAIN CORRELATION – Like in South America and Africa wherein they have the same
rock types and same age of rocks. Rocks in the Appalachians of North America and the Caledonides of
Britain and Norway are also similar in age and kind. If we put Europe and North America together, we
find that The Appalachians and Caledonides could form a single mountain chain. After all, a southern
supercontinent called Gondwanaland was made up of Africa, South America, Antarctica, India, and
Australia.

4) PALEOCLIMATE DATA – This supports glacial deposits because of the scratches on the bedrock made
by blocks of rock embedded in the ice as the glacier moves. It’s usually set in valleys. It had significant
coal deposits in Europe that could only have developed in an area with a humid, hot temperature like
the current equatorial region. He was aware that glacial tillites existed in rocks in equatorial Africa that
were the same age. Wegener saw these and concluded that the continents must have migrated (Europe
from near the equator, Africa from the polar region into the equatorial region).