Cor Jesu College, Inc.

LET REVIEW
GEN ED 8 (ETHICS)

Name: _____________________________ Score: _____________

DIRECTIONS: Select the correct answer from the choices available after each question or item.
Just underline the letter of your choice.

1. Ethics is sometimes called morality because the two terminologies refer to:
a. Doing what is right and just according to the Bible
b. Examining and doing what is right, good and just through rational and
philosophical means
c. Giving what is due to the person
d. Doing it means to human being

2. In the Virtue Ethics of Aristotle, he speaks about phronesis which means the practice
of the good. But the practice of the good according to Aristotle is a product of:
a. Habit
b. Self-examination
c. Commitment
d. Will power

3. In a village of Sitangkay, Sulu, a 12-year old girl is forced to marry a person she does
not want. The parents who arranged the marriage of the girl argued that what they
are doing is right because they are the parents who just want the best for their
children. What ethical principle do you think will support the decision of the
parents?
a. Paternalism c. Ethical Relativism
b. Authoritarianism d. Moral Prescriptivism

4. The state of eudaimonia or human flourishing implies that human beings achieved
the good life if:
a. They are successful in life
b. They are happy
c. They live virtuous life
d. They are doing service to the community

5. Circumstances affect the morality of an action. Suppose a person commits murder

for the first time but later on admits his/her guilt. His admission to a crime
committed lessen the severity of the act and its punishment. The action of the
person is called:
a. Justifying circumstance c. Aggravating circumstance
b. Mitigating or extenuating circumstance d. Specifying circumstance

6. According to Kant’s approach to moral philosophy, ethics is based on:

a. the consequences of one’s action. c. a social contract.

b. sympathy. d. practical reason.

7. Which of the following is the strength of deontological ethical theory? 

a. They fit with very little of our ordinary moral reasoning.
b. They focus on the nature of actions and the rules from which they follow
c. They pay close attention to the consequences of actions.
d. All of the above
8. Which of the following is the strength of teleological ethical theories? 
a. They fit with much of our ordinary moral reasoning.
b. They ignore the consequences of actions.
c. They focus on the ultimate purpose of our actions.
d. All of these.

9. Utilitarianism is an example of which of the following ethical theories? 

a. Virtue
b. Consequentialism
c. Deontological
d. Teleological

10. Rights that are recognized and enforced as part of a legal system are, strictly
speaking:
a. Moral rights
b. Legal rights
c. Both moral and legal rights
d. Neither moral nor legal rights

11. The classical form of utilitarianism is expressed by which of the following? 

a. An action is right if, and only if, it is done from the right intentions.
b. An action is right if, and only if, it produces the greatest balance of pleasure
over pain for everyone.
c. An action is right if it brings about great benefit to some individual or
another.
d. An action is right if, and only if, it is beneficial to society.

12. Act-utilitarianism is characterized by: 

a. Evaluation of the rightness of an act by the consequences of that act. 
b. Determination of the rightness of an act by appeal to a relevant rule of
morality.
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

13. John Stuart Mill holds which of the following views about justice? 
a. Equal treatment is a presumptive right and no inequality of treatment is ever
justified.
b. Equal treatment is not a presumptive right, and inequality of treatment is
justified by the circumstances.
c. Equal treatment is not a presumptive right, but inequality of treatment is
difficult to justify.
d. Equal treatment is a presumptive right that requires any inequality of
treatment to be justified.

14. According to Bentham and Mill, utility is: 

a. Pleasure.
b. The absence of pain.
 c. Pleasure and the absence of pain.
d. Well-being.

15. Bentham’s idea of a hedonic calculus as a precise quantitative method for decision
making is most fully realized in which of the following? 
a. The cost-benefit analysis
b. The cost-effectiveness analysis
c. The maximization of pleasure
d. The maximization of profit and minimization of cost

16. Which of the following are problems with calculating utility? 

a. A vast amount of information is needed.
b. Interpersonal comparisons of utility raise the question of whether the utility
calculus is even possible.
c. It is difficult to determine both the amount of utility for each affected
individual and the amount of utility for the whole society.
d. All of these.

17. Rights that involve claims on specific identifiable individuals are called
a. Moral rights
b. General rights
c. Specific rights
d. Negative rights

18. Rights that entail an obligation on the part of others to refrain from acting in
certain ways are called: 
a. Moral rights.
b. General rights.
c. Personal rights.
d. Negative rights.

19. Rights that impose obligations on others to provide us with some good are
called: 
a. Moral rights.
b. Personal rights
c. Negative rights.
d. All of the above

20. Which of the following deals with the distribution of benefits and burdens,
mostly in the evaluation of social, political, and economic institutions? 
a. Retributive justice
b. Compensatory justice
c. Distributive justice
d. Social justice

21. Which of the following is concerned with correcting the wrongs done to the
persons in voluntary relations such as contract breaches?
a. Retributive justice
b. Distributive justice
c. Compensatory justice
d. All of the above
22. Which of the following involves the punishment of wrongdoers who have
participated in involuntary relations such as criminal acts? 
a. Compensatory justice
b. Punitive justice
c. Retributive justice
d. All of the above

23. According to Jeremy Bentham, which of the following is true? 

a. Utilitarianism places no value on equality
b. Equal distributions generally produce more utility than unequal ones
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

24. According to John Stuart Mill, which of the following is true? 

a. Utilitarianism places no value on equality and makes no allowance for
justified unequal treatment.
b. Equal distributions generally produce more utility than unequal ones.
c. Equality alone is not enough to account for justice, so another criterion,
utility, becomes necessary
d. All of the above

25. The divine command theory is the view that what makes an action right is:

a. That it maximizes overall happiness

b. That it minimizes overall happiness

c. That the Infinite commands it or wills it

d. That it maximizes respect for persons

26. A moral theory tries to explain:

a. A moral agent's motivations
b. What society defines as acceptable
c. What people believe is right and just
d. What makes an action right or what makes a person good

27. Considered moral judgments are:

a. Those moral judgments that are endorsed by conscience

b. Those moral judgments that the majority of people accept

c. Those moral judgments that we accept after we reason about them carefully

d. Those moral judgments that we accept because of our upbringing

28. Cultural relativism implies that it is impossible to disagree with one's culture and be:

a. Wrong

b. Right
 c. Fallible

d. Understood

29. A set of beliefs and theories that help us make sense of a wide range of issues in life
is known as a:

a. Premise

b. Morality

c. Concept

d. Worldview

30. A statement asserting that an action is right or wrong (moral or immoral) or that
something (such as a person or motive) is good or bad is a/an:

a. Amoral statement

b. Moral statement

c. Nonmoral statement

d. Motivating statement

31. The morally virtuous action is dependent on:

a. Values of the government
b. Values of the school system
c. Values of the society
d. Values of the individual

32. Virtue ethics is focus on the ____ of the person:

a. Action

b. Mind

c. Experience

d. Character

33. Which one is false according to virtue ethics?

a. Action must be done with knowledge if the virtue which is embodied

b. Action must be done no matter how you feel

c. Actions must be the person’s free choice to do them

d. Actions must be done because they are known to be right

34. Which of the following is a contribution of virtue ethics?

a. Encourages the cultivation of habit as human excellence

 b. Virtue is of a very personal nature

c. People of good character can do bad

d. People of bad character can do good

35. Which of the following word is not a plausible translation of eudaimonia?

a. Virtue

b. Excellence

c. Happiness

d. Success

36. Which of the following is always an end in itself?

a. Honor

b. Happiness

c. Success

d. Intelligence

37. Which of the following, according to Aristotle, is the highest pursuit in life?

a. The pursuit of success

b. The pursuit of happiness

c. The pursuit of intelligence

d. The pursuit of honor

38. Which of the following statements about Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean is correct?

a. The mean is the exact middle point between the two opposing vices

b. Virtues and vices exist in sets of opposing pairs

c. The mean is the exact middle point between vice and virtue

d. All of the above

39. If someone does wrong out of ignorance, and never comes to recognize this
ignorance, how do we describe that person’s actions?

a. Voluntary

b. Involuntary
 c. Human act

d. None of the above

40. Which of the following relationship is analogous to the king-subject relationship?

a. Father – son

b. Husband-wife

c. Teacher-student

d. Master-slave

41. What notion should be at the heart of ethical theory, according to virtue ethics?

 a. Duty.
 b. Intrinsic value.
 c. Moral character.
 d. Pleasure.

42. How did Aristotle think that virtue could be acquired?

a. It is inborn.
b. One must have a conversion experience in which one experiences the good
directly.
c. Virtue is acquired through education and training.
d. It is impossible to become virtuous.

43. The final good is that

 a. for the sake of which we seek everything else.

 b. which is preferred to everything else.
 c. which requires nothing else.
 d. all of the above.

44. Deontological theories define right action in terms of:

 a. their consequences.

 b. moral rules.
 c. the virtuous agent.
 d. God’s will.

45. According to Kant, nothing can be called “good” without qualification except _____.

 a. right action

 b. good consequences
 c. happiness
 d. a good will

46. Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we
must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become
_____.
  a. a rule for maximizing happiness
 b. a contingent law
 c. a universal law
 d. a rule of thumb

47. A moral theory in which the rightness of actions depends solely on _____ is called a
_____.

 a. consequences; consequentialist theory

 b. consequences; deontological theory
 c. duty; consequentialist theory
 d. consequences; nonconsequentialist theory

48. _____ holds that right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of
good over bad consequences for everyone involved.

 a. Deontology
 b. Virtue ethics
 c. Utilitarianism
 d. Relativism

49. One formulation of Kant's fundamental moral principle expresses respecting

humanity _____.
a. as a means to a divine end
b. as an end in itself, and never merely a means
c. as a means to a socially good end
d. according to cultural norms

50. One formulation of Kant's fundamental moral principle expresses the test of _____.

 a. universalizability
 b. consequences
 c. sociability
 d. divine authority

51. When faced with the complaint that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of swine, Mill
responds that pleasures differ in:

 a. purity.
 b. quality.
 c. species.
 d. weight.

52. Mill claims that in deciding how to act:

 a. we should always calculate the expected consequences of our action.

 b. we should depend on rules of thumb derived from the principle of utility.
 c. we should consult tradition.
 d. we should consult scripture.

53. What makes someone a good person, according to the natural law theory?
  a. Obeying the laws of the land.
 b. Obeying God's commands.
 c. Fulfilling his or her true nature.
 d. Doing whatever maximizes happiness.

54. Which of the following claims best describes Hobbes's conception of human nature?

 a. People are inherently selfish and competitive.

 b. People are inherently cooperative and altruistic.
 c. People are inherently moral but are quickly corrupted by society.
 d. People are inherently blank slates, neither naturally selfish nor naturally
altruistic.

55. The view that non-humans can also have foundational or intrinsic value belongs to

 a. anthropocentrism.
 b. optimal pollution.
 c. ecocentrism.
 d. Kantian ethics.

56. The view that humans alone have foundational or intrinsic value is called

 a. anthropocentrism.
 b. optimal pollution.
 c. ecocentrism.
 d. deep ecology.

57. The government of a country has come to the realization that the health of their
citizens needs to be improved. Their best mode of action would be to:

a. Begin by increasing health education to their citizens

b. Work to simultaneously improve multiple aspects, such as the environment,
poverty level, and education
c. Decrease ties with neighboring countries in order to focus all of their efforts
on their own
d. Place vitamins and supplements in the water supply

58. Public health is founded on the idea that:

a. Educational interventions are important in preventing the development of

unhealthy behaviors
b. Community interventions are important in preventing and reducing the
progression of an illness
c. The government is responsible for making sure their citizens abide by health
standards
d. Government interventions are important in preventing and reducing the
progression of an illness

59. Rawls conceives of the original contract as one to

 a. enter a particular society.

 b. set up a particular form of government.
 c. establish the principles of justice for the basic structure of society.
 d. establish the content of morality.

60. According to Rawls, the correct principles of justice are determined by

  a. God.
 b. nature.
 c. the conventions of society.
 d. the choice that rational individuals would make in a hypothetical situation.

61. The purpose of the veil of ignorance is to

a. prevent contractors from adopting principles of justice that unfairly
advantage themselves.
b. make the decision of which principles of justice to adopt simpler and easier.
c. ensure that the principles of justice selected are not too complicated for
ordinary people to follow.
d. None of the above.

62. Rawls conceives of the parties in the original position as

 a. benevolent.
 b. malevolent.
 c. mutually disinterested.
 d. greedy egoists.

63. Rawls refers to his theory as

 a. justice as equality.

 b. justice as fairness.
 c. justice as liberty.
 d. none of the above.

64. According to Rawls, the natural distribution of talents is

 a. perfectly equal.

 b. just.
 c. unjust.
 d. none of the above.

65. Rawls claims that when his two principles come into conflict
a. neither takes precedence over the other.
b. the first principle (concerning liberty) takes precedence over the second
(concerning inequality).
c. the second principle (concerning inequality) takes precedence over the first
(concerning liberty).
d. a mistake has been made, because they cannot conflict.

66. In determining whether an action is right, utilitarians would:

a. Discover the motives or intentions of the doer
b. Calculate if the action brings greatest goods for the greatest number
c. Determine the consequence of the act
d. All of the above

67. Utilitarianism is an approach to ethics that means:

a. Whatever actions the most good for the most number of people is best.
b. Fairness is the fundamental aspect of ethical conduct and people in a
dispute should look at the situation outside of their own vested interests in
the outcome to decide what is right.
 c. Journalists often face conflicts among ethical principles in the course of their
work and must often make difficult decisions.
d. Not all ethical precepts can be applied in all situations, but they do provide
useful guidelines for media professionals in their behavior.
 
68. Children learn their cultural values and beliefs from their participation in cultural
routines. Which of the following examples would not highlight this position?
a. family having dinner out at a restaurant
b. a teacher helping a child with a difficult lesson
c. several children negotiating conflict during a game
d. a child watching an animal in its natural habitat

69. What is the term for a person who is not sure whether God exists?

 a. Atheist
 b. Agnostic
 c. Deist
 d. Theist

70. which of the following is not suitable to use without religious beliefs?
a. Natural Law
b. Situation Ethics
c. The Bible
d. The Conscience