Continuous Assessment Cover Sheet

Faculty of Engineering

Module Details
Module Code ME1060 Module Title Dynamics
Program: SLIIT Course: BSc ENG
Stream: Civil / first year

Assessment details
Title Group assignment NO
Slider crank chain
If yes, Group No.
Lecturer/ Instructor Mr. Vivek Date of Performance 18.09.2022
Due date Date submitted

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Details of the student/s submitting the assignment Signature
ID Number Name (As per the institute records )
EN22302830 Kithsara.G.D

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SRI LANKA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

Mechanics of Machine (ME2021)

Slider crank chain

Name : Kithsara.G. D
Student id : EN22302830
Group : G-1- 1

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Title
Slider crank chain

Objectives
• To obtain a graph of piston velocity against crank angle using the method of instantaneous
centers, assuming that the crank rotates with constant angular velocity.
• To obtain the crank angles which correspond to the maximum piston velocity.
• To show that for a slider crank chain the piston motion tends to simple harmonic motion with
increasing values of connecting rod / crank ratio.

Introduction
The Slider Crank Chain is one of two fundamental mechanisms that serve as the foundation for a
variety of more complex motions. (The other is the Four Bar Chain, often known as the
Chebyshev Linkage, which has over 800 variations.) Its primary function is to transform
rotational motion to reciprocating motion and vice versa. This device is found in practically
every automobile's engine. Internal combustion generates reciprocation motion, which is
transferred into rotational power by the slider crank mechanism. In general, a four-link
mechanism with a slider joint and three revolute joints is used to create the slider crank
mechanism. The slider mass (or piston) is restricted to moving in a straight line and is not
permitted to spin. The inversion of this kinematic chain leads to a number of different processes.

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Theory
Instantaneous Centre of rotation
Consider a planer link is moving with respect to a fixed frame X Y as shown in Figure 1. The
instantaneous Centre of rotation is defined such that at the given instance the velocity at the
instantaneous Centre is zero.

VA = VI + ω*r A /I
VI = 0
VA = ω*r A /I

Thus, the velocity vector VA makes normal to the line IA.

Figure 1

In order to construct the instantaneous Centre, consider two points A and B having
velocity directions known as shown in the figure. With respect to the velocity at A the body
should be rotating about a point anywhere on the line through A perpendicular to VA. Similarly,
the velocity VB can only result from rotation about a point somewhere on a line through B
perpendicular to VB. The two lines intersect at I, where the rigid body is rotating about and is
called instantaneous Centre of rotation.

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 If the two lines are co-linear the instantaneous Centre may be anywhere on them. The
two velocities will be parallel but not necessarily equal. If the lines are parallel and not co-linear,
I is at infinity and the two velocities are parallel and equal. The body is therefore moving
translationally and every point has the same velocity.
An instantaneous Centre is not the same thing as a fixed pivot; unless the body is so
constrained that its motion is always a rotation about the same point. Then the point of rotation
and the instantaneous Centre are co-incident. Instantaneous Centre is different at different points
in time. Thus, instantaneous Centre is not used for accelerations as the Centre itself can have an
acceleration.
Slider Crank Mechanism

Figure 2

The crank OA is rotating clockwise with an angular velocity of ω. The instantaneous Centre of
rotation of the connecting rod AB is IAB. The linear velocity of A is;

The angular velocity of the connecting rod is given by,

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Thus, the piston (or slider) velocity is given by,

Triangles IABAB and OAX are similar thus,

Substituting into,

Using the expression for VA in,

Assume ω = 1 rad/s. then,

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Apparatus

Figure 3

Procedure

• First the crank was set to zero on the scale.

• The scale's displacement(45mm) was used as a reference point.
• Then the con-rod length was selected for test  After that by knurled nuts the position of
the piston pivot was adjusted.
• Every 100 , the crank was rotated clockwise, and the piston displacement and cross scale
readings were recorded.
• The crank was rotated until 3600.
• Afterall piston velocity was taken by, (Final velocity-initial velocity).

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Observations

Figure 4

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Results
Con-rod = 175mm Crank radius = 5mm ratio = 5:1
Crank angle Piston Initial velocity Final velocity Piston velocity
displacement
0 0 45 45 0
10 1 52 45 7
20 3 58 45 13
30 6 64 45 19
40 10 68 45 23
50 15 72 45 27
60 20 74 45 29
70 26 76 45 31
80 32 77 45 32
90 39 75 45 30
100 44 73 45 28
110 51 71 45 26
120 55 68 45 23
130 59 64 45 19
140 63 60 45 15
150 66 56 45 11
160 67 52 45 7
170 69 48 45 3
180 70 44 45 1
190 69 40 45 -5
200 68 35 45 -10
210 66 32 45 -13
220 63 22 45 -23
230 59 23 45 -22
240 54 20 45 -25
250 50 12 45 -33
260 43 14 45 -31

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270 37 13 45 -32
280 31 12 45 -33
290 25 13 45 -32
300 19 14 45 -31
310 14 17 45 -28
320 9 21 45 -24
330 5 26 45 -19
340 2 32 45 -13
350 1 39 45 -6
360 0 32 45 0

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Discussion

01)Plot a graph of piston velocity against crank angle. Comment on the form of the graph.
Maximum piston velocity occurs at what angles? Are these at 90

Crank angle vs Piston velocity

40

30

20
Piston Velocity (mm/s

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-10

-20

-30

-40
Crank Angle (Ɵ°)

Figure 5

The minimum velocity is 32mm, but we cannot say for sure whether the maximum velocity is 90
or 270, but there is a probability that the maximum velocity is between 90 and 270, because
theoretically, the maximum velocity should be between 90 and 270.

• According to this graph, the velocity increases to some extent, but after some angular
displacement, the velocity increases and peaks at the biggest value of displacement, but after
that, with only a small amount of displacement, it decreases and becomes zero.
• It simply means that when there is a change in displacement, velocity is created. We can
observe that the difference between angular displacement and angular velocity is substantially
smaller in this graph. Only at angles of 90 degrees does the piston velocity reach its maximum.

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• The magnitude of the velocity is the same at 270 degrees, however the graph depicts the
minimum velocity.
02) Plot on the same axes the piston displacement against crank angle. What is the e↵ect of
increasing ratio on the form of the graph?

Piston Velocity against crank angle/Piston

80
displacement against crank angle
Piston velocity(mm/s) /Piston displacement(mm)

60

40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-20

-40
Crank Angle (ϴ°)

Figure 6

• As the ratio increases, the acceleration increases.

• The crank angle graph shows the acceleration of the piston.
• The displacement increases with the crank ratio. As the piston displacement decreases,
the length of the connecting rod increases.

03)Under what conditions would the piston motion be simple harmonic motion?
• Harmonic motion is when an object is centered at a point and moves equal distances in
either direction. Centripetal force is inversely proportional to displacement.
• Acceleration due to force is also inversely proportional to displacement

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• x - displacement of particle from equilibrium position
• F - Restoring force
• a - acceleration

04)From the graphs of piston velocity find the maximum acceleration, which is given by the
maximum slope of the graph. At what crank angles does the maximum acceleration occur?

Piston velocity VS Crank angle

40

30

20
Piston velocity

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-10

-20

-30

-40
Crank angle

Figure 7

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05)Do maximum velocity and acceleration occur at the same crank angles?
No
The maximum acceleration and the maximum acceleration do not occur at the same crank angle.
The simple relationship is obtained. At the angle where the maximum velocity occurs the
acceleration must have a value of zero.

Conclusion
In this laboratory activity, we learned about the pieces of the slider crank and how to collect
measurements using the circular and linear scales. We also looked at the proportional
relationship between the crank and the slider stroke, which is a property of a slider crank
mechanism. By examining acquired data in the displacement of the slider crank with respect to
the crank angle, we were able to derive places of maximal acceleration and velocity, as well as
their equivalent sinusoidal waveform with regard to their respective graphical representations.

References

1. En.wikipedia.org. 2022. Piston motion equations - Wikipedia. [online] Available at:

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_motion_equations> [Accessed 21 october 2022].

2. Edge, E., 2022. Piston Slider Crank Mechanism Design Equations and Calculator. [online]
Engineersedge.com. Available at:

3. <https://www.engineersedge.com/mechanics_machines/piston_slider_crank_mechanism_
14925.htm > [Accessed 17 0ctober 2022].

4. Quora. 2022. Under what conditions does the motion of the piston approximate to simple harmonic
motion?. [online] Available at: <https://www.quora.com/Under-whatconditionsdoes-the-
motion-of-the-piston-approximate-to-
simpleharmonicmotion#:~:text=Simple%20harmonic%20motion%20occurs%20when,known%
20as%20t he%20restoring%20force.> [Accessed 21 October 2022].

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5. Machines, T., Analysis, V. and Analysis, V., 2022. [Solved] In a slider-crank mechanism, the velocity
of piston becomes. [online] Testbook. Available at:
<https://testbook.com/question-answer/in-a-slider-crank-mechanism-the-velocity-ofpisto-
5616b204cac3ae6685c46113> [Accessed 21 October 2022].

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