05 PedestrianFacilities

12/6/2020
Design of Pedestrian Infrastructure

Dr. Jayalath Edirisinghe
Pedestrian Facilities 1
Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Footpath / Sidewalk Design
Zoning System
• Dividing the footpath into-
Frontage , Pedestrian and
Furniture Zones
• Frontage – accommodates
The entrance to any
Property example ,
Entrance to shop
• Furniture Zone  Any utility

like street – light poles ,
Sitting arrangement etc.
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Effect Of Zoning
Unplanned planned

Width - Zoning
Residential
Zone
Commercial
Zone
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Width - Zoning High – intensity

Commercial
Zone
Level of Service ( LOS ) for pedestrians

1. 2.
LOS A LOS B
3. 4.
LOS C LOS D
5. 6.
LOS E LOS F
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Width Design Flow ( No. of person per hour )

Width of
In Both All In One
Sidewalk
The minimum clear width of a ( in m )
Direction Direction
Pedestrian access route shall be
LOS B LOS C LOS B LOS C
1220mm exclusive of the width of curb
1.8 1350 1890 2025 2835
• It varies according to 2 1800 2520 2700 3780
pedestrian flow rate and
Different LOS 2.5 2250 3150 3375 4725
3 2700 3780 4050 5670
• It also varies according to
Adjacent Land use 3.5 3150 4410 4725 6615
4 3600 5040 5400 7560
Width Land use Width of Footpath

The minimum clear width of a Min obstacle free walkway
Pedestrian access route shall be Width and residential /
1.8 m
1220mm exclusive of the width of mixed
Use areas
curb
Commercial / Mixed Use
2.50 m
Areas
• It varies according to
pedestrian flow rate and Shopping Frontages 3.5m to 4.5m
Different LOS Bus Stops 3m
High Intensity Commercial

• It also varies according to Areas
4m
Adjacent Land use
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Height
• Not more than 150mm of height
Numerical Problem #1 – Extension of a footpath

A 2.0 m wide ideal footpath i.e. with no obstructions around transport terminal
with a wall on one side , while the other side is barricaded by guardrail. The
existing peak flow rate is 1800 pedestrians per 15 minute. Estimate the present
Level Of Service ( LOS ) . What will be The widening requirement to maintain the
service quality at LOS C ? Use the pedestrian LOS Standard as defined by
following table
( in ped/min/m )
LOS Commercial Institutional Terminal Recreational Residential
A ≤13 ≤13 ≤15 ≤12 ≤16
B >13-19 >13-19 >15-26 >12-20 >16-23
C >19-30 >19-27 >26-32 >20-32 >23-34
D >30-47 >27-36 >32-68 >32-54 >34-47
E >41-69 >36-42 >68-78 >54-91 >47-59
F Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable
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Numeric Example #1 - Solved

Terminal Step 1 : Identify of sidewalk based on land use
Step 2 : Measurement of sidewalk width

2.0m Width
Step 3 : Estimation of effective width of the facility
Step 4 : Observe Pedestrian flow ( ped / min )
Step 5 : Estimation of maximum or peak flow rate ( ped / m / min )
Step 6 : Determination of PLOS

Step 1 : Identify of sidewalk based on land use
Step 4 : Observe Pedestrian flow ( ped / min )

Effective Width of Footpath =
Total width – shy away Step 5 : Estimation of maximum or peak flow rate ( ped / m / min )
Distance
=2.0 – ( 2*0.5) Step 6 : Determination of PLOS
=2.0 – 1.00
1.0 m Pedestrian Facilities 12
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Step 1 : Identify of sidewalk based on land use

Ped flow = 1800 per 15 mins
So,
In 1800 / 15= 120 per min Step 4 : Observe Pedestrian flow ( ped / min )
Ped flow rate = 120 per Step 5 : Estimation of maximum or peak flow rate ( ped / m / min )
Min / 1.0 =120 ped / m / min
Step 6 : Determination of PLOS

Step 6 – Determine PLOS from chart
( in ped/min/m )
LOS Commercial Institutional Terminal Recreational Residential

A ≤13 ≤13 ≤15 ≤12 ≤16
B >13-19 >13-19 >15-26 >12-20 >16-23
C >19-30 >19-27 >26-32 >20-32 >23-34
D >30-47 >27-36 >32-68 >32-54 >34-47
E >41-69 >36-42 >68-78 >54-91 >47-59
F Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable
Ped for rate = 120 ped / m / min )

Pedestrian Facilities
The exiting LOS of the footpath as per IndoHCM is ‘ F14‘
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Cross Slope
• The transverse slope on footpath
• The cross slope of the pedestrian

access route shall be maximum 1 : 50
• It should be adequate  silt

Will accumulate after rain and
Cause the surface to become
Slippery
• Puddles also cause the

footpath to become slippery

Surface Quality
• Flat walking surface,

Allowing for proper
Drainage and
Preventing puddles
From forming
• Guide tiles should be

Laid along the length
Of the footpath to
Assist person with
Vision impairments
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Surface Quality
• Allowable materials
For footpath  non-
Skid / matt finished
Tiles , interlocking Paver tiles Sandblasted Checkered
Paver tiles , tiles
Sandblasted stones,
Checkered tiles ,
Pavement Quality
Concrete
Non – skid tiles

Providing Seamless pedestrian travel  Property entrances
Lower the entire Footpath

to the level of the Carriageway
Abrupt ending is unacceptable As property
entrances may Become
waterlogged .
Where required to provide the Access to

private properties ,Vehicle ramps should be
Provided in the furniture zone.
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Providing Seamless pedestrian travel  Property entrances

Providing Seamless pedestrian travel  Vending Area
Vendor area clear of
The walking space
Vending space should be

Placed in a bulbout in the
Parking lane ( as pictured
Here) or in the furniture
Zone , leaving clear space for
Pedestrian movement .
Vendors tend to be attracted

To spaces under trees or close
To bus stops. Vendors also
Prefer spots that are visible to
Passersby .
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No Pedestrian
On the
Providing Seamless pedestrian travel Bus Shelter footpath
Street without on - street parking Street with on - street parking
FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRIANS

o Factors to be considered when providing facilities for pedestrians :
The number and The functional The speed , volume

characteristics of Classification of And composition of
pedestrians The road ( arterial , Vehicular traffic
( school children , Collector, etc .)
Senior citizens ,
Disabled, etc.)
The number of The character of

Lanes , lane width The locality
And operation of ( urban , rural ,
Traffic ( one – way or residential.,
Two –way ) Industrial , etc. )
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• The ability of pedestrians to cross roads at –grade is dependent on traffic
volume and traffic speed.
• As traffic flow rate increases , the availability of ' safe gaps ' which is sufficient
for pedestrians to cross the road safely between vehicle arrivals at the site ,
decreases.
• This causes pedestrians to be delayed. At high traffic flow rates Pedestrians

delays can become very large and in some Cases Impatient pedestrians may
make risky crossings in short gaps in The traffic flow.
• This situation invariably results in the occurrence of traffic Accidents involving

pedestrians.
FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRAINS

o The ability of pedestrians to cross can be enhanced by measures such as :
Narrowing the Providing
Reducing
Vehicular Roadway Pedestrian
Vehicle speeds
The shortens Refuge islands.
And reducing
The distance Pedestrians can Cross the
The variability
Pedestrians road in
Of vehicle Speeds.
Have to cross Stages, e.g.
This makes gap
when exposed to traffic Placing a central
Selection by
, and also help to Refuge in a‘ two
Pedestrians less
reduce traffic speed. Way ‘ traffic Stream
Subject to errors
allows Pedestrian to
Of judgment.
Cross one Direction of
flow At a time.
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o Examples of pedestrians refuge islands :
IMPORTENCE OF SPEED CONTROL

o Reducing traffic speed in the vicinity of a pedestrian crossing will greatly
Enhance pedestrian safety , both for crossing roads and for walking along
Roads.
o However speed control , particularly on high standard arterial roads is

Not easy to achieve.
o The imposition of unreasonable low speed limits, which require continual

‘ heavy ‘ enforcement by police , is rarely if ever effective.
o However , the setting of realistic speed limits (even if they are higher than
May be desired for pedestrian safety ) , is desirable as this tends to reduce the
Variability of vehicle speeds.
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IMPORTENCE OF SPEED CONTROL
The use of speed humps and other vertical deflections devices are not favored
On arterial roads because of the severe effect these have on heavy trucks and
Buses , but they are applicable and quite effective on collector and local street
In urban areas.
Thus speed humps and raised platforms, which may be used in conjunction with
Other local area traffic. Management (LATM) devices and traffic calming
Technique can also be used in combination with pedestrian crossing facilities at
Appropriate locations.
Types Of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities
There are three distinct types of pedestrian crossing facilities :
Uncontrolled Controlled Grade –

Crossing Crossing Separated
Occurs by default a) Zebra Crossing Crossing
where Pedestrians b) School Children ‘ s (a)Pedestrian
find it convenient to Crossing Overhead
cross a road. c)Signalised Crossing Bridges
(Pelican Crossing , (b) Pedestrian
Puffin Crossing ) underpass
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Types of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities
Zebra Crossing Pelican Crossing

(Pedestrian Light Controlled
Crossing )
Types of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities
Puffin crossing
(Pedestrian user friendly
Intelligent crossing)
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Types Of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities
Pedestrian Underpass
Pedestrian Bridge
WARRANTS FOR INSTALLATION OF PEDESTRIAN

CROSSING FACILITIES Uncontrolled Crossing
 No specific warrants have ben adopted for uncontrolled crossing , but they can be used
at quite high traffic flows on arterial roads ( but NOT on expressways ) , Particularly
where traffic flow is Bunched due to nearby traffic signals.
 Each case should be treated on its merits , considering factors such as : the width of road
to be crossed, Whether it is operating one – way , the number of pedestrians , the traffic
flow rate , the speed of traffic , sight distance available etc.
 Uncontrolled pedestrian crossing are often combined with LTAM devices and ‘ Traffic
Calming ‘ Techniques
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CROSSING FACILITIES Zebra Crossing
Zebra Crossing are appropriate , in the situation indicated in Selection Guide , Where the
general Traffic speed as indicated by the 85th percentile traffic speed , is less than 70 km/h
, subject to the Following criteria being met :
• The number of pedestrian ( wishing to cross the road ), P is at least 60 ped / hr,
the total volume of vehicular traffic on the road at the site , V is greater than
600 veh / hr for at least 2 separate one – hour periods of typical week day , and
P x V > 90,000.
• The Width to be crossed by pedestrians in one stage is not more than four ( 4)
traffic lanes . i.e. a carriageway of not more than 15 m wide.
• The visibility is adequate , both in respect to vehicle drivers being able to see the
crossing and pedestrians about to step onto the crossing , and the pedestrians
being able to see the vehicles approaching
Pedestrian Facilities
the crossing. 33

CROSSING FACILITIES School Children ‘ s Crossing
School Children ‘ s crossing may be installed at any location as indicated in Selection
Guide where children need to cross a road on regular basis.
Subject to firm arrangements being made for the children ‘ s crossing flags to be
placed ( or the flashing light to be switched on ) during the appropriate periods of
the day when children are expected to be crossing the road , and for the flags to be
removed ( or the flashing lights switched off ) outside the crossing periods .
This arrangement often includes the provision of properly authorized , ‘ instructed ‘

and ‘ Crossing Supervisor ‘ ,whose role is to operate the crossing equipment and
conduct the children safely across the road .
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CROSSING FACILITIES Pelican Or Puffin Crossing
A Signalized Pedestrian ( Pelican or Puffin ) crossing may be installed where any one of the
Following criteria are met :
 Where P > 350 ped / hr for each of three ( 3 ) one – hour periods of an average day ,
or where P > 175 ped / hr for each of any eight ( 8 ) one – hour periods and :
• Where there is no central median or pedestrian refuge island provided , the

vehicular traffic flow , V > 600 veh / hr ( Sum of both directions ) in the same
hours
• Where there is a central median or pedestrian refuge island , the vehicular
traffic flow , V > 100 veh / hr ( Sum of both directions ) in the same hours.
Subject to there being no other pedestrian crossing ( including a grade
separated crossing within a Reasonable distance ( say 200m ) of the site

A signalised pedestrian crossing may be placed instead of a school children‘s Crossing

where :
Where P > 50 ped / hr for each of two ( 2 ) one-hour periods and V > 600 vph . And
P x V > 40,00
A signalised pedestrian crossing may be justified at any location on an arterial road

where the Above warrants for zebra crossing are met , but at which it would not be
appropriate to install A Zebra Crossing due to the high speed of traffic or where the
carriageway is wider than 15m , Or where there is a continuous high flow of
pedestrians which would cause excessive delay To vehicular traffic at a Zebra Crossing
. Pedestrian Facilities 36
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A signalized pedestrian crossing may be justified to replace an existing Zebra Crossing Where :
There has been two or more pedestrian involved accidents , which may be corrected by
the installation of traffic signals , in the last three ( 3 ) year , or
The site is within a coordinated ( linked ) traffic signal system , or close to signalized
intersection or a railway level crossing , where there is a danger of vehicles .

Pedestrian signal heads and ‘ push button ‘equipment should be
incorporated as a general Practice in to all intersection and interchange
signals in urban areas .
This provision is usually considered to be justified where the following
criteria in met :
• At intersection where for any two ( 2 ) one – hour periods of an
average day the pedestrian volume , P > 60 ped / hr across the
intersection approach under
Construction .
• The presence of children , elderly or disabled pedestrians at the site
may justify the Special pedestrian equipment at lower pedestrian
flows than this Pedestrian Facilities 38
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CROSSING FACILITIES Grade Separated Crossing
 Grade separated crossing are very costly and experience shows that they are
generally poorly utilized . They are however pedestrian need to cross extremely
essential whenever pedestrian need to cross extremely busy streets .
 While no specific warrants have been adopted for grade separated pedestrian
crossings , each case should be related on its merits .
 The following general guides should be considered :

• Low utilization can be expected at sites where :
 Traffic flow on the carriageway to be crossed is less than about 700 veh / hr
during the period when most pedestrian need to cross the road .

CROSSING FACILITIES Grade Separated Crossing
• The site is within 250m of a signalized inter
• The site is not conveniently located for pedestrian movements in the vicinity .
• High utilization is usually achieved :
 In the vicinity of schools where children can be ‘ channeled ‘ to the facility

by fencing .
 At high pedestrian demand locations where ramps are provided directly on

the most convenient route for pedestrians .
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GUIDELINES FOR PROVIDING PEDESTRIAN FOOTPATHS
• In view of the vulnerability of pedestrian in any conflict with vehicles (

including motorcycles ) some from of segregation is desirable .
• However where the intensity of land use and pedestrian movements are
low , the road shoulder can adequately provide space for people to walk .
• While no numeric warrants are given for the provision of footpath along
roads , they are generally considered necessary in all built – up areas and
may also be necessary at some rural locations such as in the vicinity of
schools , mosques or other community facilities where pedestrian are likely
to be connected .
 On local streets , where there may be very high pedestrian activity , and where
vehicles and pedestrians share the road , specific traffic rules are applied :
• Pedestrians are given equal priority to vehicles .
• Maximum speed limit of 25 km / h or less , in conjunction with special

traffic management arrangements , to reduce the degree of threat to
pedestrians posed by vehicular traffic .
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• where footpaths are provided , consideration should always be
given to the needs of elderly people and people with disabilities .
• The design should incorporate the following characteristics aimed

at at making them user friendly for all classes of pedestrians :
Adequate width should be provided . This may vary from an

absolute Minimum of 0.9 m to 2.4 m or wider in shopping and
other high pedestrian activity areas.
A height clearance of at least 2.0 m should be provided .
• The pathway should not be obstructed by objects , adjacent business

activity , parked vehicles , or unreasonably obstructed by
motorcycles and bicycles . Any obstacle close to the pathway which
could endanger pedestrians , particularly people with impaired vision
, should be well delineated .
• Manhole covers and gratings , if they cannot be avoided , should be

kept flush with the footpath surface and any drains close to the
footpath , which could pose a danger to pedestrians , should be
covered .
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• Clearance of at least 1.0 m should be provided between the traffic

lanes and the footpath. This clearance increases the safety of
pedestrians , and reduce the inconvenience caused By the splash from
vehicle tires in wet weather .
• Changes in level along and beside the footpath should be minimized.

Where it is not possible to avoid steps , particular care needs to be
taken to properly identify them so that they can be seen , especially by
people with impaired vision .
• Footpath surface should be firm even smooth and skid resistant ,

especially wet weather . Pedestrian Facilities 45
End- Pedestrian facilities
23

05 PedestrianFacilities

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05 PedestrianFacilities

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12/6/2020

Design of Pedestrian Infrastructure

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

• Furniture Zone  Any utility

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Width - Zoning High – intensity

Level of Service ( LOS ) for pedestrians

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Width Design Flow ( No. of person per hour )

Width Land use Width of Footpath

High Intensity Commercial

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Numerical Problem #1 – Extension of a footpath

Numeric Example #1 - Solved

Step 2 : Measurement of sidewalk width

Step 4 : Observe Pedestrian flow ( ped / min )

Step 5 : Estimation of maximum or peak flow rate ( ped / m / min )

Step 6 : Determination of PLOS

Numeric Example #1 - Solved

Step 2 : Measurement of sidewalk width

Step 3 : Estimation of effective width of the facility

Step 4 : Observe Pedestrian flow ( ped / min )

Numeric Example #1 - Solved

Step 2 : Measurement of sidewalk width

Step 3 : Estimation of effective width of the facility

Numeric Example #1 - Solved

LOS Commercial Institutional Terminal Recreational Residential

Ped for rate = 120 ped / m / min )

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

• The cross slope of the pedestrian

• It should be adequate  silt

• Puddles also cause the

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

• Flat walking surface,

• Guide tiles should be

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Lower the entire Footpath

Where required to provide the Access to

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Providing Seamless pedestrian travel  Property entrances

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

Vending space should be

Vendors tend to be attracted

Pedestrian Facilities – Footpath

FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRIANS

The number and The functional The speed , volume

The number of The character of

FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRIANS

• This causes pedestrians to be delayed. At high traffic flow rates Pedestrians

• This situation invariably results in the occurrence of traffic Accidents involving

FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRAINS

FACILITIES FOR PEDESTRIANS

o Examples of pedestrians refuge islands :

IMPORTENCE OF SPEED CONTROL

o However speed control , particularly on high standard arterial roads is

o The imposition of unreasonable low speed limits, which require continual

IMPORTENCE OF SPEED CONTROL

Types Of Pedestrian Crossing Facilities

There are three distinct types of pedestrian crossing facilities :