Physiology

Question bank (Paper II)

● Long questions:
CNS:
1. Define synapse. Describe the structure and transmission of impulse
across a CNS synapse. Enumerate the properties of a synapse.
2. Define reflex. Classify reflexes. Draw a diagram of a reflex arc.
Enumerate the properties of a reflex.
3. Describe the physiology of pain with respect to: Types of pain, pain
transmission in CNS, analgesia systems in the body.
4. Enumerate the ascending tracts in the spinal cord. Describe the
transmission of touch from periphery to the cortex.
5. Describe the origin, course, termination, and functions of the
pyramidal tract. Add a note on Babinski’s sign.
6. Enumerate the functional divisions of cerebellum. Describe the
connections and functions of cerebellum.
Special senses:
1. Describe the visual pathway and the structures associated with it. Add
a note on lesions in the visual pathway.
2. Describe the structures of the vestibular apparatus from their
functional standpoint. Add a note on nystagmus.
Excretory system:
1. Define GFR. How is it measured? Describe the factors (Starling’s forces)
that determine the GFR. Enumerate the factors influencing GFR.
2. Enumerate the steps in urine formation. Describe the movement of
various substances across a nephron (reabsorption/secretion).
General Physiology:
1. What are the types of diffusion? Describe the factors influencing the
diffusion, with suitable examples.
Nerve muscle:
1. Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junction. Describe the
transmission of impulse across a neuromuscular junction. Add a note
on myasthenia gravis.
2. Describe the structure of a sarcomere. Describe the changes in
sarcomere during a muscle contraction.
3. Describe the factors influencing the strength of contraction of a
muscle.
4. Define action potential (AP). What are the phases of an AP? What is
their ionic basis?
Blood:
1. Define erythropoiesis. Describe the stages and steps in erythropoiesis.
Enumerate the factors influencing erythropoiesis.
2. Classify WBCs. Give the functions of each type of WBC. Add a note on
phagocytosis.
3. Enumerate the steps in intrinsic and extrinsic pathway for coagulation.
Add a note on hemophilia.
4. Enumerate the various blood group systems. Describe the ABO & Rh
blood group systems. Add a note on hemolytic disease of newborn.

Short notes:
CNS
1. Receptor potential
2. Endogenous analgesia system
3. Referred pain
4. Rhomberg’s sign
5. Functions of hypothalamus
6. Parkinsonism
7. Functions of basal ganglia
8. CSF
9. Sleep
10.EEG
11.Learning & memory
12.Speech
13.Brown-Sequard syndrome

Special senses
1. Astigmatism
2. Myopia
3. Hypermetropia
4. Functions of middle ear
5. Organ of Corti
6. Auditory pathway
7. Presbyopia
8. Taste sensation
9. Color vision
10.Tests for deafness

Excretory system:
1. JG apparatus
 2. Peculiarities of renal circulation
3. Concept of clearance
4. Water handling by nephron
5. Na+ reabsorption along the nephron
6. Cystometrogram
7. Micturition reflex

General Physiology
1. Endocytosis
2. Exocytosis
3. Active transport
4. Na+/K+ pump
5. Homeostasis

Nerve Muscle
1. Saltatory conduction
2. Classification of nerve fibers
3. Wallerian degeneration
4. Excitation-contraction coupling
5. Smooth muscle
6. Muscle fatigue
7. Muscle tetanus

Blood:
1. Plasma proteins
2. Functions of platelets
3. Blood transfusion
4. Anticoagulants
5. Clotting factors
6. Megaloblastic anemia
7. Pernicious anemia
8. Fate of an RBC
9. Blood indices
10.Cell mediated immunity
11.Humoral immunity
12.Cytokine storm
13.Hemolytic disease of newborn
14.Bombay blood group